Appendix:Old Tupi terms of family and kinship

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Old Tupi has many different terms for naming family members, as it follows a distinct system that considers the relative's age, if they are paternal or maternal and both the gender of them and the person they are related to. Such pattern is also common in other South American languages, like Guaraní.

Terms that take father and mother into account[note 1]
Relative uba (father) sy (mother)
Father amỹîa (grandfather)
Mother aryîa (grandmother)
Brother uba (paternal uncle) tutyra (maternal uncle)
Sister aîxé (paternal aunt) sy'yra (maternal aunt)
Terms that take gender and age into account[note 1]
Relative Gender of the referent
Male Female
Siblings
Older brother yky'yra kybyra
Younger brother ybyra
Older sister endyra ykera
Younger sister pyky'yra
Children
Son a'yra membyra
Daughter aîyra
Niblings
Uterine nephew i'yra membyra'ysé
Older uterine niece îetipera ykera, membykunhã
Younger uterine niece pyky'yra, membykunhã
"Older son of one's brother" eke'yra, yky'yra penga
"Younger son of one's brother" a'yra
"Daughter of one's brother" aîyra
Grandchildren
Grandson emiminõ emiarirõ
Granddaughter
Siblings-in-law
Brother-in-law (spouse's older brother) obaîara menyky'yra
Brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother) menybyra
Brother-in-law (older sister's husband) *endymena[note 2] ykemena
Brother-in-law (younger sister's husband) pyky'ymena
Sister-in-law (spouse's older sister) emirekoykera *menendyra[note 2]
Sister-in-law (spouse's younger sister) emirekopyky'yra
Sister-in-law (older brother's wife) yke'yraty uke'i
Sister-in-law (younger brother's wife) ybyraty
Children-in-law
Son-in-law aîymena pe'uma
Daughter-in-law a'yraty membyraty
Niblings-in-law
Niece-in-law (uterine nephew's wife) i'yraty membyraty
Nephew-in-law (older uterine niece's husband) îetipemena ykemena, pe'uma
Nephew-in-law (younger uterine niece's husband) pyky'ymena, pe'uma
Niece-in-law (son of one's brother's wife) a'yraty pengaty
Niece-in-law (daughter of one's brother's wife) aîymena *pẽmena[note 2]
Parents-in-law
Father-in-law atu'uba menduba
Mother-in-law aîxó mendy
Spouses
Husband mena
Wife emirekó

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 Old Tupi uses the same terms for both siblings and cousins.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Reconstruction based on known patterns.

References