-ਦਾ

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Punjabi

Etymology

From the masculine singular accusative of Sanskrit -अत् (-at), (with a later extension in MIA) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-). Cognate with Hindi -ता (-tā), and Belarusian -у́чы (-účy).

Pronunciation

Suffix

-ਦਾ (-dā)

  1. used to form the masculine singular habitual participle from verb stems
    ਕਰ (kar) + ‎-ਦਾ (-dā) → ‎ਕਰਦਾ (kardā)

Usage notes

  • Before consonant‑final noun stems, this suffix attaches without change (e.g. ਕਰ (kar) + ‎-ਦਾ (-dā) → ‎ਕਰਦਾ (kardā)). However, with stems ending in a vowel it normally nasalizes that vowel and often inserts a weakly articulated /n/, as in:

In most cases this nasalization reflects an original nasal consonant from Prakrit -𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢 (-anta).

  • The participle declines differently than adjectives, particularly in the direct feminine plural:
Declension of -ਦਾ
masculine feminine
singular plural singular plural
direct -ਦਾ (-dā) -ਦੇ (-de) -ਦੀ (-dī) -ਦਿਆਂ (-diā̃)
oblique -ਦੇ (-de) ? ? ?