Appendix:Salinan word lists

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Salinan word list from Mason (1918)[1] and Shaul (2020).[2]

Mason (1918)

Key

Abbreviations and symbols:

  • (S) = Fray Buenaventura Sitjar of San Antonio Mission
  • (M) = San Miguel dialect
  • * = doubtful accuracy

Sources

Sources of the Salinan vocabulary in Mason (1918):

  • Mason's field notes
  • Henshaw's 1884 notes
  • words from Fray Buenaventura Sitjar
  • small number of words from De la Cuesta, Yates and Gould, Coulter and Taylor

List

English gloss Antoniaño Migueleño plural notes
fly awa·´tén a·we·te´ʽ awaˑ´tneʟ
bullhead-fish cat’
Lewis woodpecker ca´knil cra´knil
bird caˑxwe sa·xe ca·xten
ground-owl, gray titmouse ska´tata cko·´tɑtʚ
prairie-falcon ck’an ck’an’
crow ckaˑk’ cka·k’ skaˑ´k’tenat
snake, worm, grub ck’ot ck’ot sk’o´teʟet
gull clot
abalone cmaiyi´k’
horned-owl cukunui´’ cokonoi´’
skunk cuwa´’ cowa´ cuwa´ʽɴeʟ
squirrel cuˑmk’o´m’ camko´’m cumk’omona´neʟ
small ducks cu´n’cun’
fish swan cwa´’ɴ cwaˑne´t
lizard swakaka´ cwaˑkek’a´’
gopher e´cece ee´cesi
male squirrel emace´
pinacate eˑts’
tarantula-hawk etskutchɑ´ten
louse tik’e´’ i´ke tik’eneʟ
ant ilka´t ilka´t
Mexican bluebird kalep’a´n kelep’a´n
small birds kats’aˑne´ʟˑ
blue-crested jay kalau
house-finch kalwatcai´ k’aluatc´a’i
goose, crane ka´lakʽ kalakʽ kalak´ne´ʟ
mosquito kaca´p
grasshopper kacala´ kaculo´
Lawrence’s goldfinch kiope´ts
kingfisher k’cu´i kitcili´tna
band-tailed pigeon klau´it
hare koi’ koʟ kolane´ʟ
tarantula kocai´ye
mountain-quail k’aiya´k´
red abalones kilṭau´ k’elṭ´u´ʽ
spider la´kana
gray rabbit ʟa´ma
raven la´’ lap’
tarantula-hawk lape´
duck leaṭ’ helpa´ṭ’ leaṭ’ten
wasps, bees lme´m’ leme´’m
teal le´ponta
Gambel’s sparrow le´rporti leˑ´rpati
coyote ʟk’a´ helk’a´ elk’ane´ʟ; elk’a´lekten
Canada goose loina´ t’lai
small antelope lowe´cɑt’
rat ma´kiʟ mɑ´kel
rabbit map’ map’ map’tenat; map’aˑ´nel
eel masau´hal masau´wel
chipmunk matse´ko mats’e´ko’
humming bird mɑ´ts’we´l’
antelope mu´i’ mu´ı̄’
clams naiyʚk’
pocket-gopher nakɑ´k
young antelope nʚtc’
elk ac p’ae acte´n, astenat
California woodpecker pelaˑ´kˑa’ pala·´kɑkʼ
two-pronged buck paṭalti
humming bird peˑ´lts’e
ruby-crowned wren pete´ts
lark finch pi´ukutc
sucker pʽu´lxoiʽ
wildcat sam’ snam
black ant santʚn
shrike sapele´
one-pronged buck sektaiˑkna
stinking ant senese
unidentified fish septa´ʟ
snake senkahl senk’oʟ
doe sepo
mouse seloˑ´iʽ
swallow siata´nil
cañon finch sit set’
red-headed woodpecker sik
animal sitaipin
whippoorwill skalo´
sparrow-hawk skele´le skeleˑ´le
blue crane ska·´u
shellfish sk’eˑ´’n
raccoon skaiya´ʼ s’kai´ya skaiyana´neʟ
rat sk’almo´k’ sk’almokʼ sk’almok’oten
green-winged teal slipe´pʚ
quail smate·´xan
bee smo´kɑt smo´ket
rattlesnake smeˑkoi´ smekoi´ smekoiiten
female skunk smohel
mole smokok’e´ smokike´
cat smic
eagle sai´yu snai saiyane´ʟ
kangaroo-rat, tusa snaˑk snaʽk
butterfly soko´ko soko´ko
spotted faun so´ha
very small ant sopokan
red-tailed hawk speˑk’ spiˑk’
burrowing owl spʽoko´ʼ
fox sto’ sto’
young squirrel sumhe
bat stamaka´la
bat suhao´ye
black-shining flycatcher swe´ho swīˑ´yo
male coyote swaa´
crane taˑlwa·´x
worm ta´lmui
nuthatch taka´la
Lawrence’s goldfinch ta´nukupel
crane tapṭe´ʟ
woodpecker tena´k
male antelope tepce´
owl tesik’ ṭeci´kʼ ticik’neʟ
pelican tē·´u tewe´
pigeon tikʽmo´ʽ
worm time´hai
great California vulture titc´k te’tc’
badger t´mɑ´cɑx
seal tʽoˑ´i
badger tʽoˑ´io
sea-otter t’sue
whale tʸa´i
bluejay ṭ’ai’ ṭahi
flea ṭa·yiʟ ṭaiyeʟ’ tayiʟtena´x
crab ṭaitc’aˑ´tak
serpent ṭaˑliˑye´’
puma ṭa´’muʟ ṭ´a’muʟ ṭa´’multenax
deer ṭaa´’ ṭaa´’p ṭaatne´ʟ
bat ṭapilale
turtledove ṭaˑxwe´ne’ ṭʽaˑxwe´n’
bear ṭaxai´’ ṭᴀxai´’ ṭaxai´yukten
turtle ṭawai ṭawʚ´ ṭawaiiten
salmon ṭetiyau´ tʽetēyau ṭetiyauutén
kingbird ṭike´ ṭ’ike´’
small frog ṭ’iˑkolʚ´
serpent ṭinele´ʼ
grubs, worms ṭ’iope´’
mountain lizard ṭʽoiyelɘ´’
gray squirrel ṭooloc ṭoˑlo´c ṭoolecna´neʟ
wolf ṭʽo·´xo ṭoˑxo´ʼ ṭʽoˑ´xolanel
curved-bill thrush tca tca
Brewer’s blackbird tca´la tcal
red-shafted woodpecker tc’am’ tc’a’ᴍɪ
cricket tcʼeˑl’
bluejay tc’ele´uʼ
bat tc’e´mtcem
fishhawk tcikʼ tc´iktcik
caterpillar tcoana´hi ṭaau´
mottled snake ts’aike´’
yellow-bellied woodpecker ts’e´’ʟ
owl ts’ɘ´tʽenek’
spider ts’ope´n sopne´t ts’ope´nlax
red-winged blackbird wakeno´
frog wa·´kiṭ wa´kɑṭ’ wakiṭten; *wa´kɑṭ’ṭʽa´ʟ
bullbat wa´lwal’
Oregon bunting wa´tc watc’
white goose wau
bluejay, bunting witcele´’ wetcele´’
martin weˑtelo´’
woodpecker we´tok
mussel xaii´k
crane xalau´’
ground tit xane´o
lizard xakele´ xapailʚ´’
yellow-billed magpie atce´tc xatca´tc’
roadrunner, ground cuckoo xom xo·´’mɪ
quail ho´mlik´
red-headed vulture xopne´l xo·pɴe´ʟ
dog xutc xutcaˑi xoste´n
finger, toe aˑpela·´i amel
head aˑ´’ak oˑ´pʽak axaˑ´k
liver aa´cx acx aasxaknel
skin, hide axwe´m axwenlax
animal’s heart a·´u
shell of egg ca´lo
corpse ca´ᴍteʟ
sole cipainism
cheek cmaˑ´i
lung ck’o´’il cukaiel
eye cuke·´neṭ coke´neṭ´
poison of snake co´wat
calf of leg co´wan cuwa´n
testicles cuda·´t´, sodo solaˑ´xo
beard epai´atak
spine eiwi´s
mouth eˑ´lek´ elik elekne´l
nose eˑ´neṭ’ e´nenɑt xe´neṭ
ear e´ntɑt
feathers, whiskers ecax aca´x ecaxneʟ
antlers etalaˑk ctalakneʟ
neck eṭcaˑi´ ei´tc’ai’ etcaiilaˑ´x
shoulder ita´’l e´taʟ
tongue epaˑ´l i´paʟ epa’ne´ʟ
heart eˑxiwai’ eˑxiwilai
brain exoxo´ ihoho´ exoxa´lax; exoten; exotenax
body exas
fish scales ewa´la ewa´l
tail etsʽe´’u itsʽe´’p etsʽe´wulax
urine icahaˑ´l isxaˑʟ
foot icxeˑ´u icxeˑ´p icxepaˑ´l; icxe´’e, icxe´xe’; icxeˑple´t
nails icele´’ i´cilip´ isiˑlewula´x
breast ico´’ icu´’
ear ick’o´’ol icok’alet
body ikau´’ ikau’
belly ikɑ´n ika´
horn itaˑla´k’
urine ita´c
point of wing its’ɑ´lto’
saliva ihalte´ya
testicles of animal ka´ke’It’a
eyelash, eyelid kacwatni´lea ke´cxauʟ
knuckle ke´o kelao
penis koˑ´la’le’ koˑ´latʟe’
hair k’uwokeˑ´t’ ko´naki’t
belly of fish kuma´n
neck la´k’oi’ la´k’ai
dung lamhɑ´t
lips leˑ´wet’
beard ʟkoˑ´ikʽten’ lokoiyini´
rump lo´kon lu´kanɑ
palm lo´taʟ
thigh ma´pok ma´puk’
pubic hair mas
meat, flesh, animal mat’ ma’ṭ’ ma’ṭ’e´lak’
limb mataˑ´n mata´n matane´l
hand meˑ´n me´nen mee´n
penis eno´’ol noʟ
dung notapka´co
trunk, body o’oi´
tears uca´t ocaˑ´t ucate´l
waist o’naʼa´iʽ
feather oṭewo´ts’o’
testicles o´xot oxote´n
blood aˑ´katʽ paˑ´kata akatʽɴe´ʟ
animal’s womb akainai´ pakenai´
thumb, big toe a´katcanai paktaina’
excrement, intestines pʽxat’ pʽxat pʽxa´teʟet
third finger or toe pa´telpai
bone axaˑ´kʽ paxa´k axa·ktén; axa·´kʟét
carrion pa´mat
milk penaˑ´no pena´n
throat pēˑnik’aˑi
tendon, ligament oxwe´m’ pʽoxe´m’
first finger setilkai´ ske´nluwe
feather sie´t’
stomach skan
rib aske´t, swɣt skaniltai, kane´lt’o
heel, sole, talons askwe´t, swʚt
chin, beard skoikne´ sxkoi´’
animal’s windpipe smo´kutu
bones of wing sni´pik
leg so´non sa´nan
elbow sa´tik soti´k
skin, hide sa·´nɑt’ spa´nɑt
eyebrow se´kel spe´keʟ
fur, hair spoke´t spoke´t
muscle spuk
tooth suluknai´
sweat taknɑt takna´t
third toe tamai
animal’s tongue t’an
second toe teˑrwa´k
egg titaka´ʟ teˑtekʽᴇneʟ
bird’s entrails tema´i
animal’s gall te´rk tie´k
animal’s joint teteka´i tete´ka
rattles of snake tetse´lel titsele´l
bird’s crest tikai´e
breast of fish tilta´l
knuckle titertikup
second finger tiṭo´k
back titc’o´’mo’ ti´tc’o´’m
wrist titcai
lung, gizzard toho´l to´hul
animal’s windpipe tolola´i
bird’s crest tulalna´i
forehead ṭaˑʟ ṭaˑxʟ
skin, hide, flesh ṭaˑt ṭʽaʟ
belly ṭ’e´pen ṭ’e´pen ṭepenla´x
buttocks, anus ṭ’kɑ´ten ṭ’ka´tnaˑx
knee ṭo´poi ṭʽo´pʽoi ṭopoiilax
arm, wing ṭ’o´puk ṭ’ne´puk’ ṭopokʟe´t
gills t’caknel
glans penis tce´nya
ankle tcokelti´nai
lips ucaˑtʽ
teeth uleˑ´tʽ oi´ʟit leˑ´heṭ
face uˑ uˑ
fat uprent upe´nt
navel xapi´cucweˑt
wild oats atʟoˑ´s
bark awu´’l awuʟ’
tule aˑxo´ʟ axone´ʟ
seed avexte´ya ayextel’i´ya
bud ca´l ca´ltine
quijara de pala ck’ua´
large soap-root ck’alʚ´’
clover cpo´k’at’; cpoku´mt’a
brush cɑ´tala
leaf ctan’ stanane´ʟ
blackberries elpo´nʚ
wild seeds heˑʟka´’
hay, grass k’aˑṭ’ kat k’atsane´l
sunflower k’a·´ciʟ
tule k’ɑ´mta’
acorn k’a’ kɑp’ ka’te´ʟ
small young oaks ka´pitc’
large pine nut kʽe kʽe
fern root k’ēˑ´ciapowat
tuna k’eso´i’
cedar keṭipui keṭipoilax
root ko’iʏi
melon k’olopopo´
bulb, wild potato k’ona·´ka
cacomite kotc’e´ʟ
forest ku´katak
flower mɑkawi´ʼ mɑkewe´ makawili´ʼ
milkweed matai´’ʏi
toloache moˑnoi´’ʏi
laurel mopa´kʽ
ivy mucuelit
wild grape o·pɪs
chia pa´siʟ pɑ´siʟ
post oak p’ɑ´pex
white oak at’ p’aˑ´’t atne´ʟ; *p’atʽne´lat
manzanita patʽax patʽa´k patʽaxtén
live oak askle´t paxa´kiʟ
buckeye pʚca´ʼ
willow pʚsxe´t
grass petʟ
seedlings peyexte´toʼ
seaweed powa´tka
fruit pamputen
fruit tenpute´s
mescal saxe´t
alfilerillos seneste´ʟ
brush smɑt
acorn smoʼ
clover smo´kumeʟ
acorn sxau´witʽ
seeds tana´t
wicker tana´st
grains tate´
small soap-root tetai´
elderberries tetɑ´pʽkoˑʟ
root tepa´s tepa´so
oak tʽio´i
acorn t’i´pi’
mescal tʽᴍɑ
grass tʽʚma´s
milkweed tʚmaˑ´ʟ
grass for baskets tʽonawɑ´’
gooseberries toipen
flower of mescal ṭaiya´c
wood ṭa·´ka’aṭʽ ṭa·´kaṭa tak’ane´ʟ
tobacco ṭala´’ᴍ ṭoela´m
stump of tree ṭa´pin ṭamoina´co
fruit tata ṭaˑ´tʽoʼ
root ṭepastéɴ
juice ṭetaco ṭita´cu
pine nuts tcʽo’ tʽo’ ṭotenʚ´l
brush ṭoki
barsalillo tc’e·´lak
pine tc’o’
wood for pipe tcʽo´ʟʚ
chuckberries ts’eta´kiʟ
spine xa´ke
acorn xo´le
live oak hasli´t’
acorn ha´siʟ
wooden pestle ai´ye’
paper, book ɑ´cime ɑ´cime
pillow a´ne·n
necklace taaneka apenik
cord, line, string aso´ʟ
oven alokoni´ya alokotini´ya
comb cʚnomʚ´’
knife (ṭ)cikʽ tca·k tca·kʽeʟ
fish-spear cenii´ cikʽᴇnai´
coil basket clá’ cla´ cla’at
coat clemiy’a cleˑmīˑ´
needle co´pa
feather headdress cotolʚ´
breech-cloth e´tapalepi
house (ṭ)a·m, (ṭ)e·m (tʽ)aˑᴍ ṭamaˑ´neʟ; ṭaˑma·tén; ṭaˑmaˑtenáx; ṭaˑmaˑniʟáx; ṭamaɴiʟten
door elkai´tingey’a
awl (ṭ)e´tak (ṭ)eta´xk
blanket ek’es
arrow et’oi’yiɴ’ et’eyini´ʼ et’eyitinai´
bed icemet
breech-cloth ioko´c
cane itxau´
