무꾸

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Korean

Etymology

Likely from Middle Korean *뭇ㄱ (Yale: *mwùsk-), unattested dialectal form of Seoul 무ᇫㅇ (Yale: *mwùzG-), connective allomorph of 무ᅀᅮ (Yale: mwùzwù, “radish”), with the epenthetical vowel of a suffix−probably topic marker (Yale: -un) or accusative marker (Yale: -ul)−reanalyzed as part of the root. The new vowel was then assimilated with the first vowel, perhaps under influence from Seoul prestige dialect 무우 (muu). The development would have been like this, if the topic marker is assumed to have been the suffix:

*뭇근 (*mwusk-un) > *뭇근/*뭇그는 (*mwusku-n(un)) > *뭇군/뭇구는 (*mwuskwu-n(un)) > modern 무꾼/무꾸는 (mukkun/mukkuneun)

Compare Hamgyong 무끼 (mukki), where the fused suffix was apparently the nominative (-i).

Pronunciation

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mukku
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mu'kku
McCune–Reischauer?mukku
Yale Romanization?mu.kkwu
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Noun

무꾸 (mukku)

  1. (northern Gyeongsang, southern and eastern Gangwon) Dialectal form of (mu, radish, daikon).
    • 1980 March 1, 조유란 [joyuran], “진지자리 꼽재기 [jinjijari kkopjaegi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]‎, 경상북도 영덕군 달산면 [gyeongsangbukdo yeongdeokgun dalsanmyeon]:
      진장 무꾸 겉은 습니꺼?
      wae jinjang mukku ji geoteun geo anit-seumnikkeo?
      Why do you not have gochujang and radish kimchi?

Synonyms

Historical and regional synonyms of (mu, radish)
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GroupRegionLocationWords
Standardised formsSouth Korean Standard Language ()
North Korean Cultured Language (), 무우 (muu)
Historical formsMiddle Korean무ᅀᅮ (mwùzwù) (isolation), 무ᇫㅇ (mwùzG-) (connective)
Early Modern Seoul Korean무우 (muu)
Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul (mu)
Traditional Seoul ()
Kaesong무유 (muyu)
Changpung무유 (muyu)
Yeoncheon ()
Paju (), 무이 (mu'i)
Pocheon ()
Ganghwa무이 (mu'i)
Gimpo무유 (muyu)
Goyang (), 무유 (muyu)
Yangju ()
Gapyeong ()
Siheung ()
Yangpyeong ()
Hwaseong ()
Yongin ()
Icheon무우 (muu), 무수 (musu)
Yeoju ()
Pyeongtaek ()
Anseong무수 (musu)
YeongseoChuncheon (), 무우 (muu)
Wonju (), 무수 (musu)
Kosan (), 무꾸 (mukku)
Cheorwon ()
Hwacheon ()
Yanggu (), 무꾸 (mukku)
Inje (), 무우 (muu), 무꾸 (mukku), 무수 (musu)
Hongcheon (), 무꾸 (mukku), 무수 (musu)
Hoengseong (), 무꾸 (mukku), 무수 (musu)
YeongdongGangneung (mū́), 무우 (mùú), 무우 (mũ̀ú), 무이 (mùí), 무꾸 (mùkkú)
Wonsan (), 무꾸 (mukku)
Kumya ()
Kowon ()
Munchon ()
Anbyeon (), 무꾸 (mukku)
Tongchon ()
Kosong ()
Yangyang ()
Samcheok (mū́), 무꾸 (mùkkú)
Pyeongchang (), 무우 (muu), 무수 (musu), 무꾸 (mukku)
Yeongwol (mū́), 무수 (mùsú), 무꾸 (mùkkú)
Jeongseon무우 (muu), 무꾸 (mukku)
North ChungcheongCheongju무수 (musu), ()
Jincheon무수 (musu), ()
Eumseong무수 (musu), ()
Chungju무수 (musu), ()
Jecheon무수 (musu), (), 무우 (muu), 무꾸 (mukku)
Danyang무수 (musu), 무꾸 (mukku)
Goesan무수 (musu), ()
Boeun무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Okcheon무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Yeongdong무수 (musu), ()
South ChungcheongDaejeon무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Seosan무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Dangjin무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Asan무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Cheonan무수 (musu), (), 무우 (muu)
Yesan무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Hongseong무수 (musu), (), 무우 (muu)
Cheongyang무수 (musu)
Gongju무수 (musu)
Yeongi무수 (musu), ()
Boryeong무수 (musu), 무이 (mu'i)
Buyeo무수 (musu), ()
Seocheon무수 (musu), ()
Nonsan무수 (musu), 무우 (muu)
Geumsan무수 (musu), ()
South HwanghaeHaeju무유 (muyu)
Ongjin미우 (miu), ()
Yonan무이 (mu'i)
Taetan미우 (miu)
Chaeryong미우 (miu), 무이 (mu'i)
Changyon미우 (miu)
Anak미우 (miu)
Unnyul미우 (miu)
North HwanghaeHwangju (), 무이 (mu'i)
Sohung미우 (miu)
Kumchon미우 (miu)
Singye무이 (mu'i)
Suan미우 (miu)
Koksan무이 (mu'i)
Gyeongsang KoreanNorth GyeongsangDaegu무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u)
Yeongju무'꾸 (mu kku)
Bonghwa무'꾸 (mu kku)
Uljin무'수 (mu su), 무'꾸 (mu kku), (mū́)
Mungyeong무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su), 무'꾸 (mu kku)
Yecheon무'수 (mu su), 무'꾸 (mu kku)
Andong무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u)
Yeongyang무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u)
Sangju무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku)
Uiseong무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku)
Cheongsong무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'수 (mu su), 무'우 (mu u)
Yeongdeok무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u)
Gimcheon무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku)
Gumi무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su)
Gunwi무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su)
Pohang무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u)
Seongju무'시 (mu si)
Chilgok무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), (mū́)
Gyeongsan무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u)
Yeongcheon무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u)
Goryeong무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u)
Cheongdo무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su), 무'우 (mu u)
Gyeongju무'시 (mu si)
South GyeongsangBusan무'시 (mu si)
Ulsan무'시 (mu si)
Changwon무'시 (mu si)
Geochang무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u)
Hapcheon무'시 (mu si)
Changnyeong무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su)
Miryang무'시 (mu si)
Hamyang무'시 (mu si)
Sancheong무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su)
Uiryeong무'시 (mu si)
Hadong무'시 (mu si)
Jinju무'시 (mu si)
Haman무'시 (mu si)
Gimhae무'시 (mu si)
Yangsan무'시 (mu si)
Sacheon무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su)
Goseong무'시 (mu si)
Namhae무'시 (mu si)
Tongyeong무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su)
Geoje무'시 (mu si)
Ulju무'시 (mu si)
DiasporaYanbian (in general)무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'수 (mu su)
Tonghua무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku)
Jilin City무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku)
Liaoyuan무'꾸 (mu kku)
Changchun무'꾸 (mu kku)
Shenyang무'시 (mu si)
Benxi무'시 (mu si)
Anshan무'시 (mu si)
Tieling무'시 (mu si)
Harbin무'꾸 (mu kku)
Jiamusi무'꾸 (mu kku)
Yichun무'꾸 (mu kku)
Jeolla KoreanNorth JeollaJeonju무수 (musu)
Gunsan무수 (musu)
Iksan무수 (musu)
Wanju무수 (musu)
Jinan무수 (musu)
Muju무시 (musi), 무수 (musu), ()
Gimje무시 (musi)
Buan무시 (musi)
Jeongeup무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Imsil무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Jangsu무시 (musi)
Gochang무수 (musu)
Sunchang무시 (musi), ()
Namwon무시 (musi)
South JeollaGwangju무시 (musi)
Yeonggwang무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Jangseong무시 (musi)
Damyang무시 (musi)
Gokseong무시 (musi)
Gurye무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Hampyeong무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Sinan무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Muan무수 (musu)
Mokpo무시 (musi)
Naju무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Hwasun무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Suncheon무시 (musi)
Gwangyang무시 (musi)
Yeongam무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Jindo무수 (musu)
Haenam무수 (musu)
Gangjin무시 (musi), 무수 (musu)
Wando무시 (musi)
Jangheung무시 (musi)
Boseong무시 (musi)
Goheung무시 (musi)
Yeosu무시 (musi)
Pyongan KoreanSouth PyonganPyongyang (), 무이 (mu'i)
North PyonganPakchon ()
Nyongbyon ()
Kusong (mu)
Kanggye ()
Chasong (mu)
DiasporaTonghua (mu)
Shenyang (mu), 무우 (muu)
Dandong (mu)
Benxi (mu)
Yingkou (mu)
Panjin (mu)
Harbin (mu), 무우 (muu)
Hamgyong KoreanSouth HamgyongHamhung (mu), 무'끼 (mu kki)
Chongpyong무수 (musu), (mu)
Yonggwang무'끼 (mu kki)
Sinhung무'끼 (mu kki)
Hongwon무'끼 (mu kki)
Pukchong무'끼 (mu kki)
Riwon무'끼 (mu kki)
Changjin (mu)
North HamgyongChongjin무'끼 (mu kki), 미'끼 (mi kki)
Kimchaek무'끼 (mu kki)
Kilju무'끼 (mu kki)
Kyongsong무'끼 (mu kki)
Puryong무'끼 (mu kki), 미'끼 (mi kki)
Rason무'끼 (mu kki)
Musan무'끼 (mu kki)
Hyesan무'끼 (mu kki)
Kapsan무'끼 (mu kki)
Pungso무'끼 (mu kki)
Samsu무'끼 (mu kki)
Kimhyongjik (mu)
DiasporaYanji무'끼 (mu kki), 므'끼 (meu kki), 무'꾸 (mu kku), '노배 ( nobae)
Tumen무'끼 (mu kki), 무'꾸 (mu kku), '노배 ( nobae), '노베 ( nobe)
Dunhua무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae)
Hunchun무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae)
Longjing무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae)
Helong무'끼 (mu kki)
Wangqing'노배 ( nobae)
Baishan무'끼 (mu kki)
Jilin City무'꾸 (mu kku) (informant's wife was a Gyeongsang speaker)
Mudanjiang무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae)
Jixi무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae)
Qitaihe무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae), '노베 ( nobe)
Shuangyashan무'끼 (mu kki)
Jiamusi'노배 ( nobae), '로베 ( robe)
Hegang무'끼 (mu kki)
Yukjin KoreanYukjinKyonghung무끼 (mùkkí) (possibly connective form followed by suffix )
Hoeryong무끼 (mùkkí) (possibly connective form followed by suffix )
Onsong무끼 (mùkkí) (possibly connective form followed by suffix )
DiasporaHunchun무수 (mùsù) (isolation), 무끼 (mùkkí) (isolation), (mùkk-) (connective), 노배 (nóbàe) (only Chinese radishes)
JejuJeju Cityᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi)
Daejeongᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi)
Gujwaᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi)
Seogwipoᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi)
Note: Forms listed as Northeastern may include Yukjin ones, because the consulted source did not distinguish beteen the two dialects.
This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers, which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas.