Appendix:Proto-Cahuapanan reconstructions

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Proto-Cahuapanan reconstructions by Rojas-Berscia & Nikulin (2021), Rojas-Berscia (2019), and Valenzuela (2011):

Rojas-Berscia & Nikulin (2021)

Proto-Kawapanan reconstruction by Rojas-Berscia & Nikulin (2021):[1]

English gloss Proto-Kawapanan Shiwilu Shawi earlier Shawi pre-Proto-Kawapanan
widow *(k)ɘju-, *(k)ɘju-ɾuɴ ɘkð̞u-, ɘkð̞u-luɴ kɘjo-ɾoɴ
caimito fruit *(k)ɘpa ɘkpa kɘʰpa
anona *aɘ ɘk-pi ɘ(-ʃa), aɘ
sour *ai- ɘɾ- ai-
hair *aiɴ ɘɾɴ aiɴ
above *ajɪ-pɪ að̞i-pi ai-pi
spirit of the forest *ajɪwaɴ að̞iwaɴ- ‘to scare’ aiwaɴ
to lend, to borrow *aˀlaɴ- alaɴ- aʔnaɴ-
one *aˀlaʔ alaʔ aʔnaʔ
opossum *ana-si ana-sɘɾ ana-ʃi
huaman samana tree *aɴpiɴnɪaɴ aɴpɘɴɲaɴ aɴpiniaɴ
feather, bodily hair *aɴpuɾuʔ aɴpuluʔ aɴpoɾoʔ
to burn *aˀpɘ(ʔ)- apɘk- aʔpɘ-
thief (> to steal) *api(ʔ) apɘɾ- apiʔ
wound; to injure oneself (Sha); to spoil, to rot *apiʔ(-) apɘˀɾ- apiʔ; api-
huasaco fish *aʔlanaɴ aʔlana(ɴ) aʔnanaɴ
to roast (manioc, plantain) *aʔli- aʔlɘɾ- aʔni-
hualo toad *ɘɴpu ɘɴpu iɴpu
genipa, huito tree *ɘsa ɘksa isa
to scrape *ɘwi- ɘkkʷi- iwi-
comb *ɘwinaɴ ɘkkʷina(ɴ) iwinaɴ
to untie *ɘʔki- ~ *ɘˀki- ɘkkɘɾ- iʔki-ɾi-t-
to kneel *ɪɘɴsuɴ- jɘɴsuɴ- isoɴ-
tasty, to like (food) *ɪja(-t)- ija-, ija-t- ja-(ʃ)i-ɴ, ja-ʰt-
night mosquito *ɪjuɴ ijuɴ joɴ
cunchi fish *ɪki(ɾ/l)ala ikɘʎala ikiana *iki(ɾ/l)ala
bird *ɪlaɴsiʔ ilaɴsɘˀɾ ina(i)ɴʃi-ɾa ~ inai-ɾa
chambira cord, rope *ɪla-ɾɪɴ ila-ʎiɴ ina-ɾiɴ *ɪla-ɾɪn
to suck (Sha), to lick (Shi) *ɪluʔ- / *ɪɾuʔ- iluʔ- / iɾuʔ- iɾu- / iɾo-
to roast *ɪɴja- iɴja- ija-
to urinate *ɪɴjaʔ- iɴjaʔ- ija-
patio *ɪɴjuɾa-tɘk iɴjula-tɘk ɘʔɘɾa-tɘʔ ~ iʔiɾa-tɘʔ
sibling-in-law (opposite sex of the ego) *ɪɴmuɾu(ɘ)ʔ- iɴmuʎuʔ-ʃa ‘brother-in-law (of a woman)’ imoɾoɘ-ɴ
to scoop *ɪɴsɘɴ iɴʃɘɴ- isɘɴ ‘scoop (n.)’
right *ɪɴtɪna(ɴ) iɴtʃina(ɴ) iɴtʃinaɴ
vein, sinew, tendon *ipa-tɘʔ ɘɾpa-tɘk iʰpa-tɘʔ
giant armadillo, yanguaturi armadillo *ɪpɘ ipɘk ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ
to make noise *ɪɾɪɴ- iɾiɴ- iɾiɴ-
cough, cold *ɪɾu ilu- iɾo
curassow *ɪˀsa iʃa iʔsa
bat *isɘʔ iʃɘk isɘʔ
agouti *itɘʔ ɘttʃɘk iʰtɘʔ
root *i-tɘʔ i-tɘk i-tɘʔ
trace *iʔla ɘˀɾʎa iʔna-
termite *iʔtɘ(ʔ)- ɘttʃɘk-la iʔtɘ-ɾɘʔ
recently/late, afternoon *iʔwa ɘˀɾwa iʔwa
evening star *iʔwa-ju ɘˀɾwa-ð̞u iʔwa-jo
muena tree *jaˀka(-ɾa) ð̞aka(-la) jaʔka-ɾa
to cut hair *jakuʔsɪʔ- ð̞akuʔsiʔ- jaʰkoso-
to cut meat *jalu- ð̞alu- jano-
ashes *ja-luʔ, *jaɾuʔ pɘɴ-ð̞a-luʔ ja-noʔ
small, thin *jami ð̞amɘɾ jami-
salt *jamuɾa ð̞amula jamoɾa
piranha *janaɴ ~ *junaɴ ð̞unaɴ janaɴ
flower *jaɴku ð̞aɴku jaɴko
pain in the eye *jaˀpɪ- ð̞api- jaʔpi-ɾa ‘eye’
great egret *jawɘɾɘ ~ *ɪawɘɾuʔ jaukluʔ ~ jawɘkluʔ jawɘɾɘ
chonta/açaí palm *jawi(-ɾa) ð̞awɘɾ, ð̞awɘ-ʎa jawi-ɾa
snake *jaʔ-waɴ ð̞aʔ-waɴ jaʔ-waɴ
who *jɘɴ ð̞ɘɴ
otter *jɘɴnɪ ð̞ɘɴɲi ini
water *jɘʔ ð̞ɘk
pressing with fingernails, with one’s fingernails *jɘʔ- ð̞ɘk- iʔ-
sand *ji-luʔ-tɘʔ ð̞ɘ-ʎuʔ-tɘk i-no-tɘʔ
to pile up *jɪmu- ð̞imu- imo-
firewood *jɪwɘ ð̞iwɘk iwɘ
to throw into water *jɪʔ-jɘʔ-t- ð̞iʔ-ð̞ɘk-t- iʔ-i-t-
to burn (vt.) *jɪʔsiʔ- ð̞iʔsɘˀɾ- iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ *jiʔsiʔ-
moon *juki ð̞ukɘɾ joʰki
pus *juliʔ ð̞ulɘˀɾ-juʔ juniʔ / joniʔ
pale-vented pigeon *juɴsɘ ð̞uɴsɘk joɴsɘ
toucan *juˀwɪɴ ð̞uwiɴ joʔwiɴ
belly *juʔ ð̞uʔ joʔ-naɴ
to apply warm water *kaˀjɘ(ʔ)-t ~ *kuˀjɘ(ʔ)-t- kuð̞ɘk-t- kaʔi-t-
sister of a female ego *kajɘ, 3 *kajɘ-ɴ kað̞ɘk, 3 kað̞ɘ-ɴ kai, 3 kai-ɴ
cicada *kaˀjuɾa kað̞ula kaʔjoɾa
pregnant woman *kaju-ɾuɴ kajo-ɾoɴ *kaju-ɾun
egg *kajuʔ / *kajuk-V- kað̞uʔ kajoʔ / kajok-ɘɴ *kajuk
sea lion *kalaɾaɴ kalala(ɴ) kanaɾaɴ
maparate, bocón fish *kalujuʔ ~ -ɴ kaluð̞uɴ kanojoʔ
ocelot *kalunɪʔ kaluɲiʔ kanoniʔ
locrero bird, greater ani *kaluʔtuɾuʔ kaluʔtuluʔ kanoʔtoɾoʔ
ñejilla palm *kaɴki kaɴkɘɾ kaɴki
to find, to meet *kapiʔ- kapɘˀɾ- naʰ-kapi-
three *kaɾa kala kaɾa
to feel itchy *kasɘʔ ~ *kɪsɘʔ kisɘk- kasɘʔ / kasɘ-
sweet *kasiʔ- kasɘˀɾ- kaʰʃi-ɴ
to eat, to have sex *kaʔ- / *kap-V- kaʔ- kaʔ- / kap-a- *kap-
to eat.NFUT *kaʔ-l- kaʔ-n- *kap-ɾ-
to fry, to singe *kɘ(-t)- kɘk- kɘ-t-
you *kɘɴma kɘɴma kɘma
cheek *kɪˀkɪ-tɘʔ kiki-tɘk kɘʔkɘ-tɘʔ
añas-súa fish *kɪlɘɴ kilɘɴ kɘnɘɴ
to bite *kɪtɘ(ʔ)- kitɘk- kɘtɘ-
manioc *kiʔ kɘˀɾ kiʔ(-ʃa), kɘʔ-ʃa
musmuque monkey *kujɘ kuð̞ɘk kowi
oropendola, paucar bird *kukuʔ kukuʔ koʰkoʔ
throat *kulu(ʔ) kulu-pi ‘Adam’s apple’ kono(ʔ) ‘neck, throat’
cumala tree *kumaɾa kumala komaɾa
boa *kupɪ-waɴ kupi-waɴ koʰpi-waɴ
worm *kuwiʔ kuwɘ(ˀ)ɾ kowiʔ
corocoro bird *kuʔluɾuɴtɘʔ kuʔluluɴtɘk koʔnoɾoɴtɘʔ
I *kʷa kʷa ka(a)
to be heavy *kʷiʔ- kʷɘˀɾ- kɘʔ-
hole *lalɪɴ laʎiɴ naniɴ
