Appendix:Aiwa word lists

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Aiwa (Tequiraca) word lists:

Michael & Beier (2012)

Aiwa lexical items listed in Michael & Beier (2012):

gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa)
(my) husband (kun) aˈʃap
(my) head (kun) ˈhuti
(my) brother (kun) auˈʃaʔ
(my) knee (kun) kuˈpɨnu
1st person pronoun kun
2nd person pronoun kin
3rd person pronoun, demonstrative jan
agouti aʃˈpali
alone, single iˈʃam
approach jaˈsik
autonym aˈʔɨwa
ayahuasca lukˈʔãk
barbasco (fish poison) maˈlahi
basket ˈhaʔu
bathe! haɾ kin tsuk
big tuˈkut
big head hutuˈluk
big-bellied person aˈɾuh tʃuˈluk
bird sp. (woodpecker) isaˈɾawi
bird sp. (paujil) wiˈkoɾõ
bird sp. (partridge) hũʔˈʃũlũ
bird sp. (pucacunga) ɾoˈʔele
bird sp. (vaca muchacho) kʷãˈʔũli
blue and yellow macaw alkahˈneke
breast aˈkiʃ
caiman amˈhala
canoe aˈtɾewa
capuchin monkey sp. ɾũtɾũˈkʲãwã
capuchin monkey sp.’ waˈnaha
cat sp. (tigrillo) hũhũkũˈpãʔ
cleared path tasˈʔãʔĩ
clothing kuhˈpaw
coati ʃakˈɾaɾa
come! ˈsikʷas
cooking fire asˈkʷãwa
corn suˈkala
cotton nuiˈnui
deer atɾiˈwaʔa
earth ahulˈtaʔ
eat! iˈtakʷas
eye jaˈtuk
firewood wiɾuˈkawa
garden tahaˈɾũʔũ
give ɨˈwɨt
have sex hiˈtʃinuas
here ˈhiɾwas
hit ˈpɨwas
I am bathing kun inˈtsukwas
jaguar miˈala
leaf iˈɾapi
little woman aslantaˈnia
little, a little bit iˈʃikta
masato, yuca beer nutˈnɨt
monk saki monkey sp. kʷɨˈɾiɾi
mosquito wiˈʃala
no ˈtʃahtaɾ
non-indigenous person ˈpaɾi
penis jatˈhaka
pepper aˈlaha
potato variety jaunaˈhi
red macaw milahˈneke
see uˈkaik
snake auˈʔek
squirrel monkey siˈaʔa
stingray sp. hamˈham
stingray sp. makɾaˈlasi
sugar cane raiwãˈʔãk
sun, moon, God akɾeˈwak
tamarin monkey aslʲaˈʔãũ
tapir ˈsahi
tree ˈau
white-lipped peccary ɾaˈkãʔõ
? niˈkʲaw

Table comparing Aiwa (Tequiraca) with Waorani, Iquito, and Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì; Orejón) from Michael & Beier (2012):

gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) Waorani Iquito Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì)
white-lipped peccary ɾaˈkãʔõ ˈɨɾæ̃ anitáaki bɨ́ɾɨ́
tapir ˈsahi ˈtitæ pɨsɨ́kɨ békɨ́
collared peccary iˈhaɾa ˈãmũ kaáʃi káókwã̀
deer atɾiˈwaʔ koˈwãnʲɪ ʃikʲáaha nʲámà, bósá
red macaw milahˈneke ˈæ̃wæ̃ anápa má
mosquito wiˈʃala ˈgʲijɪ anaáʃi mɨ́tè
(my) mother (kun) ˈama ˈbaɾã áni, (ki) niatíha (jì) hàkò, bɨ́ákò
(my) father (kun) ha ˈmæ̃mpo ákɨ, (ki) kakɨ́ha (jì) hàkɨ̀, bɨ́ákɨ̀
person, compatriot aˈʔɨwa waɨɤˈɾãni árata ɨyáana mã́ĩ́
(my) husband (kun) aˈʃap nãnɨˈɡæ̃ŋã ahaáha, (ki) níjaaka (jì) ɨ̃́hɨ̃́
head ˈhuti ɨˈkabu ánaka tʃṍbɨ̀
ear ʃuˈɾala ɨ̃nɨ̃ˈmɨ̃ŋka túuku ɡã́hòɾò
breast aˈkiʃ ɤɨˈɨ̃mæ̃ ʃipɨɨ́ha óhéjò
pepper (hot or sweet) aˈlaha ˈɡʲĩmũ napɨ́ki bíà
cotton nuiˈnui ˈdajɨ̃ sɨ́wɨ jɨ́í
leaf iˈɾapi ɨ̃ˈnʲabu, ɨdʲɨ̃ iímɨ, naámɨ hàò
plantain aˈlaʔa pæ̃ˈæ̃næ̃ samúkʷaati ò
corn suˈkala kaˈɤĩŋɨ̃ siíkiraha béà
cooking fire asˈkʷãwa ˈɡɨ̃ŋa iinámi tóà
canoe aˈtɾewa ˈwipu iímina jóù
house atˈku, atˈkua ˈɨ̃ŋkɨ̃ íita wè
firewood wiɾuˈkawa tɪ̃ˈnɪ̃wæ̃ háraki héká
yuca or corn beer nutˈnɨt ˈtɪpæ̃ itíniiha gónó
stone nuˈklahi ˈdika sawíha ɨ́nò, ɡɨ́nò
sun akreˈwak ˈnæ̃ŋkɪ nunamíja mã́ĩ̀
small iˈʃikta ˈɡʲiijã sɨsanuríka jàɾì
what? iˈkiɾi kʲĩnɨ̃ saáka ɨ̃́ɡè
where? ˈnahɾi æjɨ̃ˈmɨ̃nɨ̃ tɨɨ́ti káɾó
no ˈtʃahtar ˈwĩĩ kaa -mà
come! sik, ˈsikʷas ˈpũɪ aníma dáímà

Beier & Michael (2023)

Below is a word list of Aiwa from Beier & Michael (2023), compiled from different sources. Beier & Michael collected data from Delia Andi Macahuachi (elicited in 2008 and 2010) and María Estrella Clavoy (elicited in 2008), two Aiwa speakers, while the other sources compared are Tessmann (1930), Espinosa Pérez (1955), and Villarejo (1959).

Gloss Delia Andi Macahuachi (2008, 2010) María Estrella Clavoy (2008) Tessmann (1930) Barrio, in Espinosa Pérez (1955) Villarejo (1959)
1st person ku, kun, kua cua (‘yo’)
1st possessive kun cunarui (‘mío’)
2nd person ki, kin quia (‘tú’)
2nd possessive kin
3rd person jan naa (‘él’)
3rd plural cajieneque (‘ellos’)
abdomen cutjee
achiote (Bixa orellana) uθlawã́n
air ujua
alone, single, one.1 iˈʃam ismáwa ishama (‘uno’)
alone, single, one.2 iˈʃamta
already, now, just now haɾ
anteater (oso hormiguero, Myrmecophaga tridactyla) utwi
anus koolã́xa
arm cunupjawa
arrow huasricrue
axe aksakū́ka
ayahuasca lukˈʔãk aktĕwirīki (‘Kaapi drink’) anticjuiri
balsa raft tramünkorā́u
bark awŭnakṓt
basket haˈʔu haṓ
bathe tsuk
bean variety õhõɾṍʔã
become night jawˈlak, jawlaˈʔak
bench, seat apweʔ
beverage (non-alcoholic) θiā́ta
big.1 tuˈkut
big.2 tuˈluk
big.3 tʃuˈluk
big head hutuˈluk
big tree ˈau tuˈluk
black lōʼāk nuaque
Black Agouti (añuje, Dasyprocta fuliginosa) aʃˈpali aʃpálε ashpari
blanket (cotton) uksahúwa (?)
blood araque
boa (Eunectes sp.) yĕtmö̆tkáka yatnetkake
bracelet (woven) arĭú
breast aˈkiʃ
breath hũṅ
bridge tramünkorā́u
broom umsíwa
buttocks koxīí̯
caiman (lagarto) amˈhala amhála atšipa
canoe atˈɾewa atɾewa - (atrḗwa) atrewa
Capuchin Monkey sp. 1 ɾũtɾũˈkjãwã utɾuhiwa
Capuchin Monkey sp. 2 waˈnaha
cat sp. (tigrillo) hũhũkũˈpãʔ
chest cusarmasi
chicken uˈlumu (also duck) aã̇ ajau
chief wā́ya (‘Hauptling’) hani-cuctani (‘curaca’)
clay dish rȫ́x̱i
clay jar (tinaja) yagmunkȫ́w̱a yacnuejonren
clay pot amáhrawa oθlaláwa
cleared path tasˈʔãʔĩ tashai
clothing kuhˈpaw
coati (achuni, Nasua nasua) ʃakˈɾaɾa
cohabitate kokãȧ
Collared Peccary (sajino, Tayassu tajacu) iˈhaɾa ihára
come sik
Common Squirrel Monkey (mono fraile, Saimiri sciureus) siˈʔaʔa
cooking fire asˈkwãwa yahaõ̯ṅ̇ nejun
cooking pot notapáwa nutriwa atuca (but see eye)
corn suˈkala, suˈkali sakala sukā́la sukala sucala
cotton nuiˈnui taxθoā́ka
cotton thread nokṷḗ
dawn yarquián
day rekiau
deer sp. (venado, Mazama sp.) atɾiˈwaʔ(a) atɾiwáʔa atrihua
demon aˈlahi axḍaxĕ alaje (‘diablo’)
digit (finger, toe) iquiwa
door alkwaxḗri
duck uˈlumu (also chicken) ulumu
Dusky Titi Monkey (tocón, Callicebus moloch cupreus) suˈkali sukaáli
eagle (gavilán) ũhũˈɾũã
ear ʃuˈɾala otoroã uknoxa ucnoja
earth ahulˈtaʔ okʼā́kĕ utaque
eat.1 iˈtak atcuñkel
eat.2 ʃaˈlin
egg ate
eye.1 jaˈtuk atū́ka̯ átuka atuca (given as ‘olla’)
eye.2 utˈkuʔ
fan (chambira fiber) ŭmkīẃa
fan (for fire) utkurã́’wa
female child tee
fire drill base tikīŕa
fire drill stick nutrīõ̇
firewood wiɾuˈkawa
fish (generic) aker (‘pez grande’) atsua
fish sp. (bujurqui, Cichla sp.) aklasi
fish sp. (huasaco, Hoplias barbaricus) akˈsala aksãla
fish sp. (sábalo, Brycon sp.) aˈkere akέɾε
fish sp. (shuyo, Erythrinidae sp.) ahkaˈɾũʔũ áhkaɾũʔũ
fishhook osȫū̱́
fishtrap (woven) mwütā́a̯le
fish poison (barbasco, Lonchocarpus nicou) maˈlahi
fish poison (Clibadium sp.) nunáḵa
fish poison (Tephrosia sp.) sōkōḗḵ sucuaque (‘cube’)
flute wãli-wã́li
food atcunek
foot cutalma
garden (chacra) tahaˈɾũʔũ
give ɨˈwɨt atwɨʔɨ (‘dame’)
go.1 uˈkajk
go.2 aˈuk
God akɾeˈwak (also sun, moon) acrocac-ruke
gourd bowl āoʼrḗki
Gray-winged Trumpeter (chambira, Psophia crepitans) akˈɾiʔi (also trompetero)
grub muhuhuj
hammock ū́ni uñe
hand akokīẃă cuespen
hard ajiri
have sex hiˈtʃin
head (my head) ˈhuti (kun ˈhuti) awarēkĕ konxuti conjuti
here.1 hik
here.2 hiɾ
hit pɨ
house atˈku, atˈkua atwáʔu, atkuʔa atkū́a atku atcu
house: my big house kun atˈku tuˈkut
house: my house kun atˈkua
house support harā́wi
house wall awŭnakṓt
huito (Genipa americana) wīt́o (Quechua loan)
hurt ih
husband aˈʃap aʃapa
hut haikirã́wĕ
illegitimate child yaĕšárŏ
Iquito-Cahuarano people atá̱u̯
jaguar (tigre, Panthera onca) miˈala miiaʔja miyā́lĕ miala miara
Kichwa people aθaā́kĕ
kin: aunt eˈʔetu (or nephew) atéto, eʔetu
kin: brother awˈʃaʔ arima
kin: daughter.1 kuˈkat
kin: daughter.2 kutaˈtuna kutatuna
kin: daughter-in-law kutwaʔ, utwaʔ
kin: father (my father) ha (kun ha) kúnhaa cuntjee
kin: granddaughter kuˈkata kukaata
kin: grandfather aɨtu, aweto
kin: grandmother aɛta, aɨta
kin: grandson kuˈkatikta aʔetu, kukát
kin: mother (my mother) ˈama (kun ˈama) ama
kin: nephew eˈʔetu (or aunt)
kin: niece akˈasi akási
kin: sister aˈlun (or niece) aʔɨtu, atuwáʔa aritu
kin: son kuˈtaʔa kutaʔa ca??? (illegible)
kin: uncle atϕio
knee kuˈpɨnu
know niˈkih
lake lukatwahi
lance awís̵ɨ axyakṓ¸ḵĕ
lazy, idle ahˈluʔ(u)
leaf iˈɾapi iiɽapi aunée
leg atacapa
lightning bolt jiujiwe
look inˈaɾ
Macaw, Blue-and-yellow (guacamayo amarillo, Ara ararauna) alkahˈneke
Macaw, Scarlet (guacamayo rojo, Ara macao) milahˈneke
machete nuˈasa nuása
makabo ã́sa
man kunasápĕ achapa
manatee (vaca marina, Trichechus inunguis) jakapɨlɨ
manioc (sweet, Manihot sp.) kasáʔa kasáa acruc
manioc beer (masato) nutˈnɨt iiʔata, ijata kasaā́ka̯, θiãta jiata
moon akɾeˈwak (also sun, God) ȫ̱́sa esa ranae
morning racon
mortar (grinding) yakenū́a
mosquito wiˈʃala wiʃála
mouth araje
night lennee
no ˈtʃahtaɾ tʃáha canonorituc
non-indigenous person ˈpaɾi wüirákŭtš
nose sucalo
old yantatnec
orphan aɾiktaˈnia aɾita
palm, cabbage (Euterpe oleracea) tŏsīwa
palm, chambira (Astrocaryum chambira) akˈɾiʔi (also trompetero) akɽíʔĩ akriã́u
palm, moriche (aguaje, Mauritia flexuosa) lukaʼaque
palm, peach (pijuayo, Bactris gasipaes) āṙō
palm beer, peach (chicha de pijuayo, Bactris gasipaes) nutnét aro-θiã́ta
palm drink, ungurahui (Oenocarpus bataua) hā́ku
palm drink, moriche (aguaje, Mauritia flexuosa) lukaā́k; alʼasi̯
palm fiber rope (Astrocaryum chambira) ake̯rĩṅ̇
palm sp. (Carludovica trigona) rĩ́ō
papaya ataɾi atáari
parrot aϕise araiwa
penis jatˈhaka kŏθā́ka
pepper (hot or sweet) aˈlaha hiʔo, hijoɨ ofū́wa akrakwi aorawi
person, compatriot, autonym aˈʔɨwa aʔɨwa, aʔɨwɨ tĕkirā́ka (ethnonym) achuan (‘gente’)
pestle atréba
pineapple atʃuri, tʃuraka
Pioché (Sekoya) people aunátšuruk
piripiri (Cyperus sp.) nurá̱xa
plantain aˈlaʔa aláʔa, alaáha aḍā́a alaa alaha
plantain, sweet waskiā́ka
pot-bellied person aˈɾuh tʃuˈluk
potato sp.1 (big) ˈhaku, hakuˈɾuku
potato sp.2 (yellow) sukˈluhi
potato sp.3 (huge) jawnaˈhi
rain ˈihu iju
rain, cold siˈwaʔa
red taxḗkiă sauna
Red Howler Monkey (mono coto, Alouatta seniculus) ahˈlua ahlúʔã
ripe plantain wine aḍaáka
river awɨhi
river dolphin atʃúntapala
roof beams yănʼunkȫ̱́wa
roof support yawarḗkĕ
rotten thing wahˈluk
saki monkey sp. (huapo, Pithecia sp.) kwɨˈɾiɾi
Salvinʼs Currasow (paujil, Mitu salvini) wiˈkoɾõ wikõɽõ
salt cachi (Quechua loan)
say utˈku
see uˈaɾ
shaman, witch (‘brujo’) örkaniθḗke arkanicuaje
sick jijislike
skin utcu
skirt uksakū́wa
sleep tuhɾaˈwak, tuhuɾaˈwak atcoraque
small machete, knife iˈʃikta nuˈasa
small, a little bit iˈʃikta
Smooth-billed Ani (vaca muchacho, Crotophaga ani) kwãˈʔũli
snake (general) awˈʔek(e) awɨkɨ awike
snap trap notsȫ̱́o
snare wǐltsáwa̯
soft roiki
Solanaceae sp. with edible fruits θáē
soul, spirit axlĕkḗkē
spindle axiakȫ̱kȫ̱
Spix’s Guan (pucacunga, Penelope jacquacu) ɾoˈʔele rúʔεle
stab iˈsak
star yatuca
stingray.1 makɾaˈlasi makɽálasi
stingray.2 hamˈham
stone nukˈlahi nukláhi noklo̯ā́xe̯ nucraje
stone axe asɨ nuku̯láxi
sugarcane ɾajwãˈʔãk takraʔ uskiwā́a̯
sun akɾeˈwak (also moon, God) akroák akro̯ā́k akroake acruaque
sweet potato kasa-tai̯ (‘Süßkartoffel’)
tamarin monkey sp. (pichico, Sanguinus sp.) asλaˈʔãũ
tapir (sachavaca, Tapirus terrestris) ˈsahi saahi sā́xĕ saji
tayra (manco, Eira barbara) aˈʔilu
three akū́wa aacua
tinamou sp. (perdiz) hũʔˈʃũlũ húʔʃulu
tobacco ahuu – tawác (SP loan)
tongue axlīū́ anuamasi
tooth, teeth āka kukwa (‘diente’) atcunquiwa (‘dientes’)
tree ˈau áwa ahua
trench nŏtkā́sa
tumpline utnakȫ̱́wă
turtle sp. (motelo) aˈwi aaʔwi
two kisnáõ quisnau
umbilical cord amā́ru
urinate cusharara
vagina aʃˈui
vulture taˈɾãʔã
vulva košṓi
want anˈtet
wash taˈkaʃ
water ˈaʔwa (SP loan?) wā́ē kwái yahuakeke
what.int iˈkiɾi
where.int ˈnahɾi
white sukḗe̱ transae
White-bellied Spider Monkey (maquisapa, Ateles belzebuth) aˈhaku aháku
White-lipped Peccary (huangana, Tayassu pecari) ɾaˈkãʔõ ɽakã́ʔũ
widow hankainīk̇
widower hankainīḱ
woman aslaˈnek(e) aslaneke (‘mujercita’); aluunuas (‘mujer grande’) aslanḗ̱ kukaa aslaneque
woman, young.1 aslantaˈnia
woman, young.2 samaktaˈnia
woodpecker isaˈɾawi
Woolly Monkey (mono choro, Lagothrix lagothricha) aʃˈluku aʃlúuku
yam tā́i (‘ñame’)
Yanamuca L. (plant sp.) könãū
year huelete
yes haˈʔãʔã jaa
(no gloss) niˈkjaw
(no gloss) wasˈnat

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Michael, Lev and Christine Beier. 2012. Phonological sketch and classification of Aʔɨwa . Paper presented at the 2012 Winter meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), Portland, OR, January 6, 2012.
  2. ^ Beier, Christine, Michael, Lev (2023) “Aʔɨwa”, in Epps, Patience, Michael, Lev, editors, Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates, volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 173-222
  3. ^ Tessmann, Günter. 1930. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: Grundlegende Forschungen für eine systematische Kulturkunde. Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co.
  4. ^ Espinosa Pérez, Lucas. 1955. Contribuciones lingüísticas y etnográficas sobre algunos pueblos indígenas del Amazonas peruano. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Bernardino de Sahagún.
  5. ^ Villarejo, Avencio. 1959. La selva y el hombre: Estudio antropocosmológico del aborigen amazónico. Lima: Editorial Ausonia.
  6. ^ See also ‘stone axe’.
  7. ^ Tessmann specifies that the name for ‘balsa raft’ is the same as the name for ‘bridge’.
  8. ^ Same form given for ‘house wall’.
  9. ^ Although these forms appear to be prefixed with third person, they are not.
  10. ^ This form is very similar to ‘manioc beer’ but not identical.
  11. ^ The apostrophe represents a raised backward half-circle.
  12. ^ The question mark is present in the original.
  13. ^ Tessmann specifies that the name for ‘bridge’ is the same as the name for ‘balsa raft’.
  14. ^ This is exactly how the datum appears in Tessman’s table; in his prose he says “Keine Kanus” (‘No canoes’).
  15. ^ Although the authors are unable to determine which term goes with which species, the two Capuchin terms here presumably refer to Brown Capuchin Monkey.
  16. ^ Probably ocelot (Leopardus tigrinus).
  17. ^ Probably ocelot (Leopardus tigrinus).
  18. ^ Probably Red Brocket Deer (Mazama americana).
  19. ^ The apostrophe represents a raised backward half-circle.
  20. ^ The apostrophe represents a raised backward half-circle.
  21. ^ Tessmann specifies that this is cultivated.
  22. ^ The apostrophe represents a raised backward half-circle.
  23. ^ Although Delia Andi Macahuachi produced both ‘atku’ and ‘atkua’ for ‘house’, the possessed form was always ‘atkua’.
  24. ^ Same form given for ‘bark’.
  25. ^ Presumably, Theobroma bicolor (macambo).
  26. ^ Elsewhere, Tessmann gives a similar form for ‘non-alcoholic beverage’.
  27. ^ This form is borrowed from the Quechuan ‘viracocha’.
  28. ^ Tessmann uses the now-outdated Guilelma genus term.
  29. ^ Compare to Guilelma above; the form is similar but not identical.
  30. ^ The apostrophe represents a raised backward half-circle.
  31. ^ Now known as Evodianthus funifer.
  32. ^ Tessmann’s term is ‘Banane’, not ‘plátano maduro’.
  33. ^ The apostrophe represents a raised backward half-circle.
Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní

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