Appendix:Paraguayan Guaraní basic vocabulary

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Below is a list of basic vocabulary items in Paraguayan Guaraní from Estigarribia (2020).

List

Food

aratiku ‘chirimoya’
avakachi ‘pineapple’
avati ‘corn’
avatimirĩ ‘wheat’
chipa ‘small starch and cheese bread rolls’
chipa guasu ‘a kind or corn souffle with cheese’ (very different from chipa)
hi'apy ‘food, foodstuff’
jety ‘sweet potato’
jopara ‘corn and bean stew’
karatĩ ‘potato’
kumanda ‘beans’
kure ro'o ‘pork’
mamóne ‘papaya’
mandi'o ‘manioc’
manduvi ‘peanut’
mbeju ‘a starch and cheese flatbread’
mbokaja ‘coconut palm’
mbokaja'a ‘coconut’ (fruit)
mbujape ‘bread’
merõ ‘melon’
narã ‘orange’
pakova ‘banana’
pira ‘fish’
ryguasu ro'o ‘chicken’
sevói ‘onion’
sevoiry ‘garlic’
sópa paraguái ‘a kind of corn bread’ (note: despite the Spanish word ‘sopa’ in the name, this is not a soup)
takuare'ẽ ‘sugar cane’
tembi'u, rembi'u, hembi'u ‘food, meal’
týra ‘breads or sides to accompany a meal’
vaka ro'o ‘beef’
vori ‘a thick soup with cheese and cornmeal balls’
yva he'ẽ ‘watermelon’
yva ‘fruit; apple’
yvapytã ‘strawberry’

Body parts

ahy'o ‘throat’
ajúra ‘neck’
akã ‘head’
ape ‘back’
apysa ‘(inner) ear’
atĩ ‘temple’
ati'y ‘shoulder’
atúa ‘nape of the neck’
aty ‘temple’
áva ‘hair’
juru ‘mouth’
jyva ‘arm’
jyvanga ‘elbow’
káma ‘breast; nipple’
kangue ‘bone’
korasõ ‘heart’
kũ ‘tongue’
ku'a ‘waist’
kuã ‘finger’
kupy ‘shin’
nambi ‘(outer) ear’
ñe'ã ‘heart’
po ‘hand’
puru’ã ‘navel’
py ‘foot’
py'a ‘stomach; heart’
pyapy ‘wrist’
pysã ‘toe’
pyta ‘heel’
pytasã ‘Achilles tendon’
pytasãngue ‘ankle’
pyti'a ‘chest’
syva ‘forehead’
tague/rague/hague ‘hair’
tãi/rãi/hãi ‘tooth’
tãimbíra/rãimbíra/hãimbíra ‘gingiva, gum’
tako/rako/hako ‘vagina’
takuãi/rakuãi/hakuãi ‘penis’
tañykã/rañykã/hañykã ‘jaw, chin’
tapi'a/rapi'a/hapi'a ‘testicle; penis’
tapypa'ũ/rapypa'ũ/hapypa'ũ ‘lap (front part of lower trunk and thighs when seated)’
tatu ‘vulva’
tatypy/ratypy/hatypy ‘cheek’
ta'ỹi/ra'ỹi/ha'ỹi ‘testicle’
tembe/rembe/hembe ‘lip’
tembo/rembo/hembo ‘penis’
tendyva/rendyva/hendyva ‘beard’
tenymy'a/renymy'a/henymy'a ‘knee’
tenypy'ã/renypy'ã/henypy'ã ‘knee’
tesa/resa/hesa ‘eye’
tete/rete/hete ‘body’
tetyma/retyma/hetyma ‘leg’
tevi/revi/hevi ‘anus’
teviro'o/reviro'o/heviro'o ‘buttocks’
titi ‘nipple; breast’
tĩ ‘nose’
topea/ropea/hopea ‘eyelash’
tope(pi)/rope(pi)/hope(pi) ‘eyelid’
tova/rova/hova ‘face’
továi/rovái/hovái ‘forehead’
tuguy/ruguy/huguy ‘blood’
tumby/rumby/humby ‘hip’
tumbyro'o/rumbyro'o/humbyro'o ‘buttocks’
tye/rye/hye ‘abdomen, belly’
tyvyta ‘eyebrow’
uvã ‘thigh’
uvãkangue ‘femur’

Senses

apysa ‘hearing’
he'andupáva ‘taste’
hetũha ‘smell’
pokoandu ‘touch’
techapy ‘sight’

Numbers

peteĩ 1
mokõi 2
mbohapy 3
irundy 4
po 5
pa 10
sa 100
su 1,000
sua 1,000,000

Kinship terms

jarýi ‘grandmother’
jaryisy ‘great-grandmother’
kypy'y ‘a woman’s younger sister’
kyvy ‘a woman’s brother’
kyvyraty ‘a woman’s brother’s wife’
machu ‘grandmother’
memby ‘a woman’s child’
ména ‘husband’
menarã ‘boyfriend, fiancé’
ñembokiha ‘girlfriend’
óga(y)gua ‘relative; family’
sy ‘mother’
ta'ýra/ra'y/ita'ýra ‘a man’s son’
taita ‘father’
taitachu ‘great-grandfather’
taita guasu ‘grandfather’
tajýra/rajý/itajýra ‘a man’s daughter’
tamói/ramói/hamói ‘grandfather; ancestor’
teindy(ra)/reindy/heindy ‘a man’s sister’
tembireko/rembireko/hembireko ‘wife’
tembirekorã/rembirekorã/hembirekorã ‘fiancée’
temiarirõ/remiarirõ/hemiarirõ ‘grandchild’
tovaja/rovaja/hovaja ‘brother-in-law’
túva/ru/itúva ‘father’
tyke'y(ra)/ryke'y/hyke'y ‘a man’s older brother’
tyke(ra)/ryke/hyke ‘a woman’s older sister’
tyvýra/ryvy/ityvýra ‘a man’s younger brother’
tyvyraty/ryvyraty/ityvyraty ‘a younger brother’s wife’
uke'i ‘sister-in-law’

Animals

aguara ‘fox’
guasu(tĩ), guasuvira ‘deer’
jagua ‘dog’
jaguarete ‘tiger’
jatyta ‘snail’
karãu ‘ibis’
karumbe ‘tortoise’
kavaju ‘horse’
kavara ‘goat’
kure ‘pig’
kururu ‘frog; toad’
kyju ‘cricket’
leõ ‘lion’
mainumby ‘hummingbird’
mbarakaja ‘cat’
mberu ‘fly’
mbói ‘snake’
mborevi ‘tapir’
mburika ‘donkey’
mbyju'i ‘swallow’
muã ‘firefly’
mykurẽ ‘weasel’
ñakyrã ‘cicada’
ñati'ũ ‘mosquito’
ovecha ‘sheep’
panambi ‘butterfly’
pira ‘fish’
pykasu ‘pigeon’
ryguasu ‘chicken’
sañarõ ‘a kind of blue-green bee’
sevo'i ‘earthworm’
tahýi ‘ant’
tarave ‘cockroach’
tarekaja ‘turtle’
tatu ‘armadillo’
teju ‘lizard’
tuku ‘grasshopper’
vaka ‘cow’
ynambu ‘tinamou’
yso ‘caterpillar’

Time

General

angepyhare ‘last night’
ára ‘day’
arakue ‘during the day’
arapokõindy ‘week’
aravo ‘hora’
aravo'i ‘minute’
asaje ‘early afternoon’
asajekue ‘during the early afternoon’
asajepyte ‘noon’
jasy ‘month’ (literally, ‘moon’)
ka'aru ‘mid-afternoon’
ka'aruete ‘late afternoon’
ka'arukue ‘during mid-afternoon’
ka'arupytũ ‘dusk’
ka'arupytũvo ‘at dusk’
ko'ág˜a/ko'ãga ‘now’
ko'ára ‘today’
ko'ẽambuéro ‘the day after tomorrow’
ko'ẽju ‘dawn’
ko'ẽmbota ‘on the verge of dawn’
ko'ẽro ‘tomorrow’
ko'etĩ ‘dawn’
kuehe ambue pyhare ‘the night before last night’
kuehe ambue ‘the day before yesterday’
kuehe ‘yesterday’
pyhare ‘night’
pyharekue ‘at night’
pyharepyte ‘midnight’
pyhareve ‘morning’
pyhareveasaje ‘from 10 a.m. to noon’
pyharevete ‘early morning’

Neologisms for the days of the week

arateĩ ‘Sunday’ (literally, ‘day one’)
arakõi ‘Monday’ (literally, ‘day two’)
araapy ‘Tuesday’ (literally, ‘day three’)
ararundy ‘Wednesday’ (literally, ‘day four’)
arapo ‘Thursday’ (literally, ‘day five’)
arapoteĩ ‘Friday’ (literally, ‘day six’)
arapokõi ‘Saturday’ (literally, ‘day seven’)

Neologisms for the months of the year

jasyteĩ ‘January’ (literally, ‘moon one’)
jasykõi ‘February’ (literally, ‘moon two’)
jasyapy ‘March’ (literally, ‘moon three’)
jasyrundy ‘April’ (literally, ‘moon four’)
jasypo ‘May’ (literally, ‘moon five’)
jasypoteĩ ‘June’ (literally, ‘moon six’)
jasypokõi ‘July’ (literally, ‘moon seven’)
jasypoapy ‘August’ (literally, ‘moon eight’)
jasyporundy ‘September’ (literally, ‘moon nine’)
jasypa ‘October’ (literally, ‘moon ten’)
jasypateĩ ‘November’ (literally, ‘moon eleven’)
jasypakõi ‘December’ (literally, ‘moon twelve’)

Dwelling

apyka ‘chair’
guapyha ‘chair’
inimbe ‘cot’
japepo ‘(mud) pot’
kagua ‘drinking-glass’
korapy ‘yard’
kosina ‘kitchen’
koty ‘room’
kuimbe ‘spoon’
kutuha ‘fork’
kypa ‘fork’
kyse ‘knife’
mesa ‘table’
ña'ẽmbe ‘plate’
óga/róga/hóga ‘house’
okẽ ‘door’
ovetã ‘window’
tapỹi ‘native dwelling, hut’
tatakua ‘stove’
tatarupa ‘kitchen’
teko'a ‘hamlet’
tekoha ‘habitat of a Guarani group’
tenimbe/renimbe/henimbe ‘cot’
tupa/rupa/hupa ‘bed’

Colours

aky ‘green’
hũ ‘black’
hũngy ‘grey’
ka'irague ‘brown; chestnut’
morotĩ ‘white’
pytã ‘red’
pytã('y)ju ‘orange’
pytãngy ‘pink’
pytãrovy ‘lilac; purple’
pytaũ ‘purple’
pytũ ‘dark’
sa'yju ‘yellow’
tovy/hovy/rovy ‘blue; green’
tovyju/hovyju/rovyju ‘yellowish green’
tovy(ka)ngy/rovy(ka)ngy/hovy(ka)ngy ‘light blue’
tovyũ/rovyũ/hovyũ ‘(dark) green’

List of relational roots and morphemes

óga ‘house’
okẽ ‘door’
ovetã ‘window’
ta'anga ‘image’
ta'arõ ‘wait’
ta'ã ‘attempt; effort’
tague ‘hair’
tai ‘line; writing’
tái ‘tooth’
tãimbíra ‘gingiva, gum’
tãimbiti ‘teeth-clenching’
tãitarara ‘teeth-chattering’
taity ‘nest’
tajýra ‘daughter.of.father’ (rajý POSS.M, itajýra POSS.M.3)
takã ‘tree branch’
tako ‘vagina’
taku ‘warmth’
takua ‘pointy’
takuãi ‘penis’
takuvo ‘sun glare’
takuvy ‘lukewarm’
tañyka ‘jaw, chin’
tape ‘road’
tapo ‘root’
tapy ‘burn’
tapykue ‘behind’
tapypa'ũ ‘lap (front part of lower trunk and thighs when seated)’
tasa ‘to pass, to cross’
tasẽ ‘cry’
taso ‘become full of maggots’
tasy ‘sickness; pain’
tata ‘fire’
tatatĩ ‘smoke’
tatypy ‘cheek’
taviju ‘fuzz, down, plush’ (cf. non-triform aviju ‘fuzz’)
tayhu ‘love’
ta'ỹi ‘testicle’
ta'ýra ‘son.of.father’ (ra'ý POSS.M, ita'ýra POSS.M.3)
techa ‘sight’
techagi ‘neglect’
techakuaa ‘understanding’
techambi ‘suspicion’
techaramo ‘admiration’
techavoi ‘foreboding’
teindy ‘sister.of.male’
teja ‘abandonment’
teka ‘search’
teko ‘nature; essence; being; culture’
tekove ‘life, existence’
tekovia ‘replacement’
tekua ‘current; canal’
tekuaty ‘cavern’
tekýi ‘taking away’
tembe ‘lip’
tembiporu ‘utensil, tool’
tembi'u ‘food’
tembo ‘penis’
temby ‘surplus, excess, leftover’
temiandu ‘visit’
tenda ‘place’
tendu ‘listen’
tendy ‘saliva; fire; flame’
tendysyry ‘drool’
tendyva ‘beard’
tenimbe ‘cot’ (cf. non-triform inimbe ‘cot’)
tenimbo ‘thread’ (cf. non-triform inimbo ‘thread (not in relation to
tenói ‘call’
tenonde ‘in front of’
tenyhẽ ‘fullness’
tenymy'a ‘knee’
tenypy'ã ‘knee’
teñói ‘birth; sprout’
te'o ‘death’
te'õ ‘humid’
te'ongue ‘corpse’
tepy ‘price, value’
téra ‘name’
tero ‘nickname’
tesa ‘eye’
tesãi ‘health’
tesapara ‘difficulty’
tesape ‘light, clarity, illumination, ray of light’
tesarái ‘oblivion’
teta ‘quantity; many’
tetã ‘nation, country’
tete ‘body’
tetia'e ‘good humour’
tetũ ‘smell; kiss’
tetyma ‘leg’
tevi ‘anus’
teviro'o ‘buttocks’
te'ỹi ‘to scratch’
togue ‘leaf’
toky ‘sprout’
tope ‘(pea) pod; petal; eyelid’
topea ‘eyelash’
topehýi ‘sleepiness’
topepi ‘eyelid’
tory ‘bliss, joy’
tova ‘face’
továi ‘forehead’
tovaja ‘brother-in-law/sister-in-law’
tovasa ‘blessing’
tovy ‘blue’
to'o ‘meat’ (cf. non-triform so'o ‘meat (alienable)’)
to'y ‘cold’
to'ysã ‘coolness’
tu'ã ‘summit’
tuguy ‘blood’
tumby ‘hip’
tupa ‘bed’
tupã ‘god’
tupi'a ‘egg’
túva ‘father’ (ru POSS.M, itúva POSS.M.3)
tuvicha ‘leader’
ty'ái ‘sweat’
tye ‘abdomen, belly’
tyjúi ‘bubble, froth’
tykue ‘juice; wet’
tymba ‘animal’ (cf. non-triform mymba ‘domesticated animal’)

Areal verbs

ko'õ ‘to itch’
korocho'o ‘to smooth out’
kotevẽ ‘to need’
kuaa ‘to know’
kuatia ‘to write’
kutu ‘to pierce’
ky'o ‘to delouse’
kyra'o ‘to degrease’
kytĩ ‘to cut’
nupã ‘to beat’
papa ‘to count’
pete ‘to slap’
pichãi ‘to pinch’
pire'o ‘to skin’
poepy ‘to reward’
pohano ‘to cure’
pohéi ‘to wash (one’s) hands’
poka ‘to twist’
pokua ‘to tie (someone’s) hands’
pokuaa ‘to get someone used to something’
popete ‘to clap’
porangareko ‘to esteem, to respect, to admire’
poravo ‘to choose’
poriahuvereko ‘to feel pity’
poru ‘to use’
pota ‘to want’
pyhy ‘to grab’
pyso ‘to extend, to stretch’
pysyrõ ‘to save’
pyte ‘to suck’
pytyvõ ‘to help’
sambyhy ‘to guide, to govern’
su'u ‘to bite’
typei ‘to sweep’
tyvyro ‘to shake’

Footnotes

  1. ^ Estigarribia, Bruno. 2020. A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani. Grammars of World and Minority Languages. London: UCL Press. ISBN: 9781787352872 https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787352872 (open access). (This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).)

Bibliography

Dictionaries

  • Ávalos Ocampos, Celso. 2017. Ñe'ẽryruguasu (Gran diccionario) Guaraní-Español - Español Guaraní. Asunción: El Lector. .
  • Britton, A. Scott. 2005. Guaraní Concise Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books.
  • Diccionario iGuarani. (Guarani-Spanish).
  • Krivoshein de Canese, Natalia, and Feliciano Acosta Alcaraz. 2018.
  • Ñe'ẽryru avañe'ẽ-karaiñe'ẽ karaiñe'ẽ-avañe'ẽ. Diccionario guaraní-español español guaraní. Asunción: Instituto Superior de Lenguas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Colección Ñemity. .
  • Professor Wolf Lustig’s Interactive Guarani Dictionary. (Trilingual Guarani-Spanish-German).

Grammars and linguistic resources

  • Estigarribia, Bruno. 2020. A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani. Grammars of World and Minority Languages. London: UCL Press. ISBN: 9781787352872 (open access)
  • Ayala, José V. 1996. Gramática Guaraní. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de la Nación de la República Argentina. .
  • Krivoshein de Canese, Natalia, and Feliciano Acosta Alcaraz. 2007. Gramática guaraní. Asunción: Instituto Superior de Lenguas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción. .
  • Liuzzi, Silvio M. 2006. Guaraní elemental: Vocabulario y gramática. Corrientes, Argentina: Moglia Ediciones. .
  • Estigarribia, Bruno, and Justin Pinta. 2017. Guarani Linguistics in the 21st Century. Leiden: Brill.

See also

Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukuá • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní

Wikious
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