Appendix:Korean pronunciation

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AP:pron:ko

See Korean phonology at Wikipedia for a thorough look at the sounds of Korean.

This page uses the Revised Romanization (the official South Korean Korean language romanization system) unless noted otherwise.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
p 불 bul spill
b[1] 아버지 abeoji about
p̚[2] 밥 bap cup
p͈ 뿔 ppul like spill but with a stronger articulation
pʰ 풀 pul pill
m 물 mul mill
t 달 dal star
d[1] 어디 eodi debt
t̚[2] 옷 ot shut
t͈ 딸 ttal like star but with a stronger articulation
tʰ 탈 tal tall
n 날 nal no
ɲ[3] 십년 simnyeon new
tɕ[4] 자다 jada roughly like posture
dʑ[1][4] 의자 uija roughly like jack
t͈ɕ[4] 짜다 jjada roughly like posture but with a stronger articulation
tɕʰ[4] 차다 chada roughly like chill
k 가 ga skull
ɡ[1] 한국 Hanguk again
k̚[2] 백두산 Baekdusan pick
k͈ 까 kka like skull but with a stronger articulation
kʰ 카 ka car
kx[5] 크다 keuda skull followed by Scottish English loch
kç[5] 키우다 kiuda queue
ŋ 방 bang sing, English
sʰ[6] 살 sal roughly like sing
ɕʰ[6][7] 신라 Silla roughly like ship
ʃʰ[6][7] 쉬다 swida roughly like schwa
s͈ 쌀 ssal roughly like sing but with a stronger articulation
ɕ͈[7] 씨름 ssireum roughly like ship but with a stronger articulation
ʃ͈[7] 쒸 sswi roughly like schwa but with a stronger articulation
ɭ[8] 발 bal, 밀랍 millap roughly like RP light
ɾ[8] 로동 rodong, 일흔 ilheun, 바람 baram Scottish English through, GA latter, ladder
ʎ[3][8] 천리마 Cheollima Ljubljana
h[9] 하다 hada help
ɸ[9] 황제 hwangje hope, Southern American English white
x[9] 흠결 heumgyeol Scottish English loch
ç[9] 향 hyang huge
ɦ[9] 좋아하다 joahada like help but weaker
β[9] 아홉 ahop like hope or Southern American English white but weaker
ɣ[9] 함흥 hamheung like Scottish English loch but weaker
ʝ[9] 영향 yeonghyang like huge but weaker
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Monophthongs
a 말 mal GA lot
ʌ̹ 벌 beol cut
o 보리 bori GA short
u 구리 guri fool
ɯ 어른 eoreun somewhat like book
i 이름 ireum seat
ɛ̝[10] 태양 taeyang bet
e̞[10] 베개 begae Scottish English sate
ø 교회 gyohoe somewhat like RP hurl
y 쥐 jwi ruin
Semivowels[11]
j 여자 yeoja yes
w 왕 wang water
ɰ[12] 의자 uija somewhat like the first part of write
ɥ 위하다 wihada somewhat like we
Suprasegmentals
ː 귀신 kwīsin[13] long vowel[14]
ˈ words stress[15]

Overall Korean phonemically has these vowels and diphthongs and consonants:

  1. ㄱ /k/, ㄲ /k͈/, ㄴ /n/, ㄷ /t/, ㄸ /t͈/, ㄹ /l/, ㅁ /m/, ㅂ /p/, ㅃ /p͈/, ㅅ /s/, ㅆ /s͈/, ㅇ /ŋ/, ㅈ /tɕ/, ㅉ /t͈ɕ/, ㅊ /tɕʰ/, ㅋ /kʰ/, ㅌ /tʰ/, ㅍ /pʰ/, ㅎ /h/ (all of which, except for ㅇ /ŋ/, are allowed at the beginning of a phonemic syllable)
  2. ㅏ /a/, ㅐ /ɛ/, ㅑ /ja/, ㅒ /jɛ/, ㅓ /ʌ/, ㅔ /e/, ㅕ /jʌ/, ㅖ /je/, ㅗ /o/, ㅘ /wa/, ㅙ /wɛ/, ㅚ /ø/, ㅛ /jo/, ㅜ /u/, ㅝ /wʌ/, ㅞ /we/, ㅟ /y/, ㅠ /ju/, ㅡ /ɯ/, ㅢ /ɰi/, ㅣ /i/

Only seven consonants are allowed at the end of a phonemic syllable: ㄱ /k/, ㄴ /n/, ㄷ /t/, ㄹ /l/, ㅁ /m/, ㅂ /p/, ㅇ /ŋ/; all other consonants and clusters assimilate into these ones. Inside a word each one of these consonants can be followed by another consonant, allowing for 95 consonant clusters:

  1. ㄱㄲ /kk͈/, ㄱㄸ /kt͈/, ㄱㅃ /kp͈/, ㄱㅆ /ks͈/, ㄱㅉ /kt͈ɕ/, ㄱㅊ /ktɕʰ/, ㄱㅋ /kkʰ/, ㄱㅌ /ktʰ/, ㄱㅍ /kpʰ/
  2. ㄷㄲ /tk͈/, ㄷㄸ /tt͈/, ㄷㅃ /tp͈/, ㄷㅆ /ts͈/, ㄷㅉ /tt͈ɕ/, ㄷㅊ /ttɕʰ/, ㄷㅋ /tkʰ/, ㄷㅌ /ttʰ/, ㄷㅍ /tpʰ/
  3. ㅂㄲ /pk͈/, ㅂㄸ /pt͈/, ㅂㅃ /pp͈/, ㅂㅆ /ps͈/, ㅂㅉ /pt͈ɕ/, ㅂㅊ /ptɕʰ/, ㅂㅋ /pkʰ/, ㅂㅌ /ptʰ/, ㅂㅍ /ppʰ/
  4. ㅇㄱ /ŋk/, ㅇㄲ /ŋk͈/, ㅇㄴ /ŋn/, ㅇㄷ /ŋt/, ㅇㄸ /ŋt͈/, ㅇㅁ /ŋm/, ㅇㅂ /ŋp/, ㅇㅃ /ŋp͈/, ㅇㅅ /ŋs/, ㅇㅆ /ŋs͈/, ㅇㅈ /ŋtɕ/, ㅇㅉ /ŋt͈ɕ/, ㅇㅊ /ŋtɕʰ/, ㅇㅋ /ŋkʰ/, ㅇㅌ /ŋtʰ/, ㅇㅍ /ŋpʰ/, ㅇㅎ /ŋh/
  5. ㄴㄱ /nk/, ㄴㄲ /nk͈/, ㄴㄴ /nn/, ㄴㄷ /nt/, ㄴㄸ /nt͈/, ㄴㅁ /nm/, ㄴㅂ /np/, ㄴㅃ /np͈/, ㄴㅅ /ns/, ㄴㅆ /ns͈/, ㄴㅈ /ntɕ/, ㄴㅉ /nt͈ɕ/, ㄴㅊ /ntɕʰ/, ㄴㅋ /nkʰ/, ㄴㅌ /ntʰ/, ㄴㅍ /npʰ/, ㄴㅎ /nh/
  6. ㄹㄱ /lk/, ㄹㄲ /lk͈/, ㄹㄹ /ll/, ㄹㄷ /lt/, ㄹㄸ /lt͈/, ㄹㅁ /lm/, ㄹㅂ /lp/, ㄹㅃ /lp͈/, ㄹㅅ /ls/, ㄹㅆ /ls͈/, ㄹㅈ /ltɕ/, ㄹㅉ /lt͈ɕ/, ㄹㅊ /ltɕʰ/, ㄹㅋ /lkʰ/, ㄹㅌ /ltʰ/, ㄹㅍ /lpʰ/, ㄹㅎ /lh/
  7. ㅁㄱ /mk/, ㅁㄲ /mk͈/, ㅁㄴ /mn/, ㅁㄷ /mt/, ㅁㄸ /mt͈/, ㅁㅁ /mm/, ㅁㅂ /mp/, ㅁㅃ /mp͈/, ㅁㅅ /ms/, ㅁㅆ /ms͈/, ㅁㅈ /mtɕ/, ㅁㅉ /mt͈ɕ/, ㅁㅊ /mtɕʰ/, ㅁㅋ /mkʰ/, ㅁㅌ /mtʰ/, ㅁㅍ /mpʰ/, ㅁㅎ /mh/

All other clusters assimilate into these ones. The clusters ㄱㄲ /kk͈/, ㄱㅋ /kkʰ/, ㄷㄸ /tt͈/, ㄷㅆ /ts͈/, ㄷㅉ /tt͈ɕ/, ㄷㅊ /ttɕʰ/, ㄷㅌ /ttʰ/, ㅂㅃ /pp͈/, ㅂㅍ /ppʰ/, ㄴㄴ /nn/, ㄹㄹ /ll/ and ㅁㅁ /mm/ can be considered as double consonants ㄱㄲ /k͈ː/, ㄱㅋ /kːʰ/, ㄷㄸ /t͈ː/, ㄷㅆ /s͈ː/, ㄷㅉ /t͈ɕː/, ㄷㅊ /tɕːʰ/, ㄷㅌ /tːʰ/, ㅂㅃ /p͈ː/, ㅂㅍ /pːʰ/, ㄴㄴ /nː/, ㄹㄹ /lː/ and ㅁㅁ /mː/.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 When plain stops and affricates /p t tɕ k/ are followed by a vowel and preceded by a sonorant (vowel or /n l m ŋ/), they get voiced to .
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 When plain stops /p t k/ are not followed by a vowel, they are not released .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The dental sonorants /n l/ are usually palatalized to before /i/ and especially before /j/. In South Korea at the beginning of a word are usually dropped in native and Sino-Korean words and this is reflected in spelling.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 The palatal affricates are non-palatal in North Korea, so there they are .
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 /kʰ/ followed by /i/ or /j/ is palatalized to , /kʰ/ followed by /ɯ/ is pronounced as .
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The dental fricative /s/ and its allophones are aspirated .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 The dental fricatives /s s͈/ are palatalized to before /i/ and /j/ and to before /y/ and , although is a very marginal sound. In North Korea it may happen that this palatalization does not occur at all.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 The dental approximant /l/ is pronounced when it is followed by a vowel or /h/, it is pronounced otherwise. /ll/ is always pronounced depending on the following vowel. At the beginning of a words it is although are also possible depending on the speaker. is palatalized to before /i/ and /j/.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 The aspirated /h/ and is pronounced before /u o w/, before /ɯ/, before /i/ and /j/ and otherwise. Between two sonorants (vowels or /n l m ŋ/) all these allophones become voiced (respectively ) or /h/ is just dropped.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Nowadays /e/ and /ɛ/ are only distinguished in spelling, but have merged phonetically.
  11. ^ Semivowels can only come before vowels. All the semivowels coming after the vowels have been assimilated into the preceding vowel throughout the centuries.
  12. ^ The semivowel /ɰ/ only occurs in the diphthong /ɰi/. Usually inside a word /ɰ/ is dropped so the diphthong merges with /i/ triggering all the sound changes that it usually triggers.
  13. ^ Yale romanization
  14. ^ Vowel length is no longer realized in Seoul Korean speech, except by some elder speakers. Vowel length has also never existed in the eastern dialects, where a pitch accent is the predominant prosodic feature. Vowel length is not shown in word spelling.
  15. ^ Word stress is very weak; pitch accent is more relevant.
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