huangana peccary *lamaɴ lamaɴ namaɴ
mouth, language *laɴlaɴ / *laɴlam-V- nanaɴ / nanam-ɘɴ *lamlam
bone *laɴsɪʔ laɴsiʔ naɴsɘʔ
foot *laɴ-tɘʔ laɴ-tɘk naɴ-tɘʔ
to believe *latɘ(ʔ)- latɘk- naʰtɘ-
tooth *la-tɘʔ na-tɘʔ *ɾa-tɘk
thorn *lawaɴ lawaɴ nawaɴ
to fast, to avoid food *laʔ- laʔ- naʔ-
girl menstruating for the first time *lɘ-luɴ lɘk-luɴ nɘ-noɴ *{l/ɾ}ɘC-ɾun
tacarpo stick *liˀluna lɘʎuna(ɴ) niʔnona
name *lɪɴlɪɴ / *lɪɴlɪn-V- ʎiɴʎiɴ niniɴ / ninin-ɘɴ *lɪnlɪn
heart *lɪɴlupɪ ~ *n- ~ *j- ð̞iɴlupi ninopi
pattern, drawing *lɪɴsi ʎiɴsɘɾ ni(ɴ)ʃi-
pucacuru ant *lɪpi lipɘɾ-λa ~ λ- niʰpi
to see *lɪʔ- / *lɪk-V- ʎiʔ- niʔ- / nik-a- *lɪk-
tamshi vine *lu-lɪɴ lu-ʎiɴ no-niɴ *{l/ɾ}uC-ɾɪn
moth *luˀsuɴ lusuɴ noʔsoɴ
to see in a vision *lusuʔ- ~ *lutuʔ- lutuʔ- noso-
to know *luwi- luwɘɾ- nowi-
earth:CL *-luʔ / *-ɾuʔ -luʔ -noʔ / -ɾoʔ
coto monkey *luʔluʔ luʔluʔ noʔnoʔ
earth *luʔpaʔ luʔpaʔ noʔpaʔ
macambo palm *maki makɘɾ maʰki
because of, for *maɾɘʔ malɘk maɾɘʔ
to grab, to marry *maʔ- / *mak-V- maʔ- / mak-a- *mak-
yarina palm (Sha); tagua palm, ivory nut palm (Shi) *mɪɾɘ milɘk mɘɾɘ
leaf (Sha), tree top (Shi) *muluʔ muluʔ monoʔ
dove sp. *muɴtɪ muɴtʃi moɴtʃi
head *mutuʔ mutuʔ moʰtoʔ
reflexive voice *ɴ- iɴ- ni-
to increase *naa- nað̞a- naʔa-
to pass by *naˀku- naku- naʔko-
to pass by.NFUT *naˀku-ɾ- naʔko-ɾ- *naˀku-ɾ-
to end *naniʔ- nanɘˀɾ- ‘to forget, to flee’ nani- ‘to end’
to climb *naɴpɘ(ʔ)- naɴpɘk- naɴpɘ-
sábalo fish *naɴsɘ naɴsɘk naɴsɘ
tree *naɾa nala naɾa
bushmaster *naˀti natɘɾ naʔʃi
to breathe *niɪ- nɘɾi- nii-
lisa fish *nikaɾa nɘɾka-la niʰka-ɾa ~ miʰka-ɾa
settlement *nɪnaɴluʔ ɲinaɴluʔ ninanoʔ
tongue *nɪnɘ(ʔ)-ɾa ɲinɘk-la nɘnɘ-ɾa
jaguar *nɪˀnɪʔ ɲiɲiʔ ‘dog’ niʔniʔ
to bear fruit *nɪ-t- ɲi-t- niʰ-t-
nose *ni-tɘʔ nɘɾtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk ni-tɘʔ
to jump *ɴjɘ(ʔ)- iɴð̞ɘk- nii-
hot pepper *nukaʔ nukaʔ noʰkaʔ
canoe *nuɴ nuɴ noɴ
leaf for the roof *palɪʔ- paʎiʔ- pani-ɾa
irapai palm *paɴpɘ paɴpɘk-lu paɴpɘ
tapir *paɴwaɾa paɴwala pawaɾa
to bury *paˀpiʔ- papɘˀɾ- paʔpi-
to pour *pasiʔ- pasɘˀɾ- paʰʃi- ‘to perfume’
to crawl *patɘ(ʔ)- patɘk- paʰtɘ-
to go *paʔ- / *pak-V- paʔ- / pak-a- *pak-
to fish with barbasco *pɘiʔ- ~ *puiʔ- puˀɾ- pɘʔi-
fire *pɘɴ pɘɴ pɘɴ
to fly *pɘɴ- pɘɴ- pɘɴ-
horn *pɘɴmuɴ pɘɴmuɴ pomoɴ
to call (Sha), to sing, to whistle, to bark, to croak (Shi) *pɘɾa- pɘkla- pɘɾa-
iguana *pɘwaɾa pɘkkʷala pɘwaɾa
to cut *pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘˀtɘ(ʔ)- pɘktɘk- pɘʔtɘ-
house *pɪjɘʔ pið̞ɘk pɘiʔ
to advise *pɪlɘɴ- pilɘɴ- pɘnɘɴ-
tobacco *pɪɴti piɴtɘɾ piɴʃi *piɴti
to push *pɪtaʔ- pitaʔ-ka- piʰta-
to count *pɪtɪ- pitʃi- pitʃi-
thread *pɪˀti pitɘɾ piʔʃi *piʔti
size, measure *pɪtɪ-naɴ pitʃi-naɴ pitʃi-naɴ
to count.NFUT *pɪtɪ-ɾ- pitʃi-ɾ- *pɪtɪ-ɾ-
breadfruit *pitu pɘttʃu piʰto