storage-basket kaneltʽɘ´
jewelry k’ualane´l kaneltʽɘ´
prison kelukṭu´xne kelukṭuxtine
paint kitpe´lel
ligature kiṭpekle´y’a
acorn-bread k’enin k’one´ʽ
sweat-house kuaˑp* kʽᴜwapʽ
door laha´m laxa´ᴍ
rabbit-skin blanket lemi´, lime´ɴ
sack, bag moxweto
net-sinker mawe’ya´
fish-pole mosiwe´
acorn atole asi´l nɑ´siʟ
whiskey olient
skirt o´nus oˑni´suʼ
moccasins oxwa´t
quiver ame´ya pana´me
whistle payosne´’
pestle pane´, p’ɑn’ᴇ
beads pape´ye
bow paxuwe´
doll pasuwe´r
carrying-basket p’ɑ´tɑʟ
bones for game pēuˑ´ʽ
pil pili pe’ʟɪ
arrow-straightener umawi´’ pomnawʚ´’ʚ
fish-net salinhe´ya
winnowing-tray saˑma´kʽ
seed-granary sapʽkʽa´ts’
acorn-meal sas
olla, pot sekeueṭni´a
cap setami´ya
clothes sikara´na
tray, cooking-basket ska´pʚ, sk’a´peʽ
snuff sone´y’a
floor sokai´kis suˑkaikis
drinking-cup spok’ai´xa’ᵃ
trap tʽa´iʟ
meal of seeds ta´tukat
basket toca´ʽ
basket-game tecoinʚ´
small pots tokausnʚ´’ʚ
bed tʚki´wi
hunting-net tʽe´ltɑʟ
bridge t’enikɑ´ntec
fire-sticks taple´ya tʽʚnʚple´’
money ti´cxɑ’
whiskey te´penca tipintca
rattles tet’ɑmnai teṭ’aut’onʚ´’
doll ticxlʚlʚ´
shallow grave t’kamatl’
handle ṭ’aa´k
pipe ṭʽa´uun, ṭʽoˑ´nt ṭʽanQ
bar, drill ṭaua´ṭ
bed ṭau’usiˑ´a’
well ṭayu´wic
instrument ṭeme´ ṭemele´u
seed-beater ṭoˑna´ʟ
fish-basket ṭopai
twined-basket ṭopʚ´s
mortar ṭʽxo´l ṭʽoxo´ʟ
raft, boat ṭo´wiʼl tuwipe´ ṭowiyilīˑ´
baby-carrier tc’ɑname´’
leggings tcelela´o
cocoon-rattle tc’oxo´k
isley tcu´leye
trap tcueyke´’ya
blanket tsa´ta
arrow-point tse´uto
hat ts’wa´keti´’ ts’wake·tʚ´’ ts’waˑketili´’
wall wumʚtamu´
bow xak’e´i’, xak’ xak’eʟ; xak’ten
beads xɑ´nis xe´nes
garden aiyate´ya
flint asak’a asak’te´nat
water (t)ca’, tc’a’ ṭʽcʚ’, tʽcaʼ, tcʽxa’
tide capawe´
sea, ocean ck´eᴍ
glade, cave ckoɴ ekonane´l
river, brook coˑ´k’a’ so´k’a co´ka’ɑtéɴ; co´kᴇte´nat
red stone co´xwaʟ
limestone cotalai´ c’pa´talai
earth, ground (t)cxo’ cxo’ (t)cxoˑneʟ
stone, pebble, rock (t)cxa’ axɑp (t)ca´paɴeʟ
fire carried euy
morning, day icxai esxai
nest ikiˑn tike´n ikiˑnil
lake ilpoi
earthquake iotilak yeṭewe iotɴela·´k’
white clam-shells kaiya´ma
tide kapili´nsa
hail kc’eune´ʟ k’a’une´ʟ
sun, heat ka´we
lump, ball keṭ’ᴍe´l’
hill keṭ’poi´ʽ
forest kē´yix
slope kʽci·´kat’i’ kʽciˑ´k’etʽyi
hole, cave, hollow k’co·´luxne calɑknai´ kʽcoˑ´luktene
buckskin kutat’
country, land lak’ laˑk’
wave, sea leia´ lap’e´’
sky le´ma ʟem
clay ʟo´¹to´
mountain loiyam
path, trail lu´a, lu´eᵃ luaten, lueᵃten
morning star macala´k macila´k
shade, shadow macita´ma
charcoal, flames moce´ moce´ mucale´
mound, hill moc’o·´no
sun na’ na’
cloud paˑ´i·’ paˑ´y’
rainbow saiyaʽ´ɴ saiya´pa’
asphaltum, tar smak’ smak’
night smɑ´kʽai cmɑ´kʽaˑ´i smɑ´kaiyatéʟ
lightning sokɑnto
soot spe´het
storm tᵅ´pit tᵅ´pnit
spring of water telukutca´
prairie t’en
rancho, farm tʽila·´xten
garden tukalalo´piˑcte´
hill ṭʽuʟne
fire ṭa´a´u´ ṭʽa’a´u´ ṭa’a´uneʟ
salt ṭa·kai´’ ṭakai´
road ṭaˑke´’ ṭake´’
dust ṭcayi´ya ṭɑpaiye´
smoke ṭa´teˑt ṭatet´
stars ṭatsuwɑ´n ṭatcwaˑ´niʟ; ṭatcwaˑ´niʟten
moon ṭats’oˑ´opiʼ ṭats’oˑ´pe’
holes, caves ṭeˑle´kʽ *teˑ´likʽtén
thunder ṭʼe´lowa’ ṭ’e´ʟxo’ ṭ’eluwa’ɴeʟ; ṭ’elowile
whirlwind toko´i ṭ´iˑkʽo´’ʏɪ
ashes ṭa’a´i ṭapaíʽ, ṭop’ai’
mountain ṭpoi, ṭpoˑ1, tso´la ṭʼopʽo´iya *ṭ’opo´iyela’
Pleiades ṭʽoˑ´poiyip
light of day tcʼewuni´’ tc’anone´’
ice tc’umye´ʟ tcoˑmia´ʟ tcumiane´ʟ
wind tsʼaˑkai´ ts’aˑkai´´ ts’akaite´nat
snow ts’aheˑ´ʟ ts’ahe´ʟ ts’axaneʟ
sand tsʼensiʟ tsi´ntsin
fog, frost tsʼopo´ sa´pa ts’oponeʟ
world emk’we´ʟ umk’we´ʟ
escarbason xaipke´ya
paternal grandfather ama´’ ama´’
grandmother ane´wu anẹụ´ʼ
mother apai´’ apa´i
brother apeˑ´u’
uncle, mother’s elder brother saˑk asa·´kʽ
father’s younger sister apa´c
companion a´teloi, ayaˑoi ayaˑeloi
lord, senor aṭu´kai
foster father a’xomo
enemy epeselet epesele´lmet
mother e´pex exo’, e´pex
cousin, younger sister’s child (nephew) e´sxa tʚmasa´xʚ *ṭe´msɑxten
mother-in-law e´xwat oxwa´ṭ’
fool iko´luˑneʼ
friend i´la
relation inexa´ inelkxa
parent ienxe´
godson, adopted son insaka´ insakte´n
brother ito´l itolane´l
talker kactʼelmak´ hactʼelmilok
elder brother kaˑi kaˑiyʚ´ʼ
trader kano´dile
God kʽe´ncaˑniʟ
white people ketʼne´
uncle keue´acaʼ
people k’weʟ
husband la laɴ
Coast Indians lemikela´t lamekʽnela·´tʽ
father’s elder brother ʟa´pac
woman letsʼe´ʼ lene´ʼ lee´tsen
male, man luˑwa´ʼ lu·wai´ *luaya´to
great-grandchild mace´l
mother’s younger brother or sister mone´ʼ
grandparents nene´’ nene´ʼ
congregation nunenxaˑyo
father’s elder sister pas
elder sister pe’ pepeʼ
child, son as pɑ´soʼ, pʼɑ´so *pa´seʟ
father ekʽ pexk ekxe´l
wife se seɴ seˑtsʼe´n
girls see´l
child sepxaˑ´
great-great-grandchild setilka´i
infant skaʼata´ʼ skʼata´ten
elf, dwarf sk’ɑmɑxɑ n’
little girl sna´tpeteko´
pet, guardian sotopen
boy steˑxa´ʼ seˑmta´ɴ *sme·´ten
girl, maiden stau´ʼ, ctou´ʼ su´kumku skunṭaˑ´m
grandchild ta´iyaʟ tema´k
twins takacau´ tekica´
father’s younger brother ta’ ʚkʼɑ´
shaman tɑ´kin tɑ´ken kʽtaˑ´nta
child of elder brother taˑk tʚ´nak
brother-indaw ta´leu
man *taˑma´ʼ taˑm tam’a´ten
father teˑle´ʼ tata´
child of younger brother tʚ´pacek
slave tʚ´takwa
daughter tica´’au, ti´co
Tularenos tʽicke´ᴍ tʽickema´ʟ
friend, family tienkha tie´neʟxa
elder brother’s wife timta´ʟ
congregation timu´yo
younger sister tʽoɴ t’on
younger brother tos, ṭ’oˑs tos ṭ’o´sen
daughter-in-law tuke´wi tʚ´maiʼ
blacksmith tutai´yucap
gathering of Indians ṭaxate´y’a
brothers ṭʽelaˑtʽɴel
son-in-law te´leᴍ ṭʽeˑle´mʼ
Indians, natives ṭ’o·´waṭʼ, ṭeho´ṭ ṭepoˑ´’ṭ’ ṭ’uˑṭ’aˑ´ʟ; *ṭipoṭa´haˑʟ; *ṭepoṭ’ha´lapʼ
enemy ṭinaihi, ṭitcon ṭitco´nel
murderer ṭʽo´xo·ke
grandchild tcaiya´ʼ tena´iyaʟ
old woman celṭe´ʼ tcʽene´ʼ slee´ten; *tci´ntʚn
old man steluwa´ʼ tcilwai´ʏɪ steluwi´ʼ
former wife tʽsa·´iniya
nephew wɑ´tʽnak
maternal grandfather xaˑla´ʼ, axala´u xalaˑ´
widower hapti´
trader, peddler hensi´
interpreter he´uwukultcaguʟastel
liberality ani´yaʼ
booty ats a´tsten
health atcecʚ´
music a´xaˑti´ʼ
dream, revelation, amulet, luck tʽɪcaˑ´kai caˑl *ṭʽɪca´xal
north wind cele´
favor cxomck ʼi´ʼ
direction, journey eˑ´ke’
autumn elkaˑ´p
spring, (summer, harvest) elpa´ʟ, ʟpaʟ
bead measure e´nex
necessity e´’enviʽ
pain, inconvenience e´u
love-sickness ickonmitce´y’a
temptation iewutcni´y’a
summer ilne´
magic wand, revelation itomu´i’
carriage, bringing kai´e kayte
cold, influenza kane´a kane´
disenterring k’aitupke´y’a k’a´itupkele´ya
year kauo´mtop
song ka·´keʟ kaˑ´kel kaˑ´keltenax
custom ka´u
thing above kʼane´nxa
amulet kemi´li
place, locality ke´o
snake-bite keṭpa·´t
north, (west) kʼewe´ʟ kʼe´weʟ
reflection kitse´na
sore, scar klɑ´mta, klɑmte´ya kalɑm
place konetco
afternoon, evening koˑ´nxa’ poknoyaluna´
noise koto´sna’ koto´stena
place kaṭo, coṭo
swelling, inflammation kwa´lwai
season kʼwa´l
thing kwa´l *kʼolcīyip
pity, compassion la·e´yʼa
west, on coast, (south, north) la·´mka laˑ´mka
noon le·ta’na’ leta´kna
east, (north, south) leˑc lec
year, winter lice´ lice´ʼ elci´taneʟ
women’s dance lo´leⁱ
place, position* mano
west wind me´seɑmtca´
perforation metsiliu
quarter, cardinal point na´ʼxo
proposition nek
morning nowaˑna´’ nowana´pʼ
ablution oa´ik
south, (east) pʽa·´nlo pʽxaˑ´nol
dance paxat’
sickness pok
fiesta, celebration pʼe´napʼeʼ
pieces, bits pʽʟeˑ´to
dance sawine´
health sewɑnɑnhai
scar, cut skael skwa´l
vision sokani´ya
work, trade ta´kat takelet, talakat
work ta´ʟxwaʟnaiʼ
gift taka´
fever tauiye´
east wind tawa´t
happening ten.a·´so
sickness tesene´o
promise tewia´t tewililiat
wound tīaṭʽaula’
pain tipin, tipni´ya
sleep tʽɪca·´kai
sickness timni´y’a
northwest tiṭaku
medicine tehoni´ tihoni´
cause toye´m
composition, manner tu´o
first half of moon tewa´cyu
pieces, bits ṭ’a´kai’
cold ṭatil
summit ṭekeko
flight ṭinai´o
day ṭo·´kena’ ṭo·´kan ṭo´kenaˑteʟ
smallpox ṭokne´
hells ṭuxtine
time- tcaka tcakoi
lie tcinimakwe´
sickness tcɑp
mark, sign tce’e´y’a
pomp tsip tsipe´ti
battle tsoke´
law wate´
half of cardinal point pia, hia
division xapa´tco
men’s dance xīwē´ī
diarrhoea xolowes
sins xomu´nilit
afternoon xo´tɑpleta´na xotɑpluleta´pna
soul, memory, thought xuiwai´ xuyiliwai´
say, decide, permit (k)a’ ka, a’
conceive (animal) aˑ, (k)aˑn, (k)a´h’a (S)
hit by shooting a´cikʽmek
sit, seat, (test, try) a´cek a´cel’ a´ciʟ
write acame (S)
be tired, faint aik’nop (S) aiktinop
enclose ai´tim (S) aitilme´
divide, distribute (S) aitilta´k
fix, mend (ke’)a´yomic (S) (ke’)ayomiclex
defend, protect, retain ai(k), (S) ayi´lik
guard, defend, intercede ait(em) (S) aitil(me), ayilit
hinder, defend a’yom (S) a’ylom, ayomil
be thirsty akca’ akcela’
hung, be hung *(k)ɑke´l’
think aˑ´ke’n aˑki´nyi’ a·´ke’n
ask, inquire a·´le’l(k) aˑ´le’lt(k)
teach, learn ade, ’alo·m ale(k) aliloˑm, alele
enter, introduce aleknox (S)
unite, combine (m)ale´n (S)
desire, love, want a·lx a·´liyɑx, a·´lile
pray (Sp. rezar?) alsa·´ʟ alsaˑ´l(o) alsaˑ´ltenex (ᴍ)
give alms, assist amalek (S) amolek
chase, expel (p)amaˑt’ (p)emaˑ´ṭ (p)amat’el
defecate a´menep (S)
reconcile, make peace amaitila´ (S) amaitiltina´
shout, cry, yell ’ɑ´mes ɑ´mas ɑ´mesiʟ
gather food a´male (S)
hunt a·mṭʽe a´mṭi’ a·´mṭʽele, ameṭtine (S)
lie, tell untruth araitci (S) amitcinmak
guard, preserve amauc (S) aˑmo´c amaulic, amaucelte, amaucelayo
eat, suck gruel ama amo´’ ama
be able, can, kill aˑm(k) a´mk a·mkɴe´’lk, a·mt’elik, a·mxot’e
arise, leave a·m(p) a·´menep aˑmelep
extract, withdraw leave free aˑmamp a´nat(ax) amant’ɑp
remain a´nem (S) a´netem
pardon anemt(ak) (S) ane´mtilt(ak)
give *(p)ani´kʽo’
pass, enter *(m)a´’n
pound, pulverize *(k)a´nataˑ
place in line (k)apale´ (S)
copulate *(p)apaˑ´¹
close (door) (a)pak’a (S)
roast, tatemar a´paˑt
love (a)pamak’e (S)
overtake, catch (a)paˑuye’ (a)´paˑu
kiss (a) pane´ (S) apatene
smash, shatter (k) a´pʽaxtenop
receive (a)pena´x (S) (a)penilax
fill, cover with water (a)pʽene´’(k) apeinatile(k)
fill ɑ´peʟ, ep´eʟ ɑ´pel, epeʟ epʽena·teʟ
be well, cure apokop (S) (t)o´pokɑp apeknelop
gather, collect apoi´lek (S)
bear, give birth ’a´se
reserve, guard a´si(k) (S)
name, call aˑ´se as aˑ´sile
beg, prohibit (p)astcene´’(k)
think *a·´su, (m)as
lassoo *(p)ata´lokʽē´
rise, jump a´tanop ot’oinop
hurt, torment, oblige (k)atn, (k)atipn, (k)atce (S) (k) a´tapʽnehe’
rob, steal (k)aten
stick, fasten ɑ´t’unk’aˑx, atno´x
speak rapidly atepnek (S)
meet, encounter atc’a·ᵘwi’ atc’a·uli’
be outside (m)atcakat (S)
be cast, stretched atce´weltek (S)
beg atcixtci(n) (S)
anoint atsintca (S) atsintcela
cook, make food *atsatak (S)
aid, assist autce, otce (S) autcele
place, put, seat a·x ax a’yax
fear, be afraid a´xai ɑ´xaˑiyot (ᴍ)
separate, divide (p)axaya´u (S)
shout *(k)a´xa·nla’
climb, rise a´xap, axaˑ´ta
die a´xap a´xɑptep a´xatep
touch *aˑ´xat’a
split, part ɑxɑtcnɑp e´xtc’nop
be careful *(k)a´xk´o’
hunt burrowing animals (p)axoˑ´t axoten, axotot, axo´nilet
insert, pour, fasten axt’elik
stand firm, resist *(m)a’weˑ´xe, ex we (S)
prepare, approach au´we, a´wen aewetenelo (S)
be hot, heat awi
point, aim caˑke´’aˑ
salute, greet caˑ´moc(k)
be blind cumwel, camle´ sɑmal
extinguish, put out capʽ cɑp
dance (ceremonial?) ca·wena·ni
open mouth *ca·xɑ´tɑ’
be afraid, fear cēˑ´pa’lo´ ceˑ´pʽetepʽ(ᴍ)
bud, sprout, bear leaves cetene (S) cetenele
die ce´tep ci´tip ce´tʟip
lie down ce´wili’ ce´wiltʽe
be, be there (i)cko’ (i)cko ckol
beat, strike *cme·’ʟ
tear, split *coˑka’
open eyes, awake coˑ´ke’ʽnoʼ cukintile (S)
go through hole coˑ´lukne
haul, drag, stretch, creep co´me(n)
kick, trample co´k’a’iyik cukai´yel (ᴍ)
climb, chase up coˑ´ᵘʟ coˑʟ
kindle, light co´une, cuˑ´ne’ coˑn’ cuˑna´tilt
be afraid, frighten (i) cxa´lo’ cxa´lo sxa´lho
defeat, gain *(p)eceˑ´’u
cut, saw, hit e´ck’waʟ
sew eck’op (S)
give *eiha´na (S)
visit (p)eya´nekx (S) (p)eyalenkx
sting, pick, bite *(p)eine (S)
arrive, overtake *eipastas (S)
tell, say he´k’a’
be, exist, be there eka, ika’
go outside *ekatopʽ
add water ekona´, ako´ne (S)
be cut (k)ela´uṭptilaˑ´pek (S) (k) elautptililaˑ´pek
go ahead eˑl’
conceive eleknox (S)
pray elut’na´pek
kill (e)maˑ´ṭʽ
make cross emek (S)
wound, oblige e´naˑi enai
observe, look around enaˑni´’
decide, say *eˑ’nek
season, make spicy *(t)enk’itox (S)
sweat (k)ecna´ (S) (k)eno´l
give medicine eoni onile
swallow, gulp epe´nxo epe´nox
be cold epṭ’a´’ epṭ’a´ aˑpṭ’e´la’
scratch, wound (e)pṭ’en (ke)pṭ’enil
sting, bite epts’e’n epts’enla’
become tired, tire epʽtcʽoˑ´pʽ optc’ep
impede, obstruct ese´l (S) esele´l
catch, seize espolo´x
make eta´’ eta
call, shout etak’a´ ctak’a´ etakʟi
say, be said etaqⁿla
shoot with arrow et’eyine´ et’ene´ et’eyitine´
see *(p)eteˑle´ʼ
have, possess etxau´ etxau’ etxautilau´
tie, bind (e)ṭ’aˑ´k
spear *(p)eṭot´
stand, remain, halt eṭ’eˑk eṭ’a´kox aṭ’ek
suck *eˑtc’o´i
be quiet *etco´ka’
cry, scream (k)e´weˑts’na (k)ē´wets’its’tena`
presume ewia´mic (S) ewila´mic
do right, not to sin ewiate (S) ewiliate
fly around *e´heṭ’ẹˑŋxa’
think exoyuem (S) exoyuem
grind, pound, hit e´xwaʟ oxweteˑle
go ia, ie ia, ie ial
send ia·´tek iaˑ´tek ia·´tlek
see iam, iem iaˑm iemaˑlt’eʼ, iamaɴeʟk
know iem’ó ium
show iemat (S) iematil
guard iaˑ´k
take, extract *(k)i´au (S)
do iau(k) (S)
touch, tickle *ia´utc (S)
come iax, iex iɑx, iex iaxteʟ
go, walk, wander ica·k icɑ icaˑkai’
eat icx icx ecxot
pretend (i)cepix
roll, revolve (ki)c(a)kʼeˑleʼ, (ke)ckʽɑ´lax
dawn, arise at dawn ’icxai’ ’ecxai´ ’ecxai´yaʟ
drink icim ictem, ostem
be cruel icko´ne (S)
believe icno´mic i´cnomaˑic icno´madc (ᴍ)
determine, find out (ṭ)ico·´p (ṭ)i´cro’p
remove, cut (grass) *(t)icpa´ʼn
begin, commence *iemaˑniʼk (S)
contain ienk
approach, overtake ie´nto ie´ntʽxo
be sent iete (S)
argue, quarrel (k)iewilte´ (S)
do customarily (ṭʽ)ika´’wu
fight, battle iak’owe (S) (k)i´k’ateˑ
laugh ilik (S)
pay attention to *(m)ilyoˑta
return, turn around (il)k’elpa, k’etʽpʽa ʟk’elṭʽepa
return, turn around elk’ileˑ´nxaʼ
return, turn around ekele´ntxo, ikile´nxa
cover over ilk’ita ik’eˑ´so’
visit *imanilaʽ(S)
await, wait, rest imxoya·k imxoue´le (S)
contradict, reject ineitil (S)
endanger, lack inemil (S) inemilte´
bark, cry iyo´hun
stake, implant (a)yo´p(ik) yop´ʟ(ik)
fornicate io´tsp (S)
stir ioxt (S)
be ill, sick ise·’na’ isi´tina
be compassionate isol
urinate isxaˑ´teʟ
sound *(k)iteˑ´mna
bite, chew *(k)itpetmak, itcɑ’, ītc’a´, (S)
halt, stop, straighten etc’e· i´’tciʟ
lift, rise, surpass icaˑ, itcu
prepare *(k)itca
fall, fell itco´mnox ctcumtonox
speak proudly itc’okmai (S)
hate itc, ic, exe’ (S) iceʟ
lie, mistake ʽ(k) itcu´mtilai (k) (S)
introduce, enter i´tse (S)
vaporize (k)itsipex (S)
love, like iˑ´ts’omyac
lift up high itsoye´ (S)
break wind itsi (S)
join itspaka (S) itspakayile
amuse, divert *iwa´nmak (S)
end, finish iyi
fight, battle *(k)i´yit’iʟ
shake, move i´’yoˑte’ yi´te’ io´tʽɴe
be angry, quarrel *(k)ixa´ya (S)
do well ixa´te (S)
drop *(k)ai’yax
receive (k)ayik (S)
play k’a´ina’ k’a´itena’
sing ka·k’a kʽaˑ´ka ka·k´ʟa
be inclined to (k)ak’a´ye (S) (k) ak’a´yile
agree, (be seated) (e)k’au’a, k’aˑl’a (S) (e)k’a·´ltin’a
fight, battle k’aʽʟa k’a·ʟtena’
lose, forget (k)a´lep, (k)e´lep (k)alo´lop (S)
be together, join (k) a´mau (S) (k)ameytile
peep, peer, squint k’amle´ (S)
sweep, erase k’apk (S) kapil
wander, stroll *(kʽ)arme´
sleep ka·u kau´wɪ ka´xaˑu
be lacking *(k)a´wa (S)
taste, like *(k)auke´
finish, end *(k)aunop (S)
dry up (kʽ)ēˑ´ʟ
tie, bind k’eˑ´lo’(p)
follow, pursue k’epoṭ’au k’epoˑṭ’ilau
spy, watch keˑsk kʽesk
present, deliver, devote *(k) etaye´te (S)
laugh, shout (k)eˑ´yita’ (k)aite (k)eˑ´yiteʟ
banish, exile k’e´tipek (S) k’e´telapek
go kīˑ kīˑ, ī kīyaˑʟ
resemble, like kiˑc kiˑc
march k’itipa (S) k’ilipa
be hungry kʽoˑl’ ko’ʟ koˑ´la
guard k’o´lik (S) k’olitak
lift, arise k’oˑʟ
arise, spring up* k’o´lpax k’o´ʟpex
converse, speak k’o´kʽol’ce
arrive, reach kʽo´nox ko´nlox, ko´lox
buy k’o´mate (k) koˑ´maṭʽelte
desire k’unip (S)
scratch (k)uptun (S) (k)uptinil
eat *(kʽ)u´tex
be merciful (ke)la´ye (S) (ke)lea´ite
move, shake *laˑye´ (S) layine´
eject, throw out lal
eat lam lam lamhaʟ
break, be broken (k)ʟa’ (k)ʟa´pat
swim (k)ʟaˑ´t’ne (k)ʟa´patene (k)ʟaˑ´t’tene
release, separate, leave la·wa´’ laˑ´lua’ laˑuˑ
forsake, abandon, divorce lei (S)
requite, revenge *(ke)lekema´k (S)
fall (k)ʟeᴍ’ (k) limiṭ’
rain li´cxai le´cxai’
throw, cast, hit liˑxo’ laleˑ´xo’ liya’iyax, liˑtʽxo
burn oneself lo’ʟ loˑl loˑ´xʟa
seize, squeeze, grasp loxo, lok’o loko´xo’
know luane (S) lu anile
serve lu´etee (S) lu´etcile
heed, pursue (ke)luk’ua´la (S)
separate fire *lum (S)
blaze, burn ma´caˑʟ maltintak (S)
live, possess home (k)ᴍaˑi (k)ᴍaˑ´iyalʽ(M)
give maˑk mak maˑtak
sigh, breathe deeply ʽ(ke) makwoxtel (S)
fly ma·ʟ maʟ mɑ´loˑʟ
remember, think male*´nt ax male´ntɑx maltintak (S)
advise, say malaˑk malta·k
doubt. ma´le (S)
insert, add *(m)a´nketso (S)
fill oneself maˑt maˑtelau
bring, carry, raise maˑ´’a ma’aˑ´u’ maˑtele’
sleep *me
go to bring meneʽ(S) meˑ´n’
go to see (ṭ)meʽ(nak)
smell, scent meˑ´s mi´slip mest
try, attempt (aʼ)meˑ´t meˑ´t
feel me·ṭ’au´
arise, get up *(tam) e·´tca
lightning *(ke)mi´ltop (S)
make *mitac (S)
defeat, beat mīˑ´telˑak miˑ´telaˑtak’
run, flee mi´ṭ’ik mi´ṭ’ik mi´ṭ’ʟik
celebrate, entertain mic (S)´ milic
drown *(i)mo´kʟop
jump molo´x molox mɑ´ltox
grow, increase map mopkeˑ´
be obliged mopxi´
tighten mot’u´xo
strengthen moupx (S) molopx
watch, observe *mue´teko (S)
dismount *(e)nɑc
flee, run naˑ´yi’ nai naˑihyi´’
bring (wood) *naye´m
await, wait for naˑ´lo na´lyetonʽ(M)
fill oneself, satiate naʟ nal
heat, warm oneself (ke)na´me (S) (ke)namo´ten
cook nep (S) nɑp’
obey ne´ka’ nixlaʽ(S)
take, seize, bring ne’ ne’ ne’wo’t (ᴍ)
change, move (ki)neutile (S) (ki)neutilte
assent, agree newiox, (pe)noyo´xo (S) (pe)no´toxo
take away, rob (ki)ni´ya
collect, gather (e)noˑ´nanax no´iyo’ (e)nuntilentaxo (S)
appear *nokʽiˑ´c
run no´le (S) no´lele
dare (o)noie (S) (o)no´te
trade, barter, pay (e)notili’
push away notx
do *(e)noṭa´’asiʟ
draw near, communicate (e)notcene´ (S) (o)notcenʼe´te
come (e)no´xo (i)naxtilo (S)
move oneself *(ko)amo (S)
be fastened *(t)oˑcko´n’ᴇ
learn, determine, know oi (S) oyil
remain, be left o´ye (S)
respond, reply o·ye’ otʽɴe’
move o´yote (S) uyio´tine
dodge okot’nap okot’napelte
kill oko´ṭ’o’
flatter, applaud ok’wa´te (S)ʼ ok’wa´tile
be ashamed o´la’le’
break olek, k’alok’ (S) ole´palk
play flute o´loˑli´ olole´’
cut, fell olṭ’ek
begin, commence, leave o´maiye’ o´mayau (S)
divide o´ma (S)
meet *omia´m (S)
support oneself, rest *o´miyoˑte’ o´’kiutʽne’
finish, cease, end omp o´mop omolop
escape, leave (k)o·n (k)oˑ´neʟ
encircle with belt onai´ye (S)
send, order *(p)onataksa (S)
be afraid, ashamed *(k)o´niyi’
believe, suggest *ontcamaua´te (S)
enter, insert, throw in opoi’ opa´’u opʽoiteno´x
boil (k)o´poṭoṭʽna’
whistle (eˑ´k)oˑsna’ (eˑ´k)ostena’
become, make oneself * (ṭ)otenake´
be indisposed (k)otia´ (S) (k)otilia´
pound, hammer *otokinek
butt, gore, dive oˑtatʟe´, otaxleˑ´ o´ṭʽɑtnox o´taxlele’
drop, fall *(k)o´tcoˑxnɑ’
approach (i)ox, (x)ox (S)
live, exist o´xoyoˑte’ o´xoyoˑta’p o´xoiyoˑtela’
hide o´xoˑma’ o´xom’tela’
whip, beat, punish o´xwetel (S) o´xote’p
carry, bear (p)aye´m (S)
visit, communicate (p)aitcik (S) (p)aitciltek
dance paˑta, paˑka pa´tʟa, pa´xʟa
heat, warm (p)a´lek (S)
see *(p)amṭinik (S)
scratch (p)aso´kau, (p)ats’ok’a´u
chop *(pʽ)ca·ko´
see *(p)eina´x (S)
open (p)eleˑ´t’o (p)e´lextʟo
use, select (p)e´meˑ’1
hustle *penʟaˑ´k’o
cook (p)esk’o´na
hear, listen pesno´xo pesno´xo’ pesnelo´xo
think pe´sene pe´sintʟe
seize, grasp *(p) etaˑno
be born, come out pex (S)
reject, separate *(p)exe´ko (S)
be (substantive) *pi’
suffer *(p)iematilo´xo (S)
bite, grind *(p)ipṭa´tiko (S)
dream *(p)itcadta´naxo (S)
lift, raise (p´)ocai´
advise, notify okoleca´ pokʽe´lee
toast *(p)oˑʟ
insert, introduce (p)o´nek (S)
enter, go down pox pox polox
decide, resolve psa´lo
fall on stomach *p’te´loˑto
pay pxaˑi pxaiyiʟ
speak sa· sa·teʟ
hate (i)sa´li sa´leˑlte’
die (many) sa·´mox
marry a woman saiyene so´nene
be, are (substantive, attributive) se se
tie, bind *sekoṭ’ak’
tell, say to se·
walk seⁱni’ seʽɴi’
arrive at summit *sitetenop (S)
feel genitals *sole´k (S)
stink, smell taˑi taiyai
accompany tale (S) ta´lo’ talte
work ta´ʟxwaʟ ta´lxwaltenax
remove, abstract *tama´nepek
stroke *tapen
remain, delay tawa (S) tau´la
be alone *t’e´yo’
hustle *teˑ´le’
pain, hurt tepen
do tīˑ’
offend ti´a (S) tiila
(not) see, hear, observe *tɪcoˑ ticto
play *(e)ti´cxaʟta
dispatch, send ti´li (S) tiili
fight, contest *ti´tʽoʟpet
refuse, decline *ti·´tcoɴ
like, wish. *ti´ixai
exclaim *t’olaˑ´so
gather *tox (S)
fall tom’ turn’ to´met
agree, assent *tom, turn (S)
scent, give good odor tu´pex (S) tu´lpex
take notice, constrain, press ṭʽa·´co ṭa´cila (S)
scrub, smooth *ṭal (S)
hunt pine nuts *ṭam (S) ṭaˑm
lift a fallen object *(k’oṭ)a´mek’ulentax (S)
arise, get up *(eṭ)an’
collect, gather *ṭʽaˑpenya’
have, be *(ṭʽ)aˑte
pour out *(p)ṭ’aˑ´x
tell, say to shout, acclaim ṭe’ ṭʽe’ ṭetak, *ṭe´yiteno
break off, saw off, stab, shoot (p)ṭ’e´kax ṭ’akʽakʽo’ (pe)ṭ’a´khaˑ’k
kill (p)ṭ’eka (p)ṭ’aki
pound, pulverize (p)ṭ’etoyo ṭ’otʽoˑ´iyo’
shoot, throw, cast *(e)ṭ’etepai
be worth, valuable *(ṭ)enīdak
wish, desire *ṭʽiaˑ´
sigh ṭica (S) ṭici´la
discharge *ticmi´ (S)
gather food *(ke)ṭi´cnop (S) (ke)tictinop
cut one’s head off, decapitate *(p)ṭ’iyena´pak ṭʽiitenla´pk
strike, beat *(p)ṭ’ika·´l
take, seize ṭimti´t (S)
be happy tiowe (S) ṭitinowe
remove oneself *ṭipaxa (S)
fall *ṭitspiptup (S)
continue *ṭoku´mkó·
perch, sit above ṭʽo’inaˑ´so ṭʽu´iuox
revive ṭ’o´keˑlɑx ṭ’okeltenɑx
finish, end ṭ’o´loinox ṭpoleitina´x (S)
rub, scratch oneself ṭ’o´ɴe·wu
burn ṭʽo´ɴ’ pṭuᵒuniko (S)
snore t’o´xoɴ ṭ’o´xo·tén’
kneel *ṭopoile (S) ṭopoilile
saw, be torn up ṭʽuina´pik tuinila´pek (S)
crash, thunder, smash ṭ’uk’ ṭ’uk’ ṭ’oka’
bore (p)ṭ’u´kotna·
nail, fasten (i)tca´klax (S) (i)tca´kiltax
seek, hunt tc’aˑ´uweʼ, ṭ’a·u’ tˑc’aˑ´u’ tc’a·´uye’
wrap up, swaddle tc’eˑ´lo’, tc’aˑ´mo’
wash tc’upk, tcakomo (S) tca´komel
lose senses *tca´watc (S)
be upheld, thrown *tc’e·wa·nuwi’ tce´welte´’e (S)
be angry tc’eheˑ’na’
desire, detain *tci´pk (S)
divide *tcuileu (S) tcukle´u
fix, insert, extract tcutna´x, tcutnepek (S)
be wet, damp ts’a·ts’i
sell (pe)tseina´k (S)
do *tsetmiwe´liko (S)
see, observe, watch ts’e·n’, ts’eˑ’k
like, enjoy, be happy ts’ē·´nu’ ts’eˑ´ten (M)
give birth, break tsepex (S)
burst, smash (ke) tsiknop (S) (ke)tsiktinop
be cold ts’ɑ´tel ts’ne´teʟ
breathe (ke)tsikna (S) (ke)tsi´ktina
suffer, pain tsil (S)
dress *(pe)tsimia´m (S)
frighten, be afraid ts’ok’ox tsɑ´ktox
shrivel, dry ts’o´xwan ts’ɑxwen’
kill wa·´xaʟ, oˑ´wahʟ wi´leˑ woˑ´xaʟtenax
send, dispatch *wa´ʟi’
boil vigorously *(k)walita´tce (S)
go to bring *waˑ´wel
send wa·t watil (S)
return wenx, we´ten, weˑntx welnex (S)
give however wi´pu wīˑ´tup
permit, give *umtan
twist, twine upk’i´na, umk’ina (S)
beat, strike, thrash utneka´lik
lend utcaˑk
halt, stop *(k)utc’e´l
withstand, bear (ol)xa´, (it)xa (S)
sit down, be seated xac kɑ´ciʟ
hate *(epe)xayit (S)
go *xai´yaʟ (ᴍ)
doubt xaˑi (S) xa´yeʟ
use, shoot xa´la, ha´la
end, finish xam, xap xameʟ
sell (p)xanse ko´nsele
dig, excavate, climb xa´pek xɑ´pko’
weep xaˑ´ta xaˑ´ta xa´ʟa
remain *haˑte’
inter, bury xeˑ´co xeˑc xeclu (S)
await he´la he´la
breathe, live xo´wia (S) xoiolua
say *ho’yi’
soften *xoyu´kʼ (S)
defeat, beat (h)o´neˑt, (k)o´neˑt’
blow xot’ xotk
pass by xo´ṭ’op xo´ṭʽʟop (M)
arrive xwen xweˑn xwene’lax
sweet (k)ama´cu
pious, compassionate (ke)amaˑ´uk (S) (ke)amaˑ´ulik
straight (road) (k) atululna (S)
mean, fierce, brave (k)a´tcaˑmpʽa’ (k)aˑ´tcaˑtenapa
simple, benevolent (k) apa´mak (S) (k) apa´melmak
angry, passionate (k)axa´ntce (S)
robust, healthy (k) a´wa (S) (k) a´ula
blue caˑ´xa’ɴᴇ (k)ca·´xa’tena’
scabby ceˑ´ta
deaf (ku) cu´k su´ko
poor (e)cmic (S)
black co´wutʽ cauwat co´watʟax
bad (k)e´sene’
poor, thin, feeble ecxoˑni’ iexoˑne e´cxoˑtene’
sweet (k) esiyu´k’ (k)esiyuk’lax
holey (ṭ)emitcu´k’o (S)
salty (k)eslo´hol
true (k)esnɑ´ʽ
large, great (k)etcạˑ´’ (k)eteʽạ´ʼ (k)etcạ´’atén
stony, rough (k)et̼penik (S) (k)eṭpenilek
covered (k)icxo´a (S)
lazy (k)i´le (S)
valiant (k)imoupxa (S) (k)imoupxela
different, distinct (k)i´notopa´ (S)
high (above water) (k)īo´x
first quarter (moon) (k)ita´lna
red (k)itckaˑ´ten tc’kɑ´ten’ (k)itckaˑ´teˑlax
expert, crafty (k)itetse´nxa
transparent (k)itcmila (S) (k)itcmi´lita
painted (k)itspilil (S)
rich (k)i´tcowok’a (S) (k)i´tcowota
twisted (k)itsto´lne (S) (k)itsto´ltine
savory, tasty (k)i´wun
disobedient k’a´ye
coagulated k’ak’anxa (S)
heavy (rain) k’ɑtɑpɴeˑ´xe’
ripe k’nap k’nap
thin k’ockwe´top (S) kockwe´tilop
long, tall k’wa·´ka k’wa·´keltʽa
brave, valiant (k)la´kʽᴍakʽ
lower lakulem
upper le·ma´lem
right lama´yu lamai
left la´pai
sharp (k)ʟe´’tax (k)ʟe´’talax
last quarter (moon) letɑpyele
dumb (ke)lu´tca (S) (ke)lutca´aten
lame, crippled (k)loi
white mɑ´ṭʽaʟ ma´ṭʽa·ʟ (kʽ)mɑ´ṭalta
heavy, deep (snow) (kʽ)me´ṭ’ou cmo´ṭ
large (child) mup (S) ʽ
left ok’elo o´kel
agile (k) osweak (S)
rapid (ṭ)oṭi´pe’ɴ
elder (k) omux (S)
benevolent, pious (ke)otca´ (S) (ke)otce´la
difficult (k)owa´te (S)
hard (kʽ)paṭ’ (kʽ)pa´ṭ’ʟax
good, successful (thing) pi´nxa (S)
good (person) saˑx (S) sakehe´ʟ
smooth-edged sa´xwelyo´x
right sep
small, thin, lesser skī´ntui’ sku´nṭʽui’
small skī´tana sko´tɑn
half (moon) skusna
short, bent (with age) (e)sluteya´mo (S) (e) sluteya´moten
beautiful smat smat smahate´ʟ
sad (kʽ)soˑ´le’
upper spukita
pretty, graceful stiyo´’owan stīyoˑ´wɑnlax
lonesome swɑ´nɑn swɑ´nɑn
young, new (k)te´k’a stikwau
new (moon) ta´kɑta
full te·´le’pᴍɪ
lower tele´sa
strong, fierce telwane´
lame timoen
dear, beloved tinkxa ti´nelkxa
strong, able ṭʽɪse
sad tolep
wise toyo´weto (S)
red-winged tunu´iko
foreign, strange ṭa´to (S) ṭatotne´l
yellow ṭʽa´wut ṭʽxauwat
round. ṭʽi·´kilele’ ṭʽiˑ´kelilte’
ordinary ṭixa´yo (S) ṭixa´yout
(in) corrupt (kom)ʈek’ (S) (kom)ṭaka´i
:(un) penetrated (kom)ṭeko´lnox (S) (kom)) teko´ltinos
striped (kⁱ)ṭ’pelel (kⁱ)ṭ’pe´leˑlta
full (moon) ṭukilnu
docked ṭ´u´moiˑne’
thin, famished *tc’a´haliltena’
haughty tcamauk (S)
wide tcʽa´paˑiyine tcʽa´paiyitine’
tired (kʽ)tc’ɑ´p
irritable, mean tcehen(mak) tce´henmilak
equal eˑli´to (S)
clear (sky) ts’aˑ´lamkwaʟ
good, well ts’ep ts’ep ts’e´pax
small (kʽ)ts’e´pen’ ts’e´peyitini
cold (kʽ)ts,eteʟ
naked tsʼkɑ´teˑlɑxkaˑ´ʼ
straight (tree) (k)u´sululna´ (k)esulutina´
brown (k)umtica´
very bad (k) u´wate
straight (k)wi´le’ (k)wi´lte’
right wi´lapné
smoky (k)wi´tcen’
strong, numerous (kʽ)wo´slop´
brave (e)xai’ xaɪ
valiant, brave xīlap’
ferocious, bad xuˑmọˑ´´ ckomó xomoɴe´ʟ
sick, ill xu´tia, ku´tia
sweet yu´wɑn
this, these *aswai *aswa
how many? keca´ʼ kʼɑ´lau’
last kipuṭa kipu´ṭila
all, every (k)īˑ´sile’ (k)īˑ´siliʼp
somebody, someone mas ṭaˑcne´ʟ
same mēˑyo´’
this, these na na, no´nɑ
the, that, that which, those pe he, we
that, those pa he
each *seˑ´t´kam
next tama´ya ta´maila
each t´ya
alone, sole toy’o´we (S) teyo’o´we
some, something ṭa´crake’, ṭaˑ´rake tace´ʟṭake
many xai´ya’
soon, presently, after heʟ (proclitic)
soon, afterwards il·a, ilta (S)
yet, still īˑn (enclitic)
already ke´tka (S)
always kisa´, kwits (S)
always kī´yaˑtʽe’
always will kiˑ´yɑx
much, long (k)ʟuˑ´wa’ (proclitic)
yet ko´kai (S)
formerly lēˑlo´, lo´ (enclitic)
now mɑkạp´’ (ᴍigˑ, enclitic)
continually me´cak
continually mēˑyo´’ (proclitic)
now naˑta·´ (enclitic)
soon, almost *noce´ʼ
before nomimo (Sˑ, proclitic)
day before yesterday nopaha´
yesterday noko´nxa’
yesterday noṭie´ᴡᴀ
soon, some time, now noˑnóʽˑnon, noʽ (enclitic)
now tana´ (Migˑ, enclitic)
now taha´, ta· (enclitic)
while, during tel.īˑ´n (enclitic)
always, continually ṭats’, rats’a (proclitic)
continually ṭʽikisna´ʼ
day after tomorrow ṭupa´ha
then, following ṭume´, rume´ (enclitic)
presently, soon ṭʽUxwe´nto
in the beginning tcu (S)
indefinite place, there kē´u
there, allí *hu
there, por allá ma´ye (S)
there, allí, allá nepa´, nepe´ (S)
here, aqui na´ye, ṭonai´ (S)
somewhere ra’ke´
there, here pa
there, allí ṭʽiya´x
there, distant wa’ za
here, aqui, acá wī
beneath kʼeˑli´cxo (icxe’j foot)
down kʟi´heʼ
down, below laˑ´ko lak’
over, on, above leˑmo´’ leᴍ
beyond pʽau (noun, other side?)
beneath pepoxo (S)
near, beside sk’a·m
near tʼoʟ
beside, near ṭewaˑ´ko (noun, side?)
at side of tewai´yu (noun, side?)
at the edge of ṭexɑpi´cxo (noun, edge?)
at the surface of ṭeyoxana´’yu (noun, surface?)
above, over, at top ṭika´ko (ta’ak, head)
behind ṭitco´mo (ti’tcom’, back)
in, within ṭoˑ´ke
at the end of, edge ṭo´meˑlo (noun, end?)
outside, out tceɴ
half letano
slowly kai´yikʽ
much kaˑ´xwen (Migˑ)
very, much, enough k’o´lop
easily koyu´p
more, very, entirely, truly, well kʽså
strongly misa´tik
too much peˑ´ptelopʽ
swiftly peˑ´nle
slightly skomo´
half, partly tewai´
uselessly tikts’e´pʽksa
thus tutisi
truly tce’e
only, solely tcitso
1 t’oʟ t’o´ixʏᴜ
2 ka´kʽcu xɑ´kic
3 kʟa´pai la´pai
4 kʽi´ca’ kʽi´ca’
5 o´ʟṭʽau olṭaˑ´to
6 paiaˑ´neʟ paya´teʟ
7 te’ t´e’p
8 caa´neʟ ca´tʽeʟ
9 te´teṭ´o´’e te´teṭʽo´paʟ
10 ṭʽo´’e ṭʽo´pɑʟ
11 ṭʽo´’etaxt’ol
12 la´paikca’
13 la´paikcataxt’ol
14 woco´co
15 la´paioʟṭʽau
16 kʽpec
therefore he´u’wa’t̼
more than (comparison) i·n, yoin
but, only kas kas
if not kasi´no, maxa´ya (S)
like, resembling kiˑc kiˑc
because ki´ri, keṭi´
why? ah! because me´na’ko mī´yo’k
like, as peti´yo (S)
therefore te´rcṭe, terc
although ṭayopa (S)
in case ṭkaˑ (S)
also ṭi (S)
then, next ṭam, ram, am
and, but ṭan, ran, an tan
although ṭana´iˑṭ
and tax ta´xo
or uska´’
go ahead! a´ʽimya´ʽ
all right! aiʽ
yes! ʽạˑⁿ, hạˑⁿ
no! haˑ´kse
be careful! ko´tisen (Migˑ)
come on! ka·, koa·´
no! ke´ra’, ka´ra’
now then! me·´mten
come! mai
good! noʽ
now! he! yo’
hurrah! yaha

Shaul (2020)

Shaul (2020) is based mostly on the Antoniano dialect. Shaul (2020) identifies the dialects of Salinan as Antoniano, Migueleño, and a third dialect documented by Alphone Pinart (1878).[3]

The five major sources of Salinan data identified by Shaul (2020) are:

  • Franciscan sources
  • Pinart
  • Henry W. Henshaw
  • Mason-Harrington-Jacobsen (John Alden Mason, Arthur and John P. Harrington, C. Hart Merriam, and William R. Jacobsen)
  • Migueleño
abalone maiyik’, š-
abalone (red) k’elṭu, kilṭaw
abandon leye ~ ley
abandoned -ye’š
ability tey’o
able ama ~ amo
ablution owaik
about weten
above kako, ṭi-; lemo
above, thing anenxa, k-
absorb pex, k-ṭ-
abstain from imxoyak, k-; lawa
accompany kutkaya. oy-, tale
acorn ka, tipi, xole; xawit, s-
acorn (generic) mo’, s-
act of -eya
add anketso
adopted child saxaw
adopting parent axomo
adverbial -ye
affairs k’olšiyip
affected -t-kam
afraid axay, ešxal, oniyi, suxtax, ts’ok’ox, xalo, š-; xalowe
after an, hel
afternoon konxa, xotapletana
again -nel, -ten
agave ma, t-
agentive -ač, -ak, -ele, -ne ~ -ni ~ -n
agile oswe, k-
agree ali-nV, k’awa, tum ~ tom; noyox, p-
ahead, go el’
ahead of kela
aim šake’n
alight aš, k-
alert awe-
alive xoyota, k-
all isili, kini, kumtapénte; xaw, 1-
all over ṭik
all right! ay
all together oṭ’ol
allot oma, k-
allow etak, p-
almost meše, noše
alone teyo, toyowe
along kas, ṭomelo
already ketka, lo’, no, oyólo’
also -ten
although ṭanayṭ, ṭayopa
altruistic apa, k-
always kiša; kwits; mešak; tiško ~ ṭuško; iyate, k-
amass nune-n-
ambitious ečowo-k, k-
amulet emili, k-; šakay, t-i-
amuse iwan-
and kasi, tan, tax, ṭakolop
andative -no
angry axanše, k-; čexe-na-, šixen-
angry, get xaya, k-
animal maṭ, sitaypin
ankle šulk’itin-
anoint atsinše
another ten
answer ho’yi, oye, setay
ant (black) santën, ts’iniše’
ant (carpenter) ts’an
ant (red) kat, 1-
ant (small) sopokan
ant (stinking) senese
antecessive pa’a
antelope muy’
antelope (male) tepše
antelope (small) owešat’, l-
antelope (young) nëč’
antler talak
anus katen, ṭ-
anyone tarake
appear nokiš, yam-
applicative -yne
approach awen; k’am, s-; k’awenete; noče-; ox, yene-
apron onus, šowo, ṭonos
arbor mata, l-
arise an ~ amp, k’ol
arm opuk, pok’o
armpit matan
arrive eypastas, konox, sitenop, xwen; am, k-
arrogant čama
arrow t’eyina, ṭ’etoyen, ṭxak’
arrow point tsewto
arrow straightener umawi’
ashamed oniyi; ola’le’, k-
ashes ṭa’ay, xoṭapay
ask alele, p-
ask for ašiš-
assemble nune-n-
associated xaw, š-
atole asil
attention, pay ilyota
aunt mone
aunt (paternal) pas ~ paš
autumn kap, l-
avenge may
await hela
awake šoke-n-
awl tak, ṭe-
baby ka’ata, s-; xato
back (lower) lok’on
back (not front) xapišo
back (upper) č’om, ṭe-
backbone lokon
backwards satalup
bad esene’, nay, xomu(n)
badger mašax, ṭ-; toyo
bag moxwet-o
bald mela, ṭa, k-
balding č’atel
ball keṭ’mel
bang ṭuk’
banish k’aytip
bank (river) kon, š-
barbed šewte
bark (tree) awul
bark (v.) iyoho-nV
barsalillo č’elak
barter notili
basket(burden) p’atal
basket (coiled) la, š-; ša’, ṭe-
basket (cooking) k’ape, s-
basket (fish) ṭopay
basket (trinket) opes, t-
basket type wokupt’
bat (animal) čemčem, suhawye, tapilale; tamakala, s-
bath, take a o, k-
bathe šakom-o:, k-
battle k’ala, tsoke
be a; aso, ate, eka, mi, pi, se; iškutil, k-; ti
bead pape, k-; xen:is
bead measure (largest) mawiya
bead string (fourth longest) kešo
bead string (longest) kamawi
bead string (smallest) ewi’, t-; wosena
bead string length hena
bead string length (longest) šatel
beads (blue) išxotel, k-
beads (pink) meli, k-
beads (white) pinoštu, ṭe-
beak mal, k-
bear axay
beard payatak, š-; xoy, s-
beat kal, p-ṭí-; me’l, š-; utnekali-k
beat (win) eše, p-
beat up mitela-k
beautiful mat; teyow’en, s-
because kiri
become ita(y), t-; -te
bed awis; išemet; kíwi, të-; ṭawose’
bee mem; mokat, s-
beehive mem
beetle sp. an’
before no, nomino, nuša
beg čene’-k, a-s-; leš, k-
begin omaye, ška, yemanik
beginning low
beginning, in the tew
behind (body) č’om, ṭe-
believe esna, nuwmaiš, ončamaw
believe, not išno-
belly kan, i-; pen
belly (fish) kuman
belly, big šipi-ne, k-
beloved inkxa, ṭ-
belt onayi
bend (tv.) ṭotolnap, p-
bend over (tv.) enel, p-
beneath lišxo
benevolent apa, k-
bent (age) luteyamo
beside ṭomelo; wako, ṭe-
bet axne
bewildered šama
beyond paw
big eča, k-
big (child) mup
bill el
bird šaxwe
bird sp. wiyo, s-
birds (small) kats’-
birth as, xaw
birth (animal) ts’aypx-
birthday oši, l-
bite (v.) itpetmak, opṭati, ṭ’at
black šawtaw, šowut
blackberries ponë, l-
blackbird (Brewer’s) čola
blackbird (red-winged) wakeno
blanket ek’es, ṭ-
blind samal, škon-te, šumwel
blink kamle
blood akat
blow xote
blow (wind) ts’ak-
blow over aka
blue šaxa’ne
bluebird kelepxan
bluejay ṭ’ay, wičele’
bluejay (crested) kalaw
bluejay (Stellar’s) čelew
blunt le’tax, k-
boat ṭowi’i, tuwipe
body exas, kaw ~ kaley-, taka
body painting wol, š-
boil (tv.) kiwsnek, p-; otoṭne, p-
boil (rolling) waylitače
bone axak ~ exak; toy
bones (wing) nipik, s-
book ašam-
booty ats; maṭo, t-
bore (v.) ṭ’ukot-na
born, be ipex, pex, xaw ~ xay
borrow oṭ ~ oč, p-
boss (n.) amo, kičoyke
bother (tv.) owali
bottom lak’; mem; leš, ṭe-
bow (n.) paxuwe; tenay; toya, ṭe-; xak’
bowels pen
bower mata, l-
bowl la, š-
boy simtan; texa, s-
boy, little šeštaw
boys semtan ~ semten
brain xoxo ~ koko, ṭe-
brave axay; ačampa’, k-; čenmila, k-; lak-, k-; xay; xilap
bread k’enin
bread, make etak, p-
break alok’; axnap, p-; ole-k, p-; pek, ṭ-
break (shatter) apaxtenup, k-
break off ṭ’elax. p-
breast (fish’s) tiltal
breath xoyew
breathe tsik-na, k-
breech-cloth etapaplepi
bridge enikan
bright mela
bright light mašala
bring ma’a
bring back ewentax, p-
bring wood nayem
bring, go to mene, wawal
bringing kay’e
broken, be alok’, k-; ka’, k-; la, k-
brook šuka
broom k’ope
brother apew
brother (older) kay
brother (younger) os
brother-in-law tale
brothers ela-
brown umtiša, k-
brush enome’, š-; ṭe-ṭay
brush (plants) mat, s-; šatala; ṭoki
bucket xari
buckeye ša’
buckskin kutat’
bud (n.) šal
bud (v.) šetene
bud, leaf šete-ne ~ šata-ne
bug (potato) taxaway
bull-head (fish) šat’
bumblebee mokat, s-
bunched oṭ’ol
bunting (bird) wičele’
bunting (Oregon) wač’
burn ṭun(i) ~ ṭown
burn up lula, ṭu
burned ṭole, k-
burning ašal
burst tsiknop, k-
bury xeš
bush poštóp; tan, š-
bush sp. ṭaxe
but kas, ṭam
butt (v.) ota-, p-
butterfly koko-, s-
buttocks katen, ṭ-; kel
buy komaṭe-le
cacomite koč’el
cake yuk
calf (leg) šowan
call ames, p-; as ~ as-yo, etak’a; tekek-o, p-
camas k’onakas
candle ṭa’aw
cane ṭal
cane (walking stick) itxa
cards, pack of ašam-
cardinal point na
cardinal point (half) pia
care for ṭaš-o
careful axay
careful!, be kotisen
cargo ma’a
carrion amat, p-
carry ma’a
carry on back ayem, p-
carrying k’ay’e
carve alik-o, p-ṭ-
cast, be ačeweltek
cat ṭam
cat (house) miš, s-
catch apaw, p-; emel, p-; polox
caterpillar čoanahi, ṭa’aw, ṭamo
causative -enekx, -te
cause oyem, p-t-
cave kon, š-; šolukne; ṭelek
cease lalwa, omp, xap-
cedar keṭipuy
ceiling ex, t-
celebration enap’e, p-
certain way -a
chair aš, k- ~ aše
change new-
characteristic -mak
charcoal moše’
charm tomuy
chase amaṭe , p-; iyaxle-w, k-
chase up šol
chat okeleša
checkered pelel
cheek ma’y, šo-
chest (body) šo
chew išex, itpetmak, tsasene
chia pasil
child as, men, p’xa, xas
chilly panilit, k-ṭ-
chin xoy, s-
chipmunk mats’eko
chop olṭe, šak-
chop wood pehečna
Christinas berries čalak
chuck berry ts’etakil
chunk (wood) epen, ṭ-
clam nayek
clam shell yama
clap čapa
classifier l-, s-, š-, ts-
claw tešele
clay oyto, l-
clean ts’ala
clear mila, k-č-
clear (sky) ts’alamkwal
clever lone, k-
climb axap; šol; xape-k
close (v.) elketa, pak’a
clothing ik’is, kara, s-; lem-
cloud pay
clover mokumel, s-; pok’, š-; pokumt’a, s-
coal moše
coast lamka
coat lem-
cold atii, k-ṭ-; epṭ’a, k-; netel; setel, k-
collarbone kow’sn-
collect apoylka-w, nune-n-, ṭapenya
comb enome’, š-; ṭaxewi
combine alen
come may, noxo, yax
come back ewenex, k-
come near k’am, s-
come on! kowá
come out k’olopcollxaw, mep, pex
come out (pus) éṭeš-nup, k-
coming, be keyax
command owa-, p-; wata ~ wate
communicate noče
companion ateloy, ayš, oy-
comparative no; sa, k-
compassionate ama
complete awon-
completely -nxa
conative ta’
conceal oxom-
conceive (animal) a, k-
concerned with ili-w
concerns k’olšiyip
condor te’č’
congregate axote, imuy-, nunen
consent noyox, p-
constantly mešak
contain kews-nV ~ kaws-nV
contest ṭo:lpewt, ti-
continually kiyate, mešak, ṭats’, ṭikisna’
continue ṭokumk’
converse okeleša
cook atsatak; kamale; kona, p-s-
cooked nap
cooked with na, p-
copulate apay, p-; yotsp, k-
corn (foot) kayo
corner asken
corpse šamtel
corpulent awa, k-
correct pinxa:
cottonwood ṭolak
cough kak, ts-; kan
count pape, k-
cousin esxa
cover apel, apene’e, setam-, yokoš
cover over k’ita, l-
cover up elpolpe, p-; xeš
covered išxoa, k-
covering (woman’s) nuṭ-
coyote k’a, l-
coyote (male) saw
crab tayč’atak
crack ṭ’ok’
cracked (skin) šake’
cradle č’am, č’aname’
crane kalak’, talwat, tapṭel, xalo
crane (blue) kaw, s-
cranky čexe-na-
crash ṭuk’
crave k’unip
crazy olowne’
cream lemo
creek šuka
creep šome
crest kokoye, s-
crest (bird’s) tulalnay
cricket č’el
crippled loy, k-
crow kak, š-
crouch sopolte, p-
crowd timu
crowded oṭ’ol
cruel iško-
cry ewets’na, xata, xatox ~ xat-
custom kaw-o, ṭ-
cup xalo
cut škwala
cut (bulky) olṭe, p-
cut (dice) ṭupale
cut (hay) ole-k, p-
cut (string) ṭ’ak
cut, be lawṭp-, škwala
cut down čama
cut off olṭe, p-; ṭoynape
cut self škwala
cut up olṭe, p-
dance pala, paxat, šawi-
dance (ceremonial) kuksuy
dance (men’s) xiwey
dance (women’s) loley
danger awe-, nemile
dare noye, o-
dark makay, s-
datura moneymo
daughter pasel, ša’aw
daughter-in-law may, te-; ukewi
dawn xata, k-š-
day išxay k-; okena
day, other nopa’o
day, present nata’a
daydream esna
daylight č’ewuni
days ṭukana
deaf šuk, k-; šokale
death šetip, xap
decapitate ṭiyenapa
deceptive now, k-
decide e’ne-k, ka; salo, p-
deed takat-o
deep lek
deep (snow) meṭow, k-
deer ṭap ~ ṭa’a ~ ṭa
defeat eše, p-; mitela-k; onet’, k-;
defecate amenep, k-
defend amay-, k-; aytem-, p-; ayo ~ ayi
deliver tayete, e-
den lek
depart itipa, k’-; šulpex
descend šaple
deserted -ye’š
desire (n.) še, l-
desire (v.) čipk
destroy ayo
detain ay, čipk
determiner ok, ṭik
devil šamtel
devote tayete, e-
devour išxo
dew šotol ~ šatol
diarrhea xolom
diaper yokoš
dice ṭupale
die axap, šetip
die, about to axap
die (many) samox
different inoto-pa, k-; ṭato
difficult owate, k-
dig xape-k
dig up aytupk-
digging stick xaypek, xwasul
digit apelay
dimple kamal, ts-; xol, ṭo-
dinner lam(a)
directional -aw
dirt čxo’
dirty čowone
disappear kalep
discharge k-éṭeš-nup; ṭišmi
discouraged ayknop, k’-
disease isena
dish šal, šla
dismount naš
disobedient aye, k-
dispatch tili ~ til-
disrupt ayo
distal -mpa, tel
distance wanayu
distribute oma, k-
distribute (pl. obj.) aytilta-k
dissuade exe, p-
disused -tel
dive ota-, p-
divide axayaw, čwile; oma, k-
divide (pl. obj.) aytilta-k
division xapašo, ṭ-
divorce leye ~ ley
dizzy samolta, k-
do ita(y), t-; iyo; noṭa’asil; ta’a; ti’; tsemti; yaw
do, go to yike
do right ewyate
do well ixate
dock (plant) pal
docked umoyne
doctor akenšo
dodge ókuṭ’-
doe sepxo ~ sepo
dog očo, xuč
doll keta; tišx-
door axam, l-; kayti-n-
doubt išno-
doubt xay
dove axwene’, ṭ-
down (feather) ešax
down to ṭuy
downhill lehe, k-
drag šome
draw near noče-
dream (n.) šakay, t-i-
dream (v.) šahal, k-(i)
dress (n.) ṭones ~ tonos
dress (v.) tsimam
dried ts’axwen
drill (n.) tawat
drink išem ~ išim ~ ešem
drink, give to iši ~ eše
drive šot
drive away šot
drop (v.) ayax, očo-
drop (tv.) atum, p-
drown mokop
drunk lokole, k-; samolta, k-
dry el, k-
dual -h-
duck (bird) aṭ, l-
duck (teal) eponta
duck (small) šun’šun
dull le’tax, k-
dumb lapšakek
dung amhat, l-; notapkašo
during telin, ṭoke
dust šayiya, ṭ-
dusty ṭo’oy, ṭ-
dwell may, k-
dying xap
each eya, ṭ-; setkam; tya; we, l-
each one of t’oltya
eagle nay, s-; sayu
ear entat; k’ol, š-; kut, -š
early nawana
earth lak’
earth (soil) čxo
earthquake yote
easily oyup, k-
east eš, l-; hanlo
easy, take it išate
eat išex, lam(a), utex
edge milo, ṭu-
edge, at the xapišxo
eel masaw
egg kalet, ṭe-; takál, ti-
egg shell šal
eight ša
either we, l-
elbow satik
elder omux, k-
eider tree tapkol
elderberries tapkol, tawpkul
elf k’amaxan, s-
elk aš
emotive -miš
emphatic -ek
en donde ṭonay(o)
encircle ekelent, p-; naiye; sikilip
end (v.) in, k-; xap-
end, at the melo
endure txa, l-; xa, ol-; xoya
enemy epselet, peselet, ičon, inalo
enjoy ts’enu
enough k’olop
enter a’n, itse, opoy, pox
entire isili; ṭoke
entirely sa, k-
entrance alaxam
envelope ašam-
equal elito
erase k’ape
err alep-
escape on, k-
evening konxa
event naso, te-
every ṭeyá
everywhere ṭik
evil ačampa; uwate, k
excess -če
excited oy, k-
exclaim olaso, t’-; yite-
excrement pxaṭ
exist oxoyo-te
expel amaṭe, p-
expert itetse-
explode ṭuk’
extinguish šape, k-
extract amamp, čutnax
exude k-eṭeš-nup
eye šoke-n-, šuke-n-
eyebrow sekel; uwatelik, s-
eyeglasses šuke
eyelid kašwatnile
eyes, closed šamal
eyes, open šoke-n-, šuke-n-
face uw ~ ow
face down melka-
facing lepxo
faint šawanax
falcon (prairie) k’an, š-
fall ičomnox; piptup; tom; ṭitspi
fall down elem, k-; očo-
fall on stomach teloto, p-
fall over satalup
family yen-
fall over lem, k-
famished č’ahaliltena
far wa, xa
fart itsi
fart (v.) miṭ’ik
fast oṭipen’, l-
fast (abstain) lawa, mexoyo
fast (quick) mitsik
fasten at’unk’ax, axt’elik
fastened ošoko’n’e
fat awa, k-; opent
father ek, tili
faucet ča
favor xomšk’i’
fawn soha
fear (tv.) axay; ts’aktox
fear not čenmila, k-
fearful xaye
feather ašax, otewo’ts’o’; yet, s-
feed ayk, p-
feel meṭ’aw
feel like doing -wia
fell tree aka
fellow yax, ṭ-
fern k’ešiapowat; kwala-ten, s-
fierce ačampa’, k-; xay; xomu(n)
fiesta enap’e, p-
fester ṭ’okše
fetch ne
fever awe, k-
field čin
fifth ṭupešt
fig ekos
fight kaxla; ik’ate; iyi’ilm; k’ala; ṭo:lpewt, ti-; xak-; yak’owe
fikaree senestel
fill eyne-k. p-; apel
fill, eat one’s mat, nal
fill up (tv.) apene
filled with apel
finch k’alwačay
finch (canyon) sit
finch (lark) pi’wkuč
find yam-
find out išop; yem-
finger apelay, min
finger (index) tilkay
finger (little) keney
finger (second) tiṭok
finger game meakwakwa
finish awon-; iyi, mep, oloynox, omp, xam
finish (task) xap-
finish making epe, p-
fire ṭa’aw, tapl-
fire (separate) lum
fire, carry ewy
fire, catch ašal
fire, make mašala
fire, put out šape, k-
fire, set šoné-w, p-
fire, stir yox-te
firedrill eneple’, t-; ta’akol
first ila, telu
first one aṭe’el
fish šeteyaw; wan, š-
fish (v.) ameṭi, k-
fish hook eniyi, š-
fish poison nis, ṭe-; palomoy, ṭe-
fish sp. kaṭalakne, s-
fish sp. septal
fishing pole mosiwe
fisherman eniyi, š-
fit into yen-
five olṭaw
fix čutnax; ts’epe; mey ~ mi
flames moše’; oye, k-
flat čapayi-ne, čin
flaw nem
flea ṭayil
flee nayi ~ inay
flesh ṭat
flicker (fire) oye, k-
flint asak’a
float mota, k-
floor sokaykis
flour (acorn) sas
flour (seed) tatukat
flow miṭ’ik
flower č’ekona, makawi’
flute ololi; tak’ol, ṭe-
flute, play ololi
fly (insect) awaten
fly (v.) male, k-
flycatcher weho, s-
foam awne, šušawen
fog ts’opo
foggy ts’opo
follow kapoṭ’a
food lam(a)
fool ikolu
foot išxe
foot (measure) ašil
footprint senaš
forehead al, ṭ-; pal
foreign ṭato
forest keyix, kukatak
forever iyate, k-; tiš
forget alep-
forked ṭal
former say-n-
foundation oy
four kišá
fourteen wošošo
fox to’, s-
free anat-
friend ateloy, ila, yen-
frighten ts’ok’ox
frizzled košot
frog wakiṭ
frog (small sp.) ikol-
from, be maw, ṭ-
front tešow
frost šumyel
frozen xel
fruit nepoṭe, pampu-, ṭata
fry ačaxne
full ele’pmi
full, be apel
full (eating) nal
fur poket, š-
future in, -la, má, ṭa
fuzz e’wte’, ṭ-
gain eše, p-
gall ṭek
game šxalay
game (basket) tesoy
game (finger) meakwakwa
game (women’s) soyne
garden aiyat-, xayaxti
gas stone mašala
gather nonV, k-; tox; ṭapenya
gather (food) amale, ṭišnop
gathering (Indian) axat-
generous apa, k-
gentle pamak-
get ne
get back ne
get on molox
get out of way nayi
get up an’; eča, k-; ol, k-
ghost šon
gift taka
gills čak-nel
gird šul
girl tow, š-
girl (little) natpeteko, s-
girls kontam, š-
give ani-ko’, p-; eya ~ ey- ~ ay-; maka ~ ma; maṭ’e; umtan; wipu
gizzard tohol
glans penis čenya
glue (n.) čwenki
glue (v.) at’unk’a, p-
go išak, ki- ~ ke-, tsay, ya ~ iya
go (pl.) xaiyal
go ahead! a’imya
go back etpa, k-; ewenex, k-
go down šaple
go looking isik, k-
go to do -ik, yike
go up šula
go with tale
goat epo, ṭ-
God enša-
goldfinch kiopets; lam, k-
goldfinch (Lawrence’s) tanukupel
good ma’at, ṭ-; miško, ṭ-; pokop; ts’ip, k-; sa-
good (person) sax
goose kalak’
goose (Canada) oyna, l-
goose (white) waw
gooseberry k’esoy, toypen
gopher e’šeše; k’as, le-; sk’may’o’
gopher (pocket) nakak
gore ota-, p-; otaxele
grab polox
grains tate
granary k’ata, sap
grandchild tayal ~ toyol
grandchild (daughter’s) tenayal
grandchild (son’s) temak
grandchild, great maše
grandchild, great, great setilkay
granddaughter tanil
grandeur ṭipi, k-
grandfather ama’ ~ amaw, axalaw ~ xala, tayul
grandfather (maternal) nene
grandmother ane
grandmother (maternal) nene
grandson semawk
grape opis
grasp etano, p-; loxo
grass kat, k’at, petl; puko, š-
grass (for baskets) tonawa
grass sp. k’as, k’oy; onawe, t-; pel
grass, cut išpa’n
grasshopper košolo ~ kašala ~ kašulo; ṭol’
grave kamatl, t’-
gravel čxa
grease (v.) atsinše
green ešxawet, k-
green (unripe) nap
greet šamoše
greetings to you t’epel
grey hair seltu
grind xwale, p-; opṭati; ṭiša, k-
grind stone mexon
groin man’, k’-
grow lax, mop ~ map; olpax, k-
growl ohon, ṭ-
guard amawš; aytem-, p-; k’olit; wetek; yak; yaw
guard (n.) sotopen
guffaw ayeta, k-
gun xák’
habit kaw-o, ṭ-
habitual -mak
hail k’ewnel
hair ak, k’uwoket, seltu
hair (head) ak; poket, š-
hair (pubic) mas
hair, have pokte, š-
hair, part sak’ay
haircut šon
half let, meše, teway
half past xoṭop
halt eṭ’ek, ič’a, uč’el
hammer oto(y)
hand men, minew
hand (measure) man
hand game pew
hand me a... may
hand span (half) mawi, lu-
handle axa
hang akel
happen nope
happy ts’enu; yowe, k-ṭ-
hard pat-p, k-ṭ-
harden penik, p-ṭ-
hasten enla, p-
hat setam-
hat (basketry) waketi, ts’-
hate čonek-o, p-; iš; sali, p-; xayit, p-
haul šome
have ate; etxaw, p-; -te
hawk ka, š-
hawk (bullet) k’an, š-
hawk (chicken) kokoy, s-
hawk (fish) čik’; eneye, š-
hawk (marsh) koy, s-
hawk (red-tailed) pek’, s-
hawk (sparrow) kelele, s-
hazy čo’oy, k-
he ṭu, hew, xeyo
head a’ak, ṭ-; ak
headdress oltol-, š-
health ačešë; ewananhay, s-
healthy misatik
hear isiloxo, p-; išno-
hear, able to šuk, k-
heart awa, exiway’
heat ale-k, p-; awe, k-
heavy meṭox
heavy (rain) atap-ne-
heavy set awa, k-
heed išno-
heed, not lukw’a, k-
heel askwet; šk-awe ~ šk-al; wët, s-
hello akiš, šamoše
help oše, p-
helper oy-
here ṭopa, ṭuiyo, -ri, wiyo
here, right šokeṭ’e
heron (blue) xalo
heron (night) wak’
hiccup keṭne
hide (v.) oxom-
high čama, lem
high (above water) yox, k-
hill mošono; poy, ṭ- ~ poyo; šikeṭe; ulne
hillside šikeṭe
hinder sel-o, p-
hip aṭalak
hit xwale, p-; lix-o, yoxtek
hit (w/ arrow) inay
hit (by shooting) ašikmek
hit (of light) ṭenay, ṭ-
hold etxaw
hole metsili-w, šolukne, ṭelek
holes, have mišu-
holler ames
hollow šolukne
honeysuckle takel, s-
hop molox, k-
hope nanal- ~ nalaw-
horn talak
hortative ka
hot awe, k-
house am, ṭ-
howl ames
huckleberries tamanel
hug loko
hummingbird mats’wel ~ mots’wel; pelts’e
hungry ol, k-
hunt ameṭi, k-; čawe
hunt (smoke out) kaxo-
hunter ameṭi, k-
hurrah! yaha
hurry enla, p-; telpa
hurt (iv.) tipin
hurt (tv.) inay
husband lo’, lowo
hustle enla, p-; tele
I ek-
I (imperfective) nek
I (negative) kik
I (perfecive) hek’
I think mas
ice č’umyel
if me, tiš
if not maxaya
ignore ašaw, ṭ-
illness isena
illuminate šewnat
impede esel
imperative k-, m- ~ -ma-, -ne
implant yop
in ṭa, ṭoke
in case ka, ṭ-
inch meyan
inconvent ew
Indian ṭowaṭ-
indisposed otya
injure inay
insert anketso, axt’elik, čutnax, opoy
inside ṭoke
inside, be aleknox, k-; nepe
instep č’om, ṭe-
instrument me
instrumental -ayo, -eya; ṭemiṭo
intend akaye, k-
interact noče
intercede aytem-, p-
intestines pxaṭ
intestines (bird’s) may, te-
introduce itse
irratable čexe-na-
islay čuleye; lay, š-
it hew, xeyo
itch ts’ok’a, k-
ivy mušwelit
jackrabbit kol
jaw yatek, ta-š-
jealous oxoye, k-
Jimson weed moneymo
join amaw, itspaka, metoxo
joined k’ak’a-nxa
joint kay, ṭiṭ-
juice taš
jump atanop, molox, k-
just now non
kangaroo rat nak, s-
keep yaw
kick šokay ~ šok’a-
kidney k’onopts’el-
kill ama ~ amo; čekax; kot ~ kok’e; ṭ’ek, p-; waxal
killdeer toṭ, s-
killed, get samox
killer xoke, ṭo-
kin inexa; kiw ~ kew; yen-
kind ama; isola; oša, k-
kind (caring) apa, k-
kind, all of one kini
kindle šu-ne, ṭon
kindly yuk
king snake ts’eken
kingbird ke, ṭe-
kingfisher šuy, k-
kinship marker -ilete
kiss pane, p-; ts’op-ne
kitchen keko
knee opoy, ṭ-
kneel opoy, ṭ-; sopolte, p-
knife čik’ ~ ček’
know oy; tuyo ~ ṭúyo; wenay ~ wena ~ wene ~ wane; yam-; yem-
know that eyema-ni
knowledge okel-
known okel-
knows, who oyá
knuckle apelay, kew
lacking awa, k-; nameli-ko, p-
lake poy, l-
lame loy, k-; mown, ti-
land lak’
language as ~ as-yo
lap apik
lard pinit-o, ṭó
lasso ataloke
last putsa, k-; ṭomelew; xapišxo
last night makay, s-
last one kipuṭa
late onxa, k-; oxex, k-; tawa
later la, l-
latrine pxaṭ
laugh ayeta, k-
laugh at ilik, p-
laundry čup
laurel mopak
law wata ~ wate
lazy ile, k-; kél-mak, k-ṭ-
leaf poket, š-; šete-ne ~ šata-ne; tan, š-
leaf out šetene
leak xolom
leap ulox
learn al- ~ ale-, oy
leave anat-, lawa’
leave (depart) amp
left (not right) lapay, ok’ela
left hand ok’el
leg apo, sonene-w
leggings čelelaw
lend uča
length wa
length (hand) mawi, lu-
length (unit) topoka
Lent Xay
less tete
let etak, p-
liar now, k-
lick tot-
lie činimakwe, ičumtila
lie, tell a amisti
lie down šewe
life xoyew ~ xoyw-
lift amek’ul, iša, k’ol, mil-, ošay, šula
lift up itsoye-w, p-
ligament oxwem
light (n.) čewo, č’anone; č’ewuni, owoy, šepe, ṭa’aw
light (tv.) oka, ṭon
light (weight) matsaya
light, bright laso, mašala
lightning miltop, k-; sokanto
like awke, ixay; its’om-, šo, ts’enu; tiyo-, pe-
like (similar) kiš
like, be ša
limb matan
limestone šotalay
limp (v.) loy, k-
linger ško
linnet sawa:tnel
lips ewet, l-; ušat
listen išno-; noxo, p-ṭ-
lit, be oye, k-
live may, k-; oxoyo-te
live long imxoyak, k-
liver ašx, xalele
lizard (homed) wakek’a, š-
lizard (mountain) toiyele’
lizard sp. xapele’
located, be kiw ~ kew
locative ma
lock (tv.) eyapene
loin č’om, ṭe-
loin cloth xawet, s-
lonesome wanan, s-
long wa
long, be k-waka
long, live imxoyak, k-
long time luwa, k-
look after mawš, a-
look around enani
look at ts’in, k-; yem-
look for čawe’; šawe, p-; ts’e’e, p-; yam-
loose čoyuk, k-; k’e
lord ač’ok’ay’; atapne-; šukay, ṭ-
lose alep-
lose (bet) ešya, p-
louse ik’e’, t-
love its’om-, pamak-
loved inkxa, ṭ-
low ečmel, k-
lower lesa, ṭe-
lower (v.) xaši-k
luck šakay, t-i-
lung koy’el, š-
magpie ateč, xačač
mail (pack of) ašam-
make mek ~ mi, mey, mitaš
male lowa’; wa, l-
man lowa’, tam; wa, l-
man (old) čilwayi
mandarse (Spanish word) tenxa
many kawxen, še, xaya
many, how alaw, k-
manzanita paṭax; tex
march (v.) k’itipa
mark če-, tiš, ašam-
marry (man) lowa’; wa, l-
marry (woman) saye-ne
martin (bird) wičele
mass (amount) keṭ’mél
matters k’olšiyip
maybe not oteš
me -ek ~ -k
meadow lark wičele’
meal lam
meal (dinner) lam(a)
mean ačampa’, k-; čexe-na-
measure tolenex
measure (bead) enex
meat maṭ
medicate oni-
meek yuk’
meet ačaw, yame:t
melon olopopo, k’-
melt ṭole, k-
memory xoyew ~ xoyw-
mercy laye
mescal ma, t-; saxet
mescal flower ṭayaš
Migueleño Samel
milk penan
milkweed mal, te-; matay’
mine ne’e
mingle noče
miss (shooting) inay, kašakme
miss (not catch) apaw, p-
mistake, make alep-; šum-
mistletoe ošoy, s-ṭ-
mock entel, p-
mocking se’h
molar xol, ṭo-
mole mokok’e, s-
money čxa
moon ts’upay, ṭ-
moon (first half) ewašyu
moon (first quarter) italna
moon (full) ukilnu
moon (half) kusna
moon (last quarter) tapyele
moon (new) akata, t-
more sa, k-; tan, -ten
more than in
more than, no minox
more, no ṭake
morning išxay k-; nowana
Morro Lesam
mortar xol, ṭo-
mosquito kašap, k’eptsi’iyin, kopts’en
mother apay; epex ~ pex ~ pe
mother-in-law exwat
mound mošono
mottled pelel
mount (v.) molox, k-
mountain kiṭ’poy; lem, m-; oyam, l-; poy, ṭ- ~ poyo
mountain lion ṭa’mul
mountain range polax, keṭ-
mountain sheep moy
mouse k’ilmox, ṭ-k- almok ~ elmok; seloy
mouth elek, šom
mouth, open šaxata
move (iv.) yote
move (tv.) mope
move (house) new-
move (self) ano
much -če, kaxwen, k’olop, -še, ts’e, -ten; luwa, k-; xaya
much, how kiša’
much, too peptelop
must atapnehe, k-
mud ax’alit, ṭ-
murderer xoke, ṭo-
muscle puk, s-
mush, acorn nasil
mushroom kok’, š-
music axati
musical instrument koni, ṭe-
mussel hayek
must -ka, atapne-
mute luča, k
my hem
nail (body) šile, ti-
name as ~ as-yo
named, be as, yowa
narrate hapokel-
narrow usot’-ne, k-
navel pokes, š-
near k’am, s-; tamaya; wako, ṭe-
near, come k’am, s-; noče-; telox
nearly meše, nose
neck ak’oy, l-; eṭšay
necklace ankea, ṭ-; ṭo’on’ki’
need e’envi
needle awaxa, šopa, tek
negative ko- ~ ko-m-
nephew nak, tak, tëpašek, watnak; masaxe, ṭe-
nerves wem
nervous xoxeme
nest ikin
nesting, be ase, k-
net (fish) sali-n-
net (hunting) teltal
nettle tamo
new ṭak’a; tek’a, s-
next mit(i), tamaya, ṭoke
next, very t’ól
niece nak, tak, tëpašek; masaxe, ṭe-
night makay, s-; mixoya
night, last makay, s-
night hawk walwal
nightingale pok, š-
no hakse, xa’a
noise(y) otos-na’, k-; šel-mak
noise, make eč’lel-na’, k-
nominalizer -ay(a), -eš, -kis, -o, -xet
none ṭa, k-
noon tana’, le-
north k’iwil, leš, ṭakoy
northwest itahku, t- ~ tiṭaku
nose eneṭ
nose, large mokok’e, ṭ-
not kara, kera
notice ṭ’ašo
notify okoleša
now maká, no’, ta’a, tahay; tana-ye ~ ta-ye, tilna
now then! memten
now, just non
numerous woslop
nuthatch akala, t-
oak (deciduous) papix
oak (live) asklet, paxapil; xawat, š-; yoy, t’-
oak (pin) xapax
oak (white) aṭ, p-
oak (young) kapič
oak sp. mo, š-
oats (wild) kaṭamp
obey neka’, k-
obey, not kaye
obliged mopxi
observe enani, tišo
obstruct esel
obtain ne
ocean kem, š-
offend tiya ~ yat
officer kičoyke
often iyate, k-
old te, tel-
olivella tsoloteka
olla sekeweṭnia
on om, lemo, tatak
once lelo
once upon a time kw’el, lelo t’ol
one tol
one to do an
only čitso, kas
ooze k-eṭeš-nup
open elet’-o, p-
open (eyes) šukininil
open (mouth) šaxata
opposite -miš
or uska’
order o’ataw, p-; onataksa; wata ~ wate
ordinary xayo, ṭí-
origin oy
oriole wiyo, s-
orphan xaxayne
other ten
other side aw, pa
otter ṭe
otter (sea) sne, t-
our ṭá-
outside čin
outside, be ačakat
outside, go ekatop
oven aloko-n-
over lemo, om
over (done) omp
overtake awte, p-; eypastas, ṭapa, yen-
overturn wate-nup, k-s-
owe inay, ts’in
owl kotate, š-; ts’etenek’
owl (bam) šik
owl (burrowing) poko’, s-
owl (ground) katata, s-
owl (horned) šukunuy
own matkanpa; tsana, p-
pace ašil
pack (cards) ašam-
pagans ts’iwts
pain ew, tipin
paint pelel
palm (hand) otal, l-
parajo pinto (bird sp.) xačač
pardon animti-ko, p- ~ aneme
partly teway
pass a’n
pass by/through xoṭop
passive -yk, -ney, -yi
past šana, šu
path ua, l-
paucal -h-
pay notili; xaya, p-
peace, make maytila
peak eyne, tsi-; kak
pebble xa’, š-
peel čexolpe
pelican ṭew
penetrated kolnox
penis kola’le’, no’ol
perceive yem-
perch ṭo’inaso
perfective -aš, -pa
perhaps oṭka
permit etak, p-; ka, umtan
person kw’el, poṭa’al, ṭowaṭ-
pestle pa’ne
pestle (wood) aye
pet sotopen
pick/pick up mele, p-
Pico Blanco Ts’owem’
picture šawo, ṭe-
pieces akay, ṭ-; leto, p-
pierce ṭokot
pigeon lawit, k-; tikmo
pil pili
pile, in a oṭ’ol
pile up nune-n-
pillow anen
pin šala ~ šelax
pine čo
pine nut (large) ke
pine nut ṭo
pine nuts, get ṭam
pious oča, k-
pipe awun, ṭ-; ono, ṭ-; takal, te-
pity (n.) ay’a, l-
pity (v.) ama; yalep, k-
place ka, k’e, kiw ~ kew, mano, oṭo, xoket-o; one-
plant sp. le’o, ṭi-; mas, te-; xoy
plant (v.) anko, ayaxte, k-
play ahatele’; išxala, k-; kanay, k-; k’ay-na’
Playanos Emikelat
plead k’ayom
please wiat(e), p-; yaṭeka
Pleiades Opoyip
plow (v.) šowal, k-
point (n.) tsoto
point (v.) šake’n, tsewt
poison (n.) yelpa
poison (snake) šowat
poison, be t’oxo
pole ak’ata, ṭ-
police kičoyke
pomp ṭipi, k-; tsip
poor xone, k-š-
position one-
possession txa
pot kews-nV ~ kaws-nV; sekeweṭnia
pot (basketry) wok, š-
pound anata, k-; ṭ’otoy; xwale, p-
pour axt’elik, ṭa’a-
pour out ṭax, p-
pouring (rain) atap-ne-
power mokawo, ṭ-; šaxal, ti-
power (magic) čáxal
pox ow-ní, ṭ-
prairie en, t’-
praise okwa-te, k-
pray ayk-o, p-
precede el
pregnant an, k-; lek-na
prepare awe-, iča
present tayete, e-
present day nata’a
preserve amawš
press pun ~ pen ~ pi; ṭati, p-p-; ṭ’ašo
pretend šepix
pretty mahat, s-; tiyo’owan, s-
previous le, no-
prick ats, ili-w, ṭokot
prickly pear fruit kesoy
prior no-
problem inay
progressive ško, ṭome
prohibit čene’-k, a-s-
promise tewi
pronged, one- sektaykna
pronged, two- paṭalti
proposal nek
proud čamawk, se’h
provisions kamale
puddle kweč’en
pull some
pulled out napek; k-ṭúy-
pulverize anata, k-; oto(y)
pump ṭowoni
punish xwe-
pupils (eye) lekamat
purpose, on teyo
pursue ašil; iyaxle-w; k-poṭa-w, k-
push notox
put a; ax, p-; aye, ṭ-; lex; one-; pux
put down aše, p-
put out šape, k-
put together ey, p-
quail matexan, s-
quail (Gambel’s) lepoatsi
quail (mountain) kayak
quail (valley) xomlik
quake yite-
quality of -ayo, -eya, -op
quarrel yewilte, k-
quarter na’xo
quench olawa
quickly mitsik
quiet ečoka’; šel-mak
quijara de pala (plant sp.) kw’a, š-
quiver ameya
rabbit map
rabbit (bush) same’
rabbit (gray) ama, l-
raccoon kaya’, s-
raft ṭowi’i, tuwipe
rain išxaya, l-; t’akay
rainbow saya’n
raise ma’a, ošay
rat k’almok’, s-1; makil
rat (kangaroo) nak, s-
rattles amnay, keṭelelna
rattles (cocoon) čo’xok
rattles (rattlesnake) tselel, te-
rattlesnake mekoy, s-
raven la’
ravine šoka
raw (uncooked) nap
reach awe, p-
ready awe-
ready, be omp
realize alel, p-
recede (sea) šap
receive nax; xaya ~ xayi
reconcile am ay-, k-; maytila
recover on, k-
red ičkaten, k-
red-winged unuyko, ṭ-
reed čotle
reflection itsena, k-
reflexive -ek
refuse tičon
reject iney-tili; xeko, e-
related šupini
related to yen-
related, be kiw ~ kew, palok
relative (kin) la’, ṭe-; wexa-w, ti-
relative marker no
release lawa
remain eṭ’ek; hate, ṭe-; oye; ško; tawe, k-
remark mala
remember malentax
remove alan; pan, š-
remove (self) paxa, ṭ-
repair ts’epe: ṭipu, k-
report okel-
resemble iš, k-; sana, k-
reside may, k-
residence (move) new-
resist a’wexe
rest imxoy-, nal, xowa
result ayo, -eya, -ne ~ -ni ~ -n, -šu, -xa
resultative -ne ~ -ni ~ -n
retrieve ne
return etpa, k-; ent- il(e); ewenex, k-; naš; tsak
return (tv.) ewentax, p-
reveal ayši, p-
revelation itomuy; šakay, t-i-
revenged, be mak
revive k’elax ~ k’elx-; šoke-n-
revolve išalk’ele
ribs anel, asket, watal
rich ičowk’e; ešak, k-
ride kiya
ridge tsol’ne
rifle nahak
right sep, wilapne
right (not left) amay, l-
rip open šoka
rip out ṭoxotna
ripe nap
rise atanop, axap, kol, iša, šol
river šuka, xwa
road ṭake
roadrunner xom
roast apat, esk’on
rob katine, p-; niya
robin šoxoxo
rock čxa
rod awa, ṭ-
roll išalk’ele, li’i, ṭoxne
roll off/down kelox, k-š-
roll up ṭ’epene
root ken, ṭe-; ko’iyi; pas, ṭe-; ṭekoy
rope čekote
rotten tayox; ṭek’ ~ ṭik
round ikelele’, ṭ-; keṭ’mel
rough uwate, k-
route, follow sene
row, in a apale
rumble satel
rump okon, l-
run miṭ’ik; nayi ~ inay; nole, k-
run after amaṭe, p-
sad olep, t-; sole
sad (love) kon
said, be etawla
saliva xalt
salmon tiyaw, tukeya
salt (n.) ṭakay
salt (tv.) akiyok
salty akiyok, yohol
salute šamoše
same meyo, tol
sand ts’ensil
sandstone šotalay
sap taš
saucer la, š-
saw eškw’al
saw off ṭ’elax. p-
saw up winapi
say e’ne-k, etawla, ka, xoyi’, yoko; mala; se, p-
sazonable otenk’itox, k-
scabby šeta
scalded ṭole, k-
scales (body) wala
scar alam
scarf šaw
scatter elxaypa, p-
scorpion open, ts-
scrape xaypek
scratch ats’oka, p-; oka; one; ṭen, p-; ṭexe-na
scream ewets’na
scrub ṭal
sea kem, š-; ap’e, l-
sea gull lot, s-
sea lion oy, ṭ-
seal oy, ṭ-
search for čawe’; šawe, p-
season (n.) kw’al
season (v.) enk’itox
seated aš, k- ~ aše
seated, be naš
seaweed powat
second kešek’e, toli
see amṭinik, etele, eynax; šokon-te; ts’in, k-; yam-; yem-
see, able to soka-n-
see, go to menak, ṭ-
seed ayexteya
seed beater onal, ṭ-
seeds sap, tanat
seeds (wild) helka
seek čawe’; ts’e’e, p-
seem eš, k-
seize amta; etano, p-; opa; polox; ṭimtit
select eme’l, p-
self kas
sell tseyná-ko, p-; xanse
send onataksa, tili ~ til-, wali, wat, yatek
send back etepe, k-
senses, lose čawač
sent yete
separate awa, axawa, xayaw, lawa
separately kaxašna
servant wanelo, l-
serve weče ~ weta- ~ aw-
set (sun) šaple
set aside asi-ko, p-
set down aše, p-
seven ep, t-; te, l-
sew kopla, š-
shade četamV, mašitama
shadow mašitama
shake layé, yite, yot
shallow lek
shaman takin
sharp le’tax, k-
sharpened šakote
shatter apaxtenup, k-
shave šon
she hew, xeyo
sheep mokono; pol, ṭ-; tsola, k-
shell šal
shellfish sp. k’en, s-
shin só:non
shoe(s) oxwat, šxa’ayi
shoot ala; etene ; hala; la; tepay; ṭ’elax. p-; t’eyi-ne, xala
shooting star (plant) kikawe, s-
shovel čapayi-ne
show yem-
show up yam-
shine ṭamela
shiny mela
shore lamka
short ečmel, k-; epen, ṭ-; luteyamo; tsoyne
shoulder čom; ital, txop
shout ames; ašome; axanla; ayeta, k-; etak’a; yite-
shovel čin
show mal, yemat-
shrike sapele
shrink oxwa:nle, ts’-
shriveled ts’axwen
shut elketa
sick im-n-, isena; utya, k-
sickness čap; ok, p-; isena
sickness (love) iško
sift šan
side (hill) šikeṭe
side down aš, k- ~ aše
side of, at wayul
side, other aw, pa
sigh makwoxtel; ṭikna, k-
sighted soka-n-
sign če-
sign (name) šak’a
silent sa ~ si; šel-mak
simple apa, k-
sin xomu(n)
sin, not ewyate
sinew oxwem
sing kak’a
sing (bird) xata
single toyowe
singular -š ~ -ke’el
sink (n.) maw
sink (v.) oṭ’ol, šap
sister (older) pé
sister (younger) on
sister-in-law imtal, t-; ok’ew’e, ṭ-
sit (make) aše, p-
sit down aš, k-
sitting aš, k-
six paya
sixteen peš, k-
skin axwem, sali, sanat, tat, ts’exolp
skin (tv.) alan
skinny oškwe
skirt nisu, onus
skull a’ak, ṭ-
skunk kaya’, s-; šuwa
skunk (female) mohel, s-
sky lima, pay
slave takwa, te-
sleep kaw, me
sleeping axaw, k-
sleepy kaw
slide tsopenox
slightly komo, s-
sling axwen, ṭ-
slip tsopenox
slope šikeṭe
slow ak’asna, k-; mečo
slow in doing imxoyak, k-
slowly kak’aṭa, kayik; kitana, s-; ts’epen, k-
slug (ground) lats’ats
small itena, k-; kity, s-; komo, s-; kunuy, s-
smallpox okne, ṭ-; ow-ní, ṭ-
smart lone, k-
smash lok’; tsiknop, k-; ṭuk’
smell mes(o)
smell good tupeš
smoke (n.) axot, a’tet ~ axtet
smoke (v.) šowm
smoke, have a ṭowoni
smoke, much šo’oy, k-
smoky wičen, k-
smooth ṭal; tsopene
smooth-edged saxwleyox
snake k’ot, š-; nele’, ṭi-; senkl’ol
snake bite etpat, k-
snake sp. šawšawš
snake sp. (mottled) ts’ayke’
snake sp. (striped) taliye’
snatch loke, polox
sneeze mač, k-
snore oxon, ṭ-
snow ts’a-
snuff son
so tisi
so that not miš
soften xoyuk
soil (dirt) čxo
sole askwet; leš, ṭe-; wët, s-
sole (foot) šipaynism
solely čitso
some tašnel
someone mešak, tarake
sometimes xaya’
somewhere eke
son as, pasel
son (adopted) insaka
son-in-law lem, ṭe-
soon hel, no’; noše, ta’; -tep; wata
soot pe’het, s-
sore alam; inay; omti, l-
sorrel (plant) pal
soul xoyew ~ xoyw-
sound itemna, k-
sour sixol, k-; yohol
south anlo, p-; lamka
spark čokonup
speak k’ol, sa ~ si
speak (fast) atepnek
speaking sa ~ si
spear (fish) šikenay
spear (n.) ke
spear (salmon) owtke, ṭ-
spear (v.) eṭot
specifier ṭa-, ṭe-, ṭo- ~ ṭu-
speech as ~ as-yo
spicy, make enk’itox
spider akana, l-; ts’open
spill ṭa’a-
spine eywis, lokon
spit xalte
split axatenap, exično, šak
spoiled čewa
spotted pelel
spring (leap) ulox
spring (season) pal, l-
spring (water) teluk’oṭa
spring up k’olpex
sprout šete-ne ~ šata-ne
spy kesk
squeeze loxo, moṭox
squirrel pits, šemk’om, šumk’om
squirrel (gray) ološ, ṭ-
squirrel (male) maše
squirrel (young) sumhe
stab ṭ’elax. p-; xaynil
staff mitxa
stake yop
stand č’a; otsota, k-
stand firm a’wexe
stand up eč’a , k-; ek’ulen-, eṭ’ek; očel
star tsuwan ~ čuw
star, morning mašilak
stare k’amle
start omay’e, p-
startle ts’okox
starving č’ahalitena’
stative -e, k-, -wk
stay nem, a-; ško
steal atnay, k-; katine, p-
step (measure) ašil
stick (n.) ak’ata, ṭ-; ke
stiff wočop, k-
still in, kokay
sting ats; eyne, p-; ili-w; ts’en, p-
stink tay, k-
stinkbug ets ~ ats
stomach on, sk-
stone čxa
stone (red) šoxwal
stop eče, k-; epa, k-; ič’a; tiča; uč’el
storm apit, t-
story as ~ as-yo; hapokel-
straight sululná:, k-; wile, k-
straighten ič’a
strange ṭato
strawberry same
strength mowpex ~ mowpx-
strength, call xaypa; xo, p-
stretch (tv.) eše, p-; šome
stretch up ešala, k-
stretched ačeweltek
stretched out šewe
strike kal, p-ṭí-
string ašol
string (beads) ṭaso
string (milkweed) matl, ṭ-
string-like tax
striped pelel
stroke apen, ṭ-
strong awa, k-; elwane, t-; ise, t-; misatik; mowpex, k-; woslop
stump (tree) ṭapin
stupid lone, k-
stupidity lone, k-
suck ama, č’oy, solentax
sucker (fish) pulxoy
suddenly yote-
suffer atip-n-, tsilo ~ tsili, yematil
sugar kamaš
suggest ončamaw
summer ne, l-
summit ka; kak; keko, ṭe-; sitenop
summon strength xaypa; xo, p-
sun ná
sunflower k’ašil, ná
sunny ṭa’aw
surface, at yoxana’yu
surpass iša, šup ~ šu-
swallow epenox
swallow (bird) siya-
sweat (n.) akna
sweat (v.) akna; šna, e-
sweat house kwap
sweep k’ape, k’ope
sweet amašu, k-; yuk; yuwan
swell kwal-
swiftly penle
swim laṭ’ne, k-
swing anoyi
sycamore ṭanék
taciturn fff sa ~ si
tail ts’e
take amap, p-; ma’a; ne; yaw
take along ma
take away moxtilek, niya, ṭimtit
take out amampe
tall čama, kw’ak’a
talons askwet; wët, s-
tamp amaṭ’ux
tangled kopete, k-ṭ-
tar inok, s-; mak’, s-
tarantula košo-
tarantula hawk kučaten, ts-
tassel soy’ne, k-
taste awke
tasty iwun, k-
tea ča’
teach al- ~ ale-
teal (green-winged) pëpë
tear šoka
tears ušat
tell mala; se, p-; si, a-; tititiš
tell (story) hapokel-
tempt yewuš-ne-
ten ṭo’e ~ ṭo’i, ṭopal
testicle akel, oxot, solo, šulat
than in
thank you ts’apani
thanks hane
that pa, pe; ho
that way, be išvi
the (relative) an
then an; ṭam; ta, l-
there hu, maye, neepa, ṭiyax; pol, ṭ-
there (distant) wa’
therefore hew, tereṭe, ṭua
they xeyot
thick moṭ, š-
thief katine, p-
thigh apok
thin ano, k-; ešxo-ni; kitana, s-; xole, ṭ-
thing k’olšiyip; kwal
think aken, p-; ali-nV; asu; esna; malentax; xoywem; xumyal-o
third tiṭaku
third person k- ~ ko-, o, -o, p-, yo
thirsty axša ~ akši, šuway
this asway, na
thorn šewte, xake
thrash utnekali-k
thrasher (bird) čá
thread elo; yol, š-
three lap:ay, k-
throat k’ay, epenox
throw lalex; lix-o; tepay
throw away lix-o, č’e:wa:nu
throw in opoy’
throw out la
throw a rock kwele, š-
thrush (bird) č’ap
thumb čanay
thunder (n.) ṭ’ilxo
thunder(v.) loho, elowa, ṭ’-; k’espe’; ṭuk’; ṭutisi
thus išna
tick (vermin) makaw, s-; ṭoy
tickle xuts’olne, yawš
tide kapilinsa, šapawe
tie k’elop, opok, sekoṭ’ak, ṭ’ak
tie up eta-k, p-
tight meṭe, k-
tighten moṭ’u-xo
time šaka, ṭ-
time, once upon a kw’el, lelo t’ol
time, one kw’el
time, what taš
tip over ókuṭ’-
tired ayknop, k’-; č’ap, k-
tit (bird) xanew
titmouse kototo, ts’-
to ṭoma
toad kole, t’-
toast ol, p-
tobacco ṭalam
tobacco (wild) sasen
today ta’a
toe apelay
toe (second) terwak
toe (third) tamay
together -nxa; šlow, k-; tolkewo
together, all oṭ’ol
together, be amaw
toloache moneymo
tomorrow, day after pa’a
tongue pal
tongue (animal’s) an, t’-
tonight mixoya
too much peptelop, xaya
tool mey ~ mi
tooth olet, ṭ- ~ ulet; suluknay
top eyne; tsi-; kak; keko, ṭe-
touch axat’a; enele-k, p-; sole; yaws
toy k’ete, s-; išxala
toyon (plant) ṭalak
tracks senaš, šxexe
trade notili
trail ua, l-
train (n.) šo’oy, k-
transitive -na
transport ayem, p-
trap maselni, tayl, weyk-
tray ken, s-
tree kaṭ; xalt’en, š-; xawat, š-
tree (tv.) šolat, p-
tree sp. šukwa
trinket xenis
trip eke
trough ken, s-
true esna, k-; kisa
truly če’e; sa, k-
trunk (body) o’oy
trunk (tree) pasten
try met
tule axol, k’amte
tule (round) oyon, š-
tumble li’i
turn wate-
turn around il(e); wate-nup, k-s-
turn over elkel-pe, p-; ešol-pe; wate-nup, k-s-
turtle ṭaway ~ ṭawoy
twins takašaw
twist k’ina, ṭ’epene
twisted itslolne
two kakeš(u)
ugly mahat, s-
uncle apaš, l; aša; ewe-; k’a, e-; mone; sak ~ sax; semok; ta’
under poxo-, pe-
understand yem-; lone, k-
understand, not koyme
unequal elito
unique čitso
unselfish apa, k-
untie alen; lal, p-; pakaye, k-ṭ-
until ṭam
until ... must ṭoko
upper pukita, s-
urinate esxatel, k-
urine itaš
us -ak, -ek ~ -k, -kan, kak
use al, p-; eme’l, p-; mey; xala
useful ts’epksa
useless ṭek’ ~ ṭik
usual xayo, ṭí-
valuable eniyak, ṭ-
vaporize itsipex
veins wamat
venom (snake) šowat
verbalizer -ne
village may, k-
vision soka-n-
visit ayš ~ išk-, imanil’a
voices sa ~ si
volume (largest) pal, k-l-
volume (second largest) wokupt’
volume (smallest) pokayxa, s-
vomit k’oktsi
vulture (California) tičk
vulture (red-headed) xopnel
waist o’na’ay; ts’owk-n-
wait nal
wait! hela
wake up šoke-n-
walk išak, sene
wand itomuy
wander ame, k-; išak
want al, p-
want to do kiya
wanting miti- ... -liš
war kaxla
warm (tv.) ale-k, p-
warm self name
waste č’eewanu
wash čakom-o, čup
wasp mem, l-; pays
watch etek-o, kesk, mawe, mote
water ča
water (collected) taš
water, bring šimtox
water, carry ayo
wave (sea) eya, l-
way, out of nayi
we aki- ~ ak- ~ a-; ka-; -ak
we (future) nak’
we (imperfective) hak’
we (negative) kak-
we (perfective) lak’, lek
weak ano, k-; ešxo-ni’; mowpex, k-; oti
weapon xák’
weasel ša
web pehet, s-; ts’open
wedge kun
weep xata
weigh (tv.) eṭ’a-, p-
welcome mamalek
well ts’ip, k-; xata ~ xate
well (water) ayuwiš
well, ... ṭume
well, do ixate
west k’ewel, p-; lamka
wet wočen
whale ṭay
what ake ~ eke, keṭi, taš, te, ṭal
when kaš, li, ṭutsey
when will kašta
where eke, kekoxe, ma
where from ṭom
while telin, ṭe
whip xwe-
whippoorwill kalo, s-
whirl kent, p-
whirlwind ṭokoy
whiskers ešax
whiskey olient, tipin
whisper akasel
whistle akos-nV, k-
white ka-, maṭal; me, k-; ṭa’al
White people etne’, k-; kata
who keta, ta ~ tape
who is it that ṭeka
whole isili
why menak’o; mitako, ṭíṭ-; miyok
wide čapayi-ne
widow(er) xap-
wife welo, sen; si, l-
wild (not tame) aṭampa, k-
wildcat sam, s-
willow ašwet
willow (white) sxet- pe-
win oneta, k-
win (bet) eše, p-
wind ts’akay
wind (east) awat, t-
wind (north) šele
wind (west) meseamča
windpipe ololay
windpipe (animal’s) mokutu, s-
wing opuk; šax, ṭe-
wing point its’alto
winnowing tray samak
winter še, l-
wipe k’ape, k’ope
wire (barbed) šewte
wise oyoweto
wish (n.) še, l-
wish (v.) tiyxay
with which ṭemiṭo
withdraw amamp
within ṭoke
without mayaya
withstand xa, ol-
wits, lose kw’ale, l-
wolf oxo, ṭ-
woman ne, l-; ts’e, le-
woman (married) wawe
woman (old) čene, šelte
womb (animal’s) akaynay
wood ak’ata, ṭ-; k’at
wood, bring nayem
wood, get nekenil, ak-
wood, pipe č’o’lë
woodpecker wetok
woodpecker (California) pelaka, tenak
woodpecker (Lewis) šaknil
woodpecker (red-shafted) č’am, sik
woodpecker (yellow-bellied) ts’el
work (n.) takat-o
work (v.) talxwal
world kw’el, lak’
worm iwpte, ṭ’-; k’ot, š-; talmuy; timehay; yó, ṭ-
worry aša
worry about ili-w
worth eniyak, ṭ-
would that peak ~ piak, ṭ-
wound inay; lom-te; ṭen, p-; yaṭawla, t-
wrap čele
wrap around sikilip
wren (ruby-crowned) petets
wrinkled ts’axwen
wrist č’ay
write ašam-; šak’a
yawn šaxanlup
year awon-; še, l-
yell ames
yellow awuṭ, ṭ-; xawet, ṭ-
yellow jacket mem, l-
yes an, ha’a, he’e
yesterday noṭyey’o, ṭ’i; nakoxa
yesterday, day before pa’a
yet in
Yokuts iškam
you (pl.) -kam, -met, mom, ox
you (sg.) -ka, m-, mo, om, -t
young tek’a, s-
your (sg.) ṭ-me-, ṭum-
yours me’e
yucca (large) k’alë, š-
yucca (small) tay, te-

References

  1. ^ Mason, John Alden (1918). The language of the Salinan Indians. University of California Press. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14:1-154.
  2. ^ Shaul, David. 2020. Salinan and English Lexicon. (Languages of the World/Dictionaries 74.) München: LINCOM Europa. →ISBN.
  3. ^ Pinart, Alphonse. 1952/. The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart. R. F Heier, ed. University of California Anthropological Records 15(1).
Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia