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Old Irish class A III verbs (McCone's hiatus verbs H1, H2, and H3) have a present stem that ends in a vowel; they are derived from Proto-Celtic verbs whose present stems ends in s, w, or y.
Absolute forms are not widely attested in this class; many of the forms given below are hypothetical.
See Category:Old Irish class A III present verbs for a list of verbs belonging to this class.
Nondeponent endings
a-verbs
McCone's class H1 comprises hiatus verbs whose stem ends in a or á. A sample verb for this class is ráïd (“to row”), but as that verb is not widely attested, at·tá (“to be”) provides a large complement of present conjunct forms. The endings are as follows:
Present indicative
|
|
1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| Absolute
|
unattested; presumably *ráu and/or *ráïm
|
unattested; presumably *raí
|
ráïd
|
unattested; presumably *ráimmi
|
unattested; presumably *ráithe
|
ráït
|
ráithir
|
unattested; presumably *ráitir
|
| Conjunct
|
·táu*
|
·taí
|
·tá
|
·táam
|
·táïd
|
·táat
|
·táthar
|
·tátar
|
| Relative
|
|
|
ráas
|
unattested; presumably *ráimme |
|
unattested; presumably *ráite
|
unattested; presumably *ráthar
|
rátar
|
| *Contracted to ·tó in late Old Irish
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| unattested; presumably *·ráinn
|
unattested; presumably *·rátha or *·ráithea
|
·raad
|
unattested; presumably *·ráimmis
|
unattested; presumably *·ráithe
|
unattested; presumably *·ráitis
|
unattested; presumably *·ráithe
|
unattested; presumably *·ráitis
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| unattested; presumably *rá
|
unattested; presumably *ráad
|
unattested; presumably *ráam
|
unattested; presumably *ráïd
|
unattested; presumably *ráat
|
unattested; presumably *ráither
|
unattested; presumably *ráiter
|
i-verbs
McCone's class H2 comprises hiatus verbs whose stem ends in i or í. A sample verb for this class is gníïd (“to do, make”), whose conjunct forms are attested especially well in do·gní. This subclass has a tendency to take on their own unique subjunctive formation, the e-subjunctive.
The endings are as follows:
Present indicative
|
|
1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| Absolute
|
gníu*
|
gní
|
gníid
|
gnímmi
|
unattested; presumably *gníthe
|
gníit
|
gníthir
|
gnítir
|
| Conjunct
|
·gníu*
|
·gní
|
·gní
|
·gniäm
|
·gníith
|
·gniät
|
·gníther
|
·gníter
|
| Relative
|
|
|
gnís†
|
gnímme |
|
gníte
|
gníther
|
gníter
|
| *The ending -im is found in (·)liïm (from liïd) and in the prototonic form of some complex verbs such as ·dénaim from do·gní and ·accim from ad·cí.
†ciïd (“to weep”) has cías.
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| ·gníinn
|
·gníthea
|
·gníth*
|
·gnímmis
|
·gníthe
|
·gnítis
|
·gníthe
|
·gnítis
|
| *ciïd (“to weep”) has ·cíad.
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| gní
|
gniäd
|
gniäm
|
gníid
|
gniät
|
gníther
|
gníter
|
Other hiatus verbs
McCone's class H3 comprises hiatus verbs whose stem ends in other vowels. Sample verb for this class include foïd (“to spend the night”), soïd (“to turn”), and sceïd (“to vomit”), as well as conjunct forms from ad·noí (“to entrust”), con·oí (“to protect”), and as·luí (“to escape”). The endings are as follows:
Present indicative
|
|
1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| Absolute
|
unattested; presumably *fóu and/or *foïm
|
unattested; presumably *foí
|
foïd
|
unattested; presumably *foïmmi
|
unattested; presumably *foïthe
|
foït
|
nuithir
|
unattested; presumably *foïtir
|
| Conjunct
|
·noïm
|
·soí
|
·oí, ·luí
|
unattested; presumably *·foam
|
·óïth
|
·oat, ·luat
|
·soíther
|
unattested; presumably *·foïter
|
| Relative
|
|
|
soas
|
unattested; presumably *·foïmme |
|
unattested; presumably *·foïte
|
unattested; presumably *·foïther
|
unattested; presumably *·foïter
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| unattested; presumably *·foïnn
|
unattested; presumably *·foïthea or *·foätha
|
unattested; presumably *·foäd
|
unattested; presumably *·foïmmis
|
unattested; presumably *·foïthe
|
unattested; presumably *·foïtis
|
unattested; presumably *·foïthe
|
unattested; presumably *·foïtis
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| toí
|
unattested; presumably *foad
|
unattested; presumably *foam
|
unattested; presumably *foïd
|
unattested; presumably *foat
|
unattested; presumably *foïther
|
unattested; presumably *foïter
|
Deponent endings
Apparently only class H3 deponent verbs are attested. Sample verbs for this class are luïthir (“to move”) and con·oathar (“to protect”). The endings are as follows:
Present indicative
|
|
1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| Absolute*
|
unattested; presumably *lúur
|
unattested; presumably *luäthar
|
unattested; presumably *luïthir
|
unattested; presumably *luïmmir
|
unattested; presumably *luïthe
|
unattested; presumably *luïtir
|
unattested; presumably *luïthir
|
unattested; presumably *luïtir
|
| Conjunct
|
·lúur
|
unattested; presumably *·luäthar
|
·oathar
|
unattested; presumably *·luämmar
|
·óïth
|
·luatar
|
·óïther
|
unattested; presumably *·luïter
|
| Relative
|
|
|
unattested; presumably *luäthar
|
unattested; presumably *luämmar |
|
unattested; presumably *luätar
|
unattested; presumably *luäthar
|
unattested; presumably *luätar
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| ·luïnn
|
unattested; presumably *luätha
|
·luäd
|
unattested; presumably *luïmmis
|
unattested; presumably *luïthe
|
unattested; presumably *luïtis
|
unattested; presumably *luïthe
|
unattested; presumably *luïtis
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| unattested; presumably *luïthe
|
unattested; presumably *luäd
|
unattested; presumably *luäm
|
unattested; presumably *luïd
|
unattested; presumably *luätar
|
unattested; presumably *luäthar
|
unattested; presumably *luätar
|
Further reading
- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 28–29
- Stifter, David (2006) Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners, Syracuse University Press, →ISBN, pages 132–35, 154, 167–68, 243
- Strachan, John, Bergin, Osborn (1949) Old-Irish Paradigms and Selections from the Old-Irish Glosses, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN, pages 34–43
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 352, 375–76; reprinted 2017