to carry *pɪʔpɘ(ʔ)- piʔpɘk- pɘʔpɘ-
pucahuicsa fish *puˀpuɴ pupuɴ poʔpoɴ
mammal sp. *puʔsi puʔsɘɾ ‘pygmy-marmoset’ poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’
NFUT *-ɾ-/*-l- -ɾ-/-n- *-ɾ-
small and round:CL *-ɾa -la -ɾa
vine/cord:CL *-ɾɪɴ, *-lɪɴ -liɴ, -ʎiɴ -ɾiɴ, -niɴ *-ɾɪn
woman:CL *-ɾuɴ/-luɴ -ɾoɴ/-noɴ *-ɾun
wife *saa- sað̞a- saʔa-
difficult *sakaʔ-jɘʔ sakaʔð̞ɘk saʰka-iʔ
to work *sakaʔ-t- sakaʔ-t- saka-t-
fish *sami samɘɾ sami
zarza vine *saɴka-ɾɪɴ saɴka-ɾiɴ *sa{m/n}ka-ɾɪn
guava *saɾa(ʔ) salaʔ saɾa
martín-pescador bird *sasaʔ sasaʔ sasaʔ
to be rough *saʔkaʔ- saʔkaʔ- saʔka- ‘to have rough skin, to have mole’
pox *saʔlaʔ(-pɪ) saʔlaʔ(-pi) saʔnaʔ, saʔna-pi
lung *saʔpuʔ saʔpuʔ saʔpo-ɾoʔ
porridge, thick soup *sɘɴma-ɾuʔ sɘɴma-luʔ sɘma-ɾu-t-
with one’s fingers *sɘʔ- sɘk- sɘʔ-
diced manioc *sɘʔ.u sɘk.ku- soʔ.o
to dilute *sɘʔ-muʔ- sɘk-muʔ- sɘʔ-mo-
anteater *siku sɘ(ˀ)ɾku ʃiʰko
yupana cane *sɪlu silu sɘno
bee sp. *sɪlupa(ʔ) silupa sɘnopaʔ ~ -w-
hoatzin bird *sɪɴkaɴtɘʔ siɴkaɴtɘk sɘɴkaɴtɘʔ
ungurahui palm *siɴ-naɾa sɘɴ-ɲala ʃi-naɾa
dart *siɴnɪɾɘ sɘɴɲilɘk ʃinɘɾɘ
pineapple *siɴpa sɘɾɴpa ʃiɴpa
paucar bird *siɾuʔ sɘʎuʔ ʃiɾoʔ
drop *siˀtaʔ sɘɾtʃaʔ- ~ sɘttʃaʔ- ~ sɘʔtʃaʔ- ʃiʔtaʔ
apangora crab *siwa sɘɾwa ʃiwa
macana fish *siˀwɪ(ɴ) sɘɾwiɴ ʃiʔwi-ɾoʔ
reed, cane sp. *sɪwi(ɴ)(-naɴ) siwɘɴ-ɲa(ɴ) ʃiwi(-naɴ) *siwi(ɴ)naɴ
tingotero/isulilla ant *sɪʔka siʔka- sɘʔka- ‘to sting’
branch *sɪʔpa siʔpa sɘʔpa-ʰkɘ-ɴ, sɘʔpa-ɾaʔwa-iɴ
husband *suˀja, 3 *suˀj-ɪɴ suð̞a, 3 suð̞-iɴ soʔja, 3 soʔ-iɴ
frog sp. *sukiɾu(ʔ) sukɘʎuʔ sokiɾo
poison *sulɪmaɴ suʎimaɴ sonimaɴ
vulture *supuʔ supuʔ soʰpoʔ ~ sɘʰpoʔ
choro monkey *suɾuʔ suluʔ soɾoʔ
to grow *suˀsu- susu- soʔso-
rapids, waterfall *suʔpuɾa suʔpula soʔpoɾa ~ sɘʔpoɾa
island *suʔtuɴ suʔtuɴ-ð̞ɘk ‘lagoon’ soʔtoɴ
alligator’s tooth *taja ɾa-tɘʔ taja ɾa-tɘʔ *taja ɾa-tɘk
to die out *takiʔ- takɘˀɾ- taʰki-
hammock *taˀla tala taʔna
condor *tamɘ tamɘk tamɘ
star *taɴju-ɾa tað̞u-la tajo-ɾa
platanillo *taɴku taɴku ‘banana’ taɴko
to tie *tɘɴpuʔ- tɘɴpuʔ- toɴpoʔ ‘bundle’, toɴpo- ~ tɘɴpo-
tick *tɘpa tɘkpa tɘpa
cover:CL *-tɘʔ / *-tɘk-V -tɘk -tɘʔ / -tɘk-ɘɴ *-tɘk
to run, to flow *tɘʔ.aʔ- tɘk.kaʔ- taʔ.a-
to flee, to escape *tɪ(a)ʔ(j)ɘ(ʔ)- tʃiʔjɘk- tʃaʔɘ-
to sow *tiaʔ- / *tiak-V- tɘɾaʔ- ʃaʔ- / ʃak-a- *tiak-
louse *tɪmɘɴ tʃimɘɴ tɘmɘɴ
to die *tɪmɪɴ- tʃimiɴ- tʃimiɴ-
to smoke food *tɪɴ- tʃiɴ- tʃiɴ-
river mouth *tɪɴpiɴ-naɴ / *-nam- tʃiɴpɘɴɲaɴ tʃiɴpinam-ɘɴ
river crab *tɪɴtɪ tʃiɴtʃi tʃiɴtʃi
moriche palm *tɪpi tʃipɘ(ˀ)ɾ ʃiʰpi *tipi
mosquito net *tɪpi-tɘʔ tʃipɘɾ-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk ʃiʰpi-tɘʔ *tipi-tɘʔ
sloth *tɪɾu tʃilu tʃiɾo
floodplain *tɪtɘ(ʔ)-pɪ tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi
excrement *tɪˀtɪ tʃitʃi tʃiʔtʃi
maize *tɪˀtiʔ tʃitɘ(ˀ)ɾ ʃiʔʃiʔ *tiʔtiʔ
to gut *tɪʔ- / *tɪk-V- tʃiʔ- / tʃik-a- *tɪk-
armadillo, yanguaturi armadillo *tɪʔlɘ(ʔ) tʃiʔlɘk tɘʔnɘ-ʃaʔwɘ
chest *tɪʔ-tɘʔ tʃiʔ-tɘk tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’
maquisapa monkey, spidermonkey *tuˀja tuð̞a toʔja
tocón monkey *tukuɴ tukuɴ toʰkoɴ
leg, thigh *tula tula tona
horsefly *tuɴka tuɴka toɴka
mushroom sp. *tuɾuma tuluma toɾoma-tɘʔ ~ toɾoɴpa-tɘʔ
mite, chiggers, tick sp. *tuˀsiɴ tusɘɴ toʔʃiɴ
nail *tuʔtɘ(ʔ)-ɾa tuʔtɘk-la toʔto-ɾa-tɘʔ ~ toʔtɘ-ɾa-tɘʔ
knee *tuʔtuʔ-pɪ tuʔtuʔ-pi toʔto-wi-tɘʔ ~ -pi-
cunchi, tullu uma fish *tuʔwaɴ tuʔwaɴ toʔwaɴ
flea *tVɘ tɘk-la tɘʔɘ
to stink (of blood) *ukɘ(ʔ)- ukɘk- ukɘ-ʰkɘɴ
jar for chicha or masato *uɾɪna(ɴ) uʎina oɾinaɴ
sister of a male ego *uti utɘ(ˀ)ɾ-iɴ oʰʃi
peach palm *uʔjapɪ uʔð̞api oʔjapi ~ iʔjapi
to drink *Vu- u- oʔo-
shrimp *waɴ waɴ-ʃɘɴ waɴ-ʃa
to stand (up) *wani- wanɘɾ- wani-
boquichico fish *waɴki waɴkɘ{t/ʔ}-tʃɘk waɴki
carachama fish *waɾatɘʔ walatɘk waɾaʰtɘʔ
until, up to *waɾɘʔ walɘk waɾɘʔ
carachamita fish *waˀsɘʔ wasɘk waʔsɘʔ
chief *waʔ.aɴ waʔ.aɴ waʔ.aɴ
siamba palm *waʔ.aɴ.la waʔ.aɴ.la waʔ.a.na
spirit *waʔjaɴ waʔð̞aɴ waʔjan-
metal *waʔna waʔna waʔna
ear *wɘ wɘk wɘ-ɾa-tɘʔ
blood *wɘla-jɘʔ ukla-ð̞ɘk ~ wɘkla-ð̞ɘk wɘna-iʔ
to chew, to gnaw *wɘlu- uklu- wɘno-
shuyo fish *wɘɴnɪ wɘɴɲi ~ uɴɲi wɘni
to come *wɘʔ- / *wɘk-V- uk- ~ wɘk- wɘʔ- / wɘk-a- *wɘk-
to see.NFUT *wɘʔ-l- wɘʔ-n- *wɘk-ɾ-
to sting *wi- wɘɾ- wi-
child *wɪˀla wila wiʔna-
curhuinsi ant *wɪlɘ wilɘk wɘnɘ
to sweep *wɪtɘ(ʔ)- witɘk- wiʰtɘ-
pot *wVɘta wɘkta ~ ukta wɘʔɘta

Rojas-Berscia (2019)

Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes.[2]

gloss Proto-Kawapanan Shawi Shiwilu
agouti *îtɘʔ ihtɘʔ ɘttʃɘk
Aipena River *aîpina ~ *îpina aipina ɘrpina
anona *aɘ ~ *ɘ ɘ-(ʃa), aɘ ɘk-pi
apangora crab *sîwa ʃiwa sɘrwa
armadillo *tiʔlɘ(ʔ) tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘ tʃiʔlɘk
bat *isɘʔ isɘʔ iʃɘk
belly *yuʔ yoʔ ð̞u ʔ
bird *iLansîʔ, *ilansîʔ inansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-ra ilansɘrʔ
bite *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- kɘ-tɘ- ki-tɘk-
blood *wɘLa-yɘʔ wɘna-iʔ wɘkla-ð̞ek
boa *kupi-wan kopi-wan kupiwan
boquichico *wankî wanki wankɘr-tʃɘk
breadfruit *pîtu pito pɘttʃu
brother (of a woman) *yuʔyuʔ yoʔyoʔ yuyuʔ
burn (vt.) *yiʔsîʔ- iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’ ð̞iʔsɘrʔ-
carry *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- pɘʔpɘ- piʔpɘk-
chest *tiʔ-tɘʔ tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’ tʃiʔ-tɘk
choro monkey *suluʔ soroʔ suluʔ
cicada *kaʼyula kaʔyora kað̞ula
condor *tamɘ tamɘ tamɘk
coto monkey *luʔluʔ noʔnoʔ luʔluʔ
cover:CL *-tɘʔ -tɘʔ -tɘk
cunchi *tuʔwan toʔwan tuʔwan
cunchi (fish sp.) *ikîa-La ~ *ikîla-La ikia-na < *îkîa-{l/n}a ikɘλa-la
cunchi, tullu uma *tuʔwan toʔwan tuʔwan
curassow *iʼsa iʔsa iʃa
