Appendix:Finnish consonant gradation

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This is the list of consonant gradation classes as defined by Kotus (the Institute for the Languages of Finland):

KOTUS strong weak example strong → weak example weak → strong notes
A -kk- -k- takki : takin pakata : pakkaan
B -pp- -p- kaappi : kaapin napata : nappaan
C -tt- -t- tyttö : tytön mitata : mittaan
D -k- -∅- reikä : reiän maata : makaan ’ may be used to express a hiatus, such as in some plural forms of ikä
E -p- -v- sopu : sovun levätä : lepään
F -t- -d- satu : sadun kohdata : kohtaan
G -nk- -ng- aurinko : auringon hangata : hankaan
H -mp- -mm- lampi : lammen kammata : kampaan
I -lt- -ll- ilta : illan vallata : valtaan
J -nt- -nn- kanto : kannon rynnätä : ryntään
K -rt- -rr- virta : virran verrata : vertaan
L -k- -j- arki : arjen rohjeta : rohkenen
M -k- -v- suku : suvun (dialectal) kyvetä : kykenen

Note that Kotus does not consider declension types 27 (käsi), 31 (kaksi), 36 (sisin), 37 (vasen), 40 (kalleus), 45 (kahdeksas) or 46 (tuhat) or conjugation type 71 (nähdä) to have any gradation (or rather does not show it in the inflection type), while Wiktionary does.

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