ear *wɘ wɘ-ra-tɘʔ wɘk
earth *luʔpaʔ noʔpaʔ luʔpaʔ
earth:CL *-luʔ -nuʔ - luʔ
egg *kayuʔ kayoʔ kað̞uʔ
evening star *îʔwa-yu iʔwa-yo ɘrʔwa-ð̞u
feather, bodily hair *anpuluʔ anporoʔ anpuluʔ
fire *pɘn pɘn pɘn
firewood *yiwɘ iwɘ ð̞iwɘk
fish *samî sami samɘr
floodplain *titɘ(ʔ)-pi tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ
flower *yanku yanko ð̞anku
foot *lan-tɘʔ nan-tɘʔ lan-tɘk
genipa *ɘsa isa ɘksa
giant armadillo *ipɘ ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ ipɘk
hair *aîn ~ *în ain ɘrn
head *mutuʔ motoʔ mutuʔ
horn *pɘnmun pomon pɘnmun
house *piyɘʔ pɘiʔ pið̞ɘk
huaman samana tree *anpînian anpinian anpɘnɲan
huangana *laman naman laman
huasaco *aʔlanan aʔnanan aʔlanan
huito tree *ɘsa isa ɘksa
husband *suʔya suʔya, suʔ-in suð̞a, suð̞-in
irapai palm *panpɘ panpɘ panpɘk-lu
jaguar *niʼniʔ niʔniʔ ɲiɲiʔ(-wa)
knee *tuʔtuʔpi toʔtopi tuʔtuʔpi
leaf for the roof *paLi pani-ra paʎi
leg *tuLa tona tula
liquid:CL *-yɘʔ -iʔ -ð̞ɘk
lisa fish *nîka-la nika-ra nɘrka-la
louse *timɘn tɘmɘn tʃimɘn
macana fish *sîʼwi(n) ʃiʔwi-roʔ sɘrwin
maize *tiʔtîʔ ʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔ tʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ
mammal sp. *puʔsî poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’ puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’
manioc *kîʔ kiʔ kɘrʔ
maquisapa *tuʼya toʔya tuð̞a
moriche palm *tipî ʃipi < *tîpî tʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ
mosquito net *tipî-tɘʔ ʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔ tʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk
mouth, language *lanlan/*lanlam-V-, *laʔlaʔ nanan / nanam-ɘn
musmuque monkey *kuyɘ kuwi kuð̞ɘk
nail *tuʔ-tɘ(ʔ)-la toʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔ tuʔtɘk-la
name *linlin ninin ʎinʎin
nose *nî-tɘʔ ni-tɘʔ nɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk
opossum *ana-sî anaʃi anasɘr
otter *yɘnni ini ð̞ɘnɲi
over *ayi- ai- að̞i-
pain in the eye *yaʼpi- yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’ ð̞api-
pineapple *sînpa ʃinpa sɘrnpa
platanillo *tanku tanko ‘platanillo’ tanku ‘banana’
porcupine *sisɘ(ʔ) sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘ sisɘk ~ siʔsɘk
pressing with fingernails *yɘʔ- iʔ- ð̞ɘk-
pucacuru ant *lipî nipi lipɘr-λa
pus *yuLîʔ yoniʔ ð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ
rain *uʔlan oʔnan uʔlan
recently/late, afternoon *îʔwa iʔwa ɘrʔwa
reed *siwî(n) ʃiwi siwɘn-ɲan
river mouth *tinpîn-nan / *tinpîn-nam- tʃinpinam-ɘn tʃinpɘnɲan
root *i-tɘʔ i-tɘʔ i-tɘk
rope *iLa-lin ina-rin ila-ʎin
sachavaca, tapir *panwala pawara panwala
sand *yî-luʔ-tɘʔ i-nu-tɘʔ ð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk
scare *ayi(ʔ)wan aiwan að̞iwan-
shrimp *wan wan-ʃa wan-ʃɘn
sister (of a man) *utî oʃi, uʃi utɘr
sister (of a woman) *kayɘ kai, 3 kai-n kað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n
sour *aî- ~ *î- ai- ɘr-
sweet *kasî- kaʃi kasɘr
termite *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... ~ *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... iʔtɘrɘʔ ɘttʃɘkla
thief (> to steal) *apî(ʔ) apiʔ apɘr-
thin *simɘn ʃimɘn- simɘn
thorn *lawan nawan lawan
tick *tɘpa tɘpa tɘkpa
to believe *latɘ(ʔ)- natɘ- latɘk-
to bite *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- kɘtɘ- kitɘk
to burn *aʼpɘ(ʔ)- aʔpɘ- apɘk-
to burn (vt.) *yiʔsîʔ- iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî- ð̞iʔsɘrʔ
to bury *paʼpîʔ- paʔpi- papɘrʔ-
to carry *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- pɘʔpɘ- piʔpɘk-
to climb *nanpɘ(ʔ)- nanpɘ- nanpɘk-
to come *wɘʔ- wɘʔ- wɘk-
to crawl *patɘ(ʔ)- patɘ- patɘk-
to cut *pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘʼtɘ(ʔ)- pɘʔtɘ- pɘktɘk-
to die *timin- tʃimin- tʃimin-
to die out *takîʔ- taki- takɘrʔ
to eat, to have sex *kaʔ- kaʔ- kaʔ-
to end *nanîʔ- nani- ‘to end’ nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’
to fly *pɘn- pɘn- pɘn-
to fry, to singe *kɘ-, *kɘ-t- kɘ-t- kɘk-
to gnaw *wɘLu- wɘno- wɘklu-
to jump *inyɘ(ʔ)- nii- inð̞ɘk
to kneel *iyɘnsun- ison- yɘnsun-
to know *luwî- nowi- luwɘr-
to meet (to find?) *kapîʔ- na-kapi- kapɘrʔ-
to plant *tîaʔ- ʃaʔ- tɘra-
to pour *pasîʔ- paʃi- ‘to perfume’ pasɘrʔ-
to see *liʔ- niʔ- ʎiʔ-
to sting *wî- wi- wɘr-
to suck, to lick *iluʔ- iro- iluʔ-
to sweep *witɘ(ʔ)- wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’ witɘk-
to tie *tɘnpuʔ- tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo- tɘnpuʔ-
to untie *ɘʔkî- ~ *ɘʼkî- iʔki-ri- ɘkkɘr
tocon monkey *tukun tokon tukun
tongue *ninɘ(ʔ)-la nɘnɘ-ra ɲinɘk-la
toucan *yuʼwin yoʔwin ð̞uwin
trace *îʔla iʔna- ɘrʔʎa
vein, sinew, tendon *îpa-tɘʔ ipa-tɘʔ ɘrpa-tɘk
vine:CL *-lin -rin -lin
vulture *supuʔ sopoʔ supuʔ
water *yɘʔ ð̞ɘk
who *yɘn in ð̞ɘn
wound (> to get spoilt, ugly) *apîʔ apiʔ apɘrʔ
yanguaturi *ipɘ ɘpɘ/ipɘ ipɘk
you *kɘnma kɘma kɘnma

Valenzuela (2011)

Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana, Jebero, and Chayahuita.[3]

no. Spanish gloss English gloss Proto-Cahuapana Jebero Chayahuita
1 yo, me, a mí I *kʷa kʷa, -ku ka, ku
2 you *kɨma kənma kɨma
3a nosotros (exclusivo) we (exclusive) *kja kuða kija
3b nosotros (inclusivo) we (inclusive) *knpu(ʔ)wa(ʔ) kənmuʔwa kanpuwa, kamuwa
4 este this *suʔ asuʔ isuʔ
5 él, ella he, she *na nana iná
6 ¿quién? who? ðən intaʔ
7 ¿qué? what? *ma(ʔ) maʔnən maʔtaʔ
8 no no *kuʔ kuʔlaʔ kuʔ
9a todos all (pl.) iɲəɾðapəɾ kaʔipinan
9b todo all (sg.) iɲə jaʔipiɾa
10 mucho many *na(ʔ)ku(n) nakusuʔ naʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.")
11 uno one *a(ʔ)ɾaʔ alaʔsaʔ aʔnaʔ
12 dos two *katuʔ katuʔtaʔ katuʔ
13 grande big aʔʎupi panka
14 largo long ʃin napuɾupi
15 pequeño small aʔməɾ waʔwiʃin
16 mujer woman kuʔapəɾ sanapi
17 hombre, varón man, male ənmupinən kɨmapi
18 persona person muðaʔ pijapi
19 pájaro bird ʃunpula inaiɾa
20a jaguar jaguar *niniʔ ɲiɲiʔ niʔniʔ
20b perro dog ɲiɲiʔwa niʔniɾa
21 piojo louse *timɨn tʃimən tɨmɨn
22 árbol tree *naɾa nala naɾa
23 semilla, ojo seed, eye *ɾaja laða -ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed")
24 hoja sheet lalumək wɨɾun-
25 raíz root *itɨk iɾək itɨʔ
26 corteza bark tʃipiɾək ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ
27 piel skin tʃipitək ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ
28 carne meat tʃutʃu nuʃa
29 sangre blood uklaðək wɨnaiʔ
30 hueso bone *ɾansʔ lansiʔ nansɨʔ
31 grasa fat, grease *ija ija- ija- 'freír'
32 fuego fire *pɨn pən pɨn
33 huevo egg *kajuʔ kaðuʔ kajuʔ
34 sangre blood wiʔwək pumun
35 hueso bone ʎintək winan
36 pluma feather *anpuɾuʔ anpuluʔ anpuɾuʔ
37 pez fish *sami saməɾ sami
38 pelo hair *ain(tɨk) əntʃək ain
39 cabeza head *mutuʔ mutuʔ mutuʔ
40 oreja ear *wɾatɨk wiʔwək wɨɾatɨʔ
41 ojo eye *ja(ʔ)pi ðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts") jaʔpiɾa
41b ojo, cara eye, face laða -ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier")
42 uña nail *tuʔtɨ(k)ɾa tuʔtəkla tuʔtɨɾatɨʔ
43 respirar breathe *ntɨk nəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək) nitɨʔ
44 boca mouth *ɾaʔɾa laʔlaʔ nanan
45 diente tooth *ɾatɨk latək natiʔ
46 lengua tongue *ninɨkɾa ɲinəkla nɨnɨɾa
47 pie foot *ɾantɨk lantək nantɨʔ
48 rodilla knee *tutuʔtupi tuʔtuʔpi tuʔtupitɨʔ
49 mano hand itəkla imiɾa
50 barriga belly *juʔ məɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts") juʔnau
51 cuello neck *kuɾupi kulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple") kunupi
52 seno breast muðin ʃuʔʃu
53 corazón heart *jinɾupi ðinlupi ninupi
54 hígado liver *kankan kankan kankan
55 beber drink *uʔu- u- uʔu
56 comer eat *kaʔ kaʔ- kaʔ
57 morder bite *kitɨ(k) kitək- kɨtɨ-
58 ver see *ɾiʔ ʎiʔ- niʔ-
59 oír hear lawək- natan-
60 saber know ɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch") nitotɨ-
61 dormir sleep *wC(ʔ) witʃiʔ- wɨʔɨ-
62 morir die *timin tʃimin- tʃimin-
63 matar kill ðiʔ- tɨpa-
64 nadar swim *(i)jun iðun- jun-
65 volar fly *pɨn pənnuʔ- pɨn-
66 ir go *paʔ paʔ- paʔ-
67 venir come *wɨ(k) wək- wɨ-
68 estar echado, echarse lying down pəkkwaʔ- kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down")
69 estar sentado, sentarse seated ðuʔ- wɨnsɨ-
70 estar parado standing up *wani wanəɾ- wani-
71 dar give ənkaʔ- kɨtɨ-
72 decir say *it(ɨ/u) (i)ɾ- itɨ- 'dice' ("say")
73 sol sun kəkki piʔi
74 luna moon *juki ðukəɾ juki
75 estrella star *ta(n)juɾa tanðula tajuɾa
76 agua water ðək iʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river")
77 lluvia rain *uʔɾan uʔlan uʔnan
78 piedra stone *ɾaʔpi laʔpi naʔpi
79 arena sand ðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔ inutɨʔ
80 tierra earth *ɾu(ʔ)paʔ lupaʔ nuʔpaʔ
81 nube cloud ðinpanluʔtək wiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ
82 humo smoke kəʎu kunaiʔ
83 ceniza ashes *jaɾuʔ pənðaluʔ januʔ
84 quemar(se) burn *w(ʔ)ki wəʔkəɾ- wiki-
85 camino road intʃilala iɾa
86a cerro mountain *mutupi mutupi mutupi
86b selva jungle *tanan tanan tanan
87 rojo red pipəɾ kɨwan
88 verde green wawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque") kanuɾa
89 amarillo yellow *ʃaʔpi(ʔ) ʃaʔpiʔ ʃaʔpitun
90 blanco white ðaða wiɾitun
91 negro black kəɾ jaɾatun
92 noche night kasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark") taʃiʔ
93 gusano worm *kuwi(ʔ) kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm") kuwiʔ
94 frío cold sanək sɨwɨn
95 lleno full muɾ mɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full")
96 nuevo new *na nalu naʃa
97 bueno good mukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful") nuja
98 redondo round munkun putʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi
99 seco dry ən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry") jakɨn
100 nombre name *ɾiɾin ʎi(n)ʎin ninin

References

  1. ^ Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, and Andrey Nikulin. 2021. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Kawapanan. International Journal of American Linguistics.
  2. ^ Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. 2019. From Kawapanan to Shawi: Topics in language variation and change. Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.
  3. ^ Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar. 2011. Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: comparación léxica y gramatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In Willem F. H. Adelaar and Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck and Roberto Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Aru, Simi, Taqu, Lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, 271-304. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

Further reading

Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní