Proto-Wintun reconstructions:[1]
| Gloss | Proto-Wintun |
|---|---|
| a while | *yol |
| acorn | *ʔi(·) |
| acorn sp. | *hu |
| acorn sp.: black oak | *ham ?, *pene(·)l |
| acorn sp.: white oak | *yok...l- |
| acorn bread | *sa·w |
| acorn meal | *daq |
| acorn soup | *yiwit |
| acorns: shelled and dried | *λ’ił- |
| action with fire | *bay |
| adolescent girl | *lo·y- |
| afraid, have fear | *k’ilap-ʔa |
| after that | *ʔut’a |
| agentive | *-to ? |
| ahead (of), before, first | *tu |
| air, blow | *x̣os-a ? |
| alder | *qalaw |
| alienable possessive, third person singular pronouns and kinterms | *-t-n |
| alike | *ne·r |
| alone | *ney, *hom |
| already, old, long ago, former, past demonstrative | *ho- |
| andative auxiliary, go | *har-a· |
| angelica | *dum |
| animate comitative | *-wil |
| ankle | *haqa |
| ant | *t’edVq |
| apply light pressure with hand | *λ’itq- |
| apply sharp pointed object | *λ’ut |
| approach | *čuk-a |
| arched ?, crooked ?, bent | *k’uwi(·)l |
| arm | *q’ede |
| arm, shoulder | *sala |
| armpit | *q’an |
| arrange clumped material ? | *bam |
| arrive | *hen |
| arrow | *no-, *doqo |
| ash tree | *ʔirik |
| ashes, dust | *pʰuk |
| ask | *t’ihi·t-u |
| ask to accompany | *xew |
| autumn | *qʰaydani |
| away | *qʰal, *qʰan |
| awl | *č’up |
| baby, child, small | *ʔilay |
| back of, behind something | *yel |
| bad | *duq-ʔa, *č’ep- |
| badger | *soč- ? |
| bake | *ma·ł-a |
| band-tailed pigeon | *xo-...wi- |
| bank of rock or soil | *hel |
| bare the teeth | *λ’ey-e |
| bark (of tree) | *qoq, *qʰapla |
| bark (verb) | *noł |
| barn owl | *si·k |
| barren | *walu |
| base | *yay |
| basket root | *se·k, *kuhum |
| basket sticks from willow | *ton |
| basket types | *xok, *k’op-i, *kaw, *k’olom, *tos |
| bat | *dehe·la ? |
| bathe | *qop |
| be, lie | *bey |
| be, sit | *boh |
| be, do, use (non-distal ?) | *ʔiy |
| be, do (distal) | *ʔu |
| bear (black) | *č’il |
| beard, whiskers (particularly of fish) | *qʰep |
| bee-like sound | *łon |
| beetle sp. | *toqo ? |
| before, ahead, first | *tu |
| beg ? promise ? | *duq |
| behind, back of | *yel |
| belch | *qer-e· |
| belt | *tir-i |
| bend | *qʰud, *moy, *kuk |
| benefactive | *-pa ? |
| bent (crooked ? arched ?) | *k’uwi(·)l |
| berry sp. | *tʰah |
| bet | *dam |
| big one(s) | *qom ? |
| bird sp. (small) | *č’ereCč’ereC ? |
| bite | *ʔey |
| bitter | *ʔa·q-ʔa |
| black | *č’il-, *sil |
| black bear | *č’il |
| black oak acorn | *pene(·)l, *ham ? |
| blackberry | *ʔim(il) |
| blanket | *puq- |
| blanket, cover | *sul |
| blood | *sa·q |
| blow (of person, not the wind) | *pʰu(·)ł |
| blow, air | *x̣os-a ? |
| blow the nose | *łiniq |
| blows to the head | *čił-a |
| bluebird, Western | *č’ow |
| boat | *nuh |
| bobbing movement (slow?) | *hoy(..)oq |
| bobcat | *p’a..l..m- |
| body, whole | *tʰu(·)n |
| body hair ? | *seke· |
| body joint | *ʔanaq |
| boil | *pʰ̟ot-u, *posolo |
| bone | *paq |
| bone awl | *č’up |
| borrow | *q’oł |
| brace | *k’ok |
| break | *k’ep, *λ’ab |
| break up surface | *tʰoł-i/u |
| break with fingers | *q’op-a |
| breast, milk | *ʔimit |
| breathe | *pʰu(·)r-u |
| bring inanimate, animate | *wer |
| bring | *hen-me |
| brother: older | *labe- |
| brother: younger | *ley |
| brother-in-law | *łe-·n |
| bubble | *łob |
| buckeye | *yono ? |
| buckskin, hide | *qo(·)la |
| bulb sp. | *λ’erew |
| bulrush, tule | *λ’op |
| bump | *tʰał-, *daq |
| burn | *čʰo·l, *čʰo·r |
| burn bare | *bil |
| burrowing owl | *wik |
| bush sp. | *č’ulaq |
| butterfly, poppy | *bo·lbolVq |
| buzzard | *hu·s |
| calf | *č’ur ?, *čʰi·r |
| California condor | *mo·loq |
| call someone | *čʰiy-a |
| cane | *t’u- |
| cap-shaped | *bis |
| careful ?, reluctant ? | hinu·- |
| carry | *du- |
| carve | *qʰer |
| cattail, flat tule | *pa·tpat |
| causative | *-ma |
| cave in | *hul, *łim-a |
| charcoal | *q’al-i ? |
| chest, lungs | *k’eba |
| chew | *č’ok-i/u, *t’a- |
| chief | *se·qtu |
| child | *ku-, *teh, *ʔilay, *łe |
| child’s spouse, spouse’s parent, in-law one generation removed | *t’e(·)s |
| chin, jaw | *q’aba |
| chipmunk | *čʰiqčʰiq- ? |
| choke on | *qʰaw-a |
| choose | *p’ił-e |
| chop | *k’op |
| cicada | *yoryor, *holol-č’V·r/d- |
| clap | *pʰoq |
| claw(s), nail(s) | *k’ahay |
| clean | *le·t ? |
| clear | *čał-a |
| clench, stiff ? | *k’on |
| climb, step | *dek |
| close eyes | *č’im |
| close sides | *wol |
| clothe, clothes | *t’ał-a |
| cloud | *q’a- ? |
| clover, grass | *len |
| clover sp. | *tapl- |
| coat (verb), coating | *wil |
| cocoon rattle | *sokok |
| collect | *č’ap |
| come | *wer |
| comitative (animate) | *-wil |
| comitative (inanimate) | *-m |
| completive | *-k |
| continuative | *-V(·)r |
| Cooper’s or marsh hawk ?, hawk sp. | *k’ililuk |
| copulate | *sir-i |
| core, heart | *č’idik |
| cough | *q’uh-i/u |
| cover | *mit, *łaq-a |
| coyote | *sede |
| crack open | *tʰeł, *k’ab |
| crane | *wok |
| crawl | *las-a |
| crawl in, go in | *ʔał-a |
| crawling (like a snake), slithering (creature) | *pʰil-i |
| crazy, unpleasant emotion | *ho·n |
| cricket | *ler, *č’ur |
| crooked ?, arched ?, bent | *k’uwi(·)l |
| cross (meet), emerge, sprout | *tep-i/u |
| cross-sibling | *soh |
| crosswise, twice | *ser |
| crow | *ʔa·l, *qa·q |
| crush | *pał |
| cry | *wač-i/u |
| cup-type basket | *k’olom |
| cut | *qʰed-, *qʰič-a/i/u |
| cut notches | *dop-u |
| cut off, slice | *qʰop-u |
| cut with sharp edge, cut long objects | *pʰil-i |
| cut with swinging motion, slice | *hil |
| cylinder | *lul |
| dam, weir | *paq-i |
| dance | *čʰono |
| dance house | *łu·t |
| dance types | *hesi ?, *to·to ? |
| dark | *pur-i |
| day, daytime | *san-i |
| deer, venison | *no·p |
| defecate | *č’en-a· |
| definite duration auxiliary | *boh |
| deictic (optative meaning?) | *kʰe |
| demonstrative and quasi-pronominal third person proximal root | *ʔe- |
| demonstrative and quasi-pronominal third person root | *pi-, *pu- |
| demonstrative-interrogative root | *he |
| desolate | *yo·w |
| dew | *pʰon |
| dice | *tel |
| different, other, away | *qʰal |
| dig ? pick up ? | *hap-a |
| digging stick | *sen |
| dip | *q’ep-, *qum, *dum |
| direct to, send after | *yor |
| directional locative suffix | *-ti |
| dirt (earth) | *q’i(·)r, *q’ilaq |
| dirty | *q’o(·)t-ʔa |
| dislike | *qʰur |
| distribute liquid substance | *č’ir-i |
| dive | *nup-u |
| dizzy | *x̣ah |
| do fast, be fast | *witil(-ʔa) |
| do, be, use (non-distal ?) | *ʔiy |
| do, be (distal) | *ʔu |
| doctor, poison | *yom |
| dog | *suku |
| dome shape (hard) | *qʰolo |
| doorway, entrance | *pes |
| dove (mourning) | *puluq |
| down | *kʰen |
| drag | *qir |
| dragonfly | *t’oli |
| dream | *yečew |
| drill | *sič-i/u |
| drink | *bol-a, *tetʰ-i/u |
| drink/eat acorn mush | *łup-e/u |
| drown | *t’uk-u |
| drum | *tiCe· |
| dry | *qʰon |
| dry (spread to) | *ye- |
| dry and stiff | *č’oq |
| dual | *-pel |
| dubitative, subjunctive | *-m |
| dull | *q’i·l |
| dull (of senses) | *λ’ik |
| dump (granulated solids?) | *tʰak-čʰ-i |
| ear | *ma·t |
| earth | *q’ilaq, *wilaq, *q’i(·)r |
| east | *puy |
| eat | *ba· |
| eat/drink acorn mush | *łup-e/u |
| eat with someone | *tʰil-ʔa |
| embers | *xiw |
| emerge, sprout, cross (meet) | *tep-i/u |
| end point | *wan |
| enemy | *yuken |
| entrance, doorway | *pes |
| esophagus, throat | *peru· |
| exclamative | *ʔay, *yo· |
| exhaust, wear out | *łet |
| eye | *tum |
| eyelashes | *tum |
| fade away | *lim |
| fall | *łah, *dil-i, *t’al-a |
| fan, wave, gesture | *liw |
| far, travel | *kel- |
| fart | *xed-i/u |
| fast (be, do) | *witil(-ʔa) |
| fat | *hu·m |
| father | *tah, *ta-(·)n |
| fear | *čʰiri·k-, *k’ilap-ʔa |
| fear a loss, suspect | *ha·q-a |
| feast | *daw |
| feather | *k’alaq |
| feathers | *pʰit |
| feces | *č’en-i |
| feed | *ba· |
| fight | *łik-u-p’ur-i |
| fill | *par |
| fill with liquid | *ʔu·m |
| finger, hand | *sem |
| finger (verb) | *t’ul |
| finish | *λ’aq |
| finish off, gone | *ker-u |
| fire | *pʰo· |
| fire, to light a | *č’ay-a |
| first person pronominal root | *ne- |
| first person subject | *-da |
| first, before, ahead | *tu |
| fish sp. | *čʰi·r |
| fishbone | *č’us |
| fisher ? | *łom |
| fit | *λ’ap-u ? |
| fix up, straighten up | *moq |
| flabby | *law |
| flame | *qul |
| flame, lightning | *wal-u |
| flat | *dal |
| flea | *k’ok’o |
| flint, arrow, knife, obsidian | *doqo |
| float | *pʰo- |
| flow | *č’oł- ? |
| flowers | *k’ala(·)l, *lul |
| fly (verb) | *win |
| fly, go up | *tewe |
| flying squirrel ? | *q’an-łala ? |
| foam | *łos |
| fog | *t’umi |
| fog, steam | *qʰos |
| foliage, leaves | *sala |
| follow, track | *may-a· |
| food | *ba· |
| foot | *may |
| forehead | *xin, *tey |
| forget | *q’id-u |
| former, old, already, long ago, past demonstrative | *ho |
| fox | *ha·w |
| frog | *wataq |
| front | *daw |
| frost | *kik-i |
| full | *hur, *par |
| gall | *sili |
| gap | *kalay |
| gather, gathering basket | *ʔo·n |
| gathering | *ya·pay |
| genitive case | *-n ? |
| genitive case | *-r |
| gesture, fan, wave | *liw |
| get, own, have | *ke- |
| gig, spear | *łew ? |
| girl | *lo·y-, *p’ukuy |
| give | *doy-i/u |
| glare, reflect | *ʔilʔil |
| glide by | *leh |
| go | *har-a· |
| go in, crawl in | *ʔał-a |
| go out, pour out slowly | *p’e·l ? |
| go up, fly | *tewe |
| going to, intentional future | *-le |
| gone, finish off | *ker-u |
| good | *čal-a |
| goose sp. | *laq |
| grab a handful | *q’or |
| grandchild | *čʰa(·)y |
| grandfather | *ʔapan |
| grandmother | *ʔaman |
| grapevine | *łoy...m |
| grasp in one or both hands | *pʰem ? |
| grass (dry?) | *λ’aqa |
| grass, green | *č’aro·q(-i) |
| gray hair | *čʰa·hay |
| great horned owl | *kudu· |
| green, grass | *č’aro·q(-i) |
| green heron | *qa- |
| grind | *qor-i/u |
| grind, sharpen by filing | *lor |
| grizzly ? | *kuku |
| ground | *po·m |
| ground, dirt (earth) | *q’i(·)r |
| ground squirrel | *λ’et |
| growl | *qʰor |
| grunt, pant | *x̣oh |
| guts, intestines | *pot |
| hail | *k’il |
| hair (facial or animal) | *č’ekey |
| hair: pubic, body hair | *seke· |
| hand, finger | *sem |
| hang | *low, *č’aq-a· |
| happy | *lom, *doq- |
| hard, to be | *paq |
| hard dome shape | *qʰolo |
| hat | *tʰak |
| haunt | *holow |
| have | *-ʔa |
| have, own, get | *ke |
| hawk sp.: Cooper’s or marsh hawk ? | *k’ililuk |
| hawk sp.: red-tailed ? | *čeqčeq |
| hawk sp.: Swainson’s ? | *lik- |
| hawk or falcon sp. | *qačit |
| head | *pʰoyoq |
| headband | *kip- |
| hear | *mut-u |
| heart | *pʰur-u |
| heart, core | *č’idik |
| heavy | *yiłma |
| help | *her |
| hemp, milkweed | *pʰe·ł |
| here, toward self | *xun |
| heron: great blue | *wok |
| heron: green | *qa- |
| hiccough | *q’eq-a ? |
| hide, buckskin | *qo(·)la |
| hill | *bul-i |
| hip, thighs | *somVk |
| hit | *čʰep |
| hold in hand | *sat |
| hold pectorally | *ʔimit |
| hole | *holoq |
| holler | *nił-u |
| home | *woq |
| hooked strap, strap with hook | *lak-o/u |
| horn | *k’il-i |
| hortative, let | *-di |
| hot | *pil-a· |
| hot rock ? | *k’iw |
| house | *qewel |
| hull | *č’iw |
| human classifier ? | *-ta |
| hungry, starve | *per-i/u |
| hurt | *ʔal- |
| hurt, sick, want | *koy-i/u |
| husband, man | *wiy |
| impaired vision | *qʰas-i·l-ʔa |
| imperative or irrealis stem-deriving suffix | *-u |
| in horizontally | *ʔel, *-e·l |
| in-laws | *win |
| in-law one generation removed, spouse’s parent, child’s spouse | *t’e(·)s |
| inclined, prone | *qoh |
| inclusive person pronominal root | *p’e- |
| indefinite duration auxiliary | *bey |
| indent | *bit |
| indistinct color ? | *qaq |
| inhale | *su(·)t |
| insect sp. (buzzing) | *homo·- |
| insert long things, poke, stick into | *λ’op |
| intense visual perception | *k’al |
| intensive verb-derivational suffix | *-h |
| intentional future, going to | *-le |
| intestines, guts | *pot |
| irrealis stem-deriving suffix, imperative | *-u |
| itch, scratch | *ʔod-i/u |
| iterative | *-V·y |
| jackrabbit | *k’el |
| jaw, chin | *q’aba |
| join, perimeter | *kol |
| joined, added on to perimeter | *kol-i |
| joined, pronged | *non |
| jump | *puč- |
| juniper | *mon |
| keep | *boh |
| kick | *č’on |
| kill | *λ’o·m-u |
| kill deer | *tiwi·t |
| kingfisher | *t’arara ? |
| kingsnake | *handop- |
| kinterm absolutive suffix | *-(·)n |
| kinterm locative case | *-t-in ? |
| kinterm plural (or human plural) | *-ba |
| kinterm prefix | *n(i)- |
| knee | *ʔanaq |
| knife, arrow, flint, obsidian | *doqo |
| knot (tie a) | *p’olo·q |
| know | *t’i- |
| lack of color | *tal |
| larynx | *qʰor |
| last, yester- | *le·n |
| late | *ʔolhen |
| leaf | *dala |
| lean against | *tʰoq-čʰ-i/u |
| lean meat? | *čʰi·r |
| leave | *yal-i/u |
| leaves, foliage | *sala |
| left, left hand | *tʰaw |
| leg | *yir ? |
| legs apart | *kan ? |
| lest, might, may | *-kʰen |
| let, hortative | *-di |
| let’s | *-e· |
| lick | *nal |
| lie, be | *bey |
| lie prone | *xoy |
| lie, tell a lie | *bal-ʔa |
| light | *say-i/u, *tek |
| light (source ?) | *sa- |
| light a fire | *č’ay-a |
| light in weight | *hosop |
| lightning, flame | *wal-u |
| liquid spreads | *tʰel-a· |
| liquid (thick) | *t’ot |
| liver | *kʰila |
| lizard sp.: Western fence lizard | *č’iwil |
| locative, toward, in (horizontally ?) | *-e·l |
| locative case | *-in |
| log | *waqu· ? |
| long ago, already, old, former, past demonstrative | *ho- |
| loose | *hoł ? |
| loose, thin | *łupuq |
| loosen by scratching | *k’eb-i/u |
| lose, miss | *yo(·)w |
| louse | *pʰer- |
| lungs | *qʰoso |
| lungs, chest | *k’eba |
| magpie | *ʔatʔat |
| make | *lel-a/i/u, *mal-i/u |
| make sparks | *t’ip |
| man | *wi·-ta |
| man, husband | *wiy |
| manzanita berries | *bolo |
| maple | *say |
| mash | *pʰit |
| may it be | *wile |
| may, might, lest | *-kʰen |
| meadowlark | *yok |
| mediopassive | *-čʰ |
| meet | *hen-pa ? |
| mental clouding | *q’a(·)q |
| mesh | *k’at ? |
| middle, center | *wenem |
| might, may, lest | *-kʰen |
| milk, breast | *ʔimit |
| milkweed | *boq |
| milkweed, wild hemp | *pʰe·ł |
| minnow | *qʰili |
| miss | *man-a· |
| miss, lose | *yo(·)w |
| moldy, muddy | *q’un |
| mollusk shell | *łono(·)q |
| morning star | *č’at-u |
| mortar | *t’ubuq ? |
| mortar basket | *kaw |
| mosquito | *čosaq |
| mother | *neh, *na, *ne-·n |
| motion back and forth | *her-u |
| mountain | *čʰoł |
| mountain lion | *pate |
| mountain quail | *čʰolčʰol |
| mourning dove | *puluq |
| mouse, rat | *č’ube |
| mouth | *qo(·)l |
| mouth open | *waw |
| move | *moroq |
| move away | *yo· |
| move (fast ? repetitive ?) | *kʰod- |
| move in a direction, move toward | *k’o- |
| move inclined toward | *k’od-i/u |
| move hips ? | *wik |
| move light-weight things | *sid |
| move stones | *k’ap |
| mud | *k’a· |
| muddy, moldy | *q’un |
| mushroom sp. | *t’ara, *made ? |
| mussel, fresh-water | *č’ayi |
| nail(s), claw(s) | *k’ahay |
| name, real, really | *yet |
| nape of neck ? | *toq ? |
| narrow-waisted | *č’idok |
| navel | *naq |
| near | *čok-i |
| neck | *dok |
| nest | *sunu |
| net | *koro, *čʰaq, *t’uy-čʰ-i |
| new, now | *po· |
| nipple | *p’ur-i |
| nit | *č’ubi |
| no, not | *ʔelew |
| nod | *wuk |
| nominalizer | *-s |
| nominalizing and neutral mode stem-deriving suffix | *-i |
| non-visual sensorial evidential | *mut-her |
| north | *way |
| nose | *sono |
| not, no | *ʔele-w |
| nothing (be) | *min-a |
| now, new | *po· |
| objective case | *-ma |
| objective case suffix for kinterms and pronouns | *-t |
| obsidian, knife, arrow, flint | *doqo |
| old, already, long ago, former, past demonstrative | *ho- |
| old man | *k’iy |
| old woman | *p’ot |
| older brother | *labe- |
| older woman | *q’aya |
| one | *k’ete·t |
| open by scratching or scraping | *xeb |
| open mouth | *waw |
| optative ?, deictic | *kʰe |
| oriole | *sapasapa |
| oscillate, vibrate | *lew |
| other, away, different | *qʰal |
| other ? | *ʔut |
| out(side) | *pat |
| owl sp.: great horned | *kudu· |
| owl sp.: barn owl | *si·k |
| owl sp.: burrowing | *wik |
| owl sp. | *hi·n |
| own, have, get | *ke- |
| pack | *sew |
| pack tight | *bam |
| paddle | *qʰawa ? |
| paired objects, suffix marking | *-ma |
| pale | *sa·l |
| palm | *t’eqel |
| pant, grunt | *x̣oh |
| parch | *ła·r |
| passive | *-her |
| past demonstrative, old, already, long ago, former | *ho- |
| pay | *ʔeł |
| peel off | *č’ub |
| pendant | *yaw |
| penis | *kul- |
| people | *win |
| people, person | *-tu(·) |
| people of, village | *xerel |
| peppergrass | *yodo ? |
| perforate | *qʰes |
| perimeter, join | *kol |
| person | *win |
| person, people | *-tu(·) |
| pestle | *tʰulu ? |
| pestle?, wood ? | *č’us |
| pet | *ʔom |
| physical injury | *p’od |
| pick one at a time | *tey |
| pick small things one by one | *x̣ad |
| pick up ?, dig ? | *hap-a |
| pierce through | *λ’er |
| pigeon: band-tailed | *xo-...wi- |
| pike | *k’uw- |
| pinch | *t’or |
| pine | *t’uw |
| pine sp. | *sak |
| pitch, resin | *čʰek-i |
| place a sling | *lom-u |
| plant sp. | *łaqa, *qʰala |
| plant sp.: low-growing | *baq |
| plant sp.: soft, round | *łubuq |
| play | *łaqal |
| point | *lolo·q-i/u |
| poison, doctor | *yom |
| poison oak | *p’oqʰom |
| poke, stick into, insert long things | *λ’op |
| pole | *topolish, *sik |
| pond | *kopol |
| poorwill | *qo·ltep |
| pop | *p’oq ? |
| poppy, butterfly | *bo·lbolVq |
| porcupine, star | *łara·q ? |
| potato | *ʔel-i |
| potato sp. | *p’ołoy |
| pound | *t’aq-i/u, *p’aq |
| pound with flat surface | *pʰet |
| pour, spill | *č’u·l-i/u |
| pour out slowly, go out | *p’e·l ? |
| pour solids | *t’ik-i/u |
| press | *pʰat-a |
| press tight | *č’it |
| promise ? beg ? | *duq |
| prone, inclined | *qoh |
| pronged, joined | *non |
| pronominal plural | *-le |
| protruberance | *λ’or- |
| protrude, swell | *pʰo- |
| protrusion | *bul |
| pubic hair | *seke· |
| pull | *wik, *qir |
| pull off | *sob-čʰ -u- |
| pull or throw up | *kip |
| pull out | *tʰup-u ? |
| pus, full of pus | *buq |
| put long object around | *dol |
| put on a hat | *tʰak |
| put up | *łom-i/u |
| quotative root | *ʔu |
| raccoon | *čʰika |
| rainbow | *sa·q-k’ur- ? |
| raise | *hok |
| rake (toward self ?) | *qar-čʰ- |
| rat, mouse | *č’ube |
| rattle | *λ’ał |
| rattle (cocoon) | *sokok |
| rattle (rustle ?) | *wasasa |
| raven | *qaq |
| real, really, name | *yet |
| realis stem-deriving suffix | *-a, *-e |
| reciprocal | *p’ur-i |
| red | *tede |
| red paint | *q’oba |
| red-shafted yellowhammer (flicker) | *č’i- |
| referential | *qa |
| reflect | *ʔilʔil |
| reflexive | *-na |
| relational nominal suffix | *-da |
| relational locative | *naq |
| relatives | *win |
| reluctant ?, careful ? | *hinu·- |
| remain | *hor-i/u |
| remove from body | *λ’uq |
| resin, pitch | *čʰek-i |
| ribs | *k’uril |
| ridge | *luyuq |
| right hand | *čal- |
| ringing sound | *tiltil |
| rip | *čel- |
| rip in half | *yeb |
| ripe | *noq-i/u |
| roadrunner | *tolto- ? |
| roar, rumble | *kim-u·r |
| roast | *λ’ir |
| robe | *naw |
| robin | *wisbo- ? |
| rock | *son |
| rock (small, round), stone | *t’uduy |
| rodent sp. | *k’ay |
| roe | *pu·p |
| roll | *dir, *dibił, *hol ? |
| roll, run continuously | *kip(-Vl) |
| root, especially basket root | *se·k |
| rope | *č’e·k |
| rot | *yulyul |
| rotten smell, stink | *łal-a |
| rough skin | *č’i·k |
| rub | *lir, *dih ? |
| rumble, roar | *kim-u·r |
| run continuously, roll | *kip(-Vl) |
| rustle ?, rattle | *wasasa |
| sack | *qʰam |
| salmon | *nur |
| salt | *we(·)ł |
| sand | *č’er-i, *tʰapa |
| save | *huy |
| save for | *laq |
| scare someone | *čiri·k-u-ma |
| scorpion | *taqa·taqa |
| scrabble | *los |
| scrape | *k’ar-a, *qʰer |
| scrape, scratch | *č’eb-a· |
| scratch | *k’or |
| scratch, scrape | *č’eb-a· |
| scratch body, itch | *ʔod-i/u |
| screech owl | *k’opus |
| scrub jay | *č’ayi(·)k |
| seal (close) | *t’uy |
| search for | *tiw |
| second person pronominal root | *ma- |
| see | *win |
| seed | *k’ul, *moy |
| seed plant sp. | *k’is, *q’oł ?, *payi·ł |
| seek luck | *qʰos-u |
| seep out | *p’ur-u |
| send | *yi·l-a |
| send after, direct to | *yor |
| sensory input decreasing ? | *λ’ik |
| separate into strands or slices | *k’ih |
| sew | *hur-u |
| shadow, spirit after leaving body | *łes |
| shake | *kepkep |
| shake, wake up | *yuq-čʰ- |
| shame | *kay-i/u |
| sharp (to be) | *t’op |
| sharp implement | *k’ir |
| sharp point; to sprout | *č’up |
| sharpen by filing, grind | *lor |
| shave | *q er h |
| shell (empty?) | *λ’al |
| shell (verb) | *k’ab |
| shell of mollusk | *łono(·)q |
| shelled and dried acorns | *λ’ił- |
| shimmer | *ʔib |
| shin | *lur |
| shine | *til |
| shoe | *t’amu· |
| short version of | *molo |
| shoulder, arm | *sala |
| shrub sp. | *sow |
| sick, hurt, want | *koy-i/u |
| side | *sel |
| sift | *č’iq |
| sinew, tendon | *law |
| single thing or individual emerges | *tʰuq |
| sister | *lay |
| sit | *ła· |
| sit, be | *boh |
| six | *ser-panoł |
| skin | *la·s, *qoq |
| skin (verb) | *p’ir-čʰ-u |
| skin peels off | *č’ob |
| skull | *qoq- ? |
| skunk (striped) | *qʰo· |
| skunkberries, sumac berries | *pʰintus |
| slap | *t’aq |
| sleep | *xin-a |
| slice | *t’eč-a |
| slice, cut with swinging motion | *hil |
| slice, cut off | *qʰop-u |
| slide | *suy-u |
| sling | *lom-u |
| sling (tie a) | *łar-čʰ-u |
| slip | *sil |
| slit/split two halves | *t’ač |
| slithering (creature), crawling (like a snake) | *pʰil-i |
| slurp | *łupu·q-i/u |
| small, child | *kusmall, child, baby, *ʔilay |
| small (intensive ?) | *ʔin |
| smell | *sub-u |
| smell rotten, stink | *łal-a |
| smoke | *nu·q |
| smoke (verb) | *sud-u |
| smoke hole | *t’el |
| smooth | *wil-i |
| snake (verb) | *how |
| snake sp. | *how, *hulilVk |
| snap | *k’a- |
| sneeze | *t’es |
| snore | *łon |
| snot | *łiniq |
| snow | *yo·l |
| soft round plant sp. | *łubuq |
| sound bee-like | *łon |
| sour | *ʔay-...l- |
| sour, unripe | *ʔa·w-a |
| south | *nor |
| spark | *p’ač-a, *t’ip |
| sparrowhawk | *ʔi·rʔir |
| spear | *saq |
| spear, gig | *łew ? |
| speech | *č’e(·)we-s |
| spider | *kʰerek |
| spike | *tob-i |
| spill, pour | *č’u·l-i/u |
| spin | *xiw |
| spirit | *qʰal-tu ? |
| spirit after leaving body, shadow | *łes |
| spit | *tʰub |
| split | *k’ał |
| split apart | *t’eb |
| split/slit two halves | *t’ač |
| split | *q’ot |
| spot | *t’ok |
| spouse’s parent, child’s spouse, in-law one generation removed | *t’e(·)s |
| spread open | *dih |
| spread to dry | *ye- |
| sprout | *qʰuy ? |
| sprout, to; sharp point | *č’up |
| sprout, emerge, cross (meet) | *tep-i/u |
| squat | *qʰud |
| squeak | *k’id |
| squeeze | *pit, *p’it |
| squint | *ʔay-čʰ- |
| squirm | *sis |
| squirrel: flying ? | *q’an-łala ? |
| stand | *pʰek-a·y-i/u ? |
| stand up long things | *toq |
| star, porcupine | *łara·q ? |
| starve, be hungry | *per-i/u |
| stative ? | *-V(·)l |
| steam, fog | *qʰos |
| Steller’s jay | *woč- |
| step, climb | *dek |
| stick into, poke, insert long things | *λ’op |
| stick into (vertically ?) | *lup |
| stick up | *to·l |
| sticks | *tok-i ? |
| stiff ?, clench | *k’on |
| stiff, straighten | *sip-čʰ-u |
| sting | *lal-a |
| stink, smell rotten | *łal-a |
| stinkbug | *xed-i-men |
| stone, small round rock | *t’uduy |
| stone (white) | *λ’ar |
| stoop | *pum, straight, *č’uC-, *kid-i ? |
| straighten, make stiff | *sip-čʰ-u |
| straighten up, fix up | *moq |
| strap with hook, hooked strap | *lak-o/u |
| strap, tumpline | *surut |
| strike at | *λ’aq-a |
| stripe | *qʰop |
| striped skunk | *qʰo· |
| struggle | *wer |
| stuck | *čʰop |
| stuff feathers | *wey |
| sturgeon | *nes |
| subjunctive, dubitative | *-m |
| submerge | *lib-čh |
| subordinating suffix | *-ta |
| subordinating suffix of causal or temporal anteriority | *-ro ? |
| suck | *č’uy-u |
| sudden escape of water | *het |
| suffix forming alienable possessive pronouns | *-o |
| sugar | *xurxur |
| sugar pine | *sumu |
| sumac berries, skunkberries | *pʰintus |
| summer | *pohpil ? |
| summoned gathering | *ya·pay |
| sun to set | *ʔał-a |
| sunflower sp. | *qʰolo |
| sunshine | *holol |
| supernatural | *yoh |
| suspect, fear a loss | *ha·q-a |
| Swainson’s hawk ? | *lik- |
| swallow | *per-i/u |
| sweet | *munuq |
| swell, protrude | *pʰo- |
| swim | *tʰul-e/i/u |
| swing | *xiw |
| swing arms | *hil-a·y |
| tadpole | *ho-...-q |
| tail | *sutu |
| take/bring something inanimate | *har-m- |
| tale, tell a tale | *bo·l-e |
| talk | *č’e(·)w |
| tall and swaying | *k’eb |
| tamarack pine | *mo·r |
| tarweed | *t’on |
| tear | *k’ur-a· |
| tears | *tum |
| tell a lie | *bal-ʔa |
| tell a tale | *bo·l-e |
| tend in indicated direction | *t’er ? |
| tendon, sinew | *law |
| thick liquid | *t’ot |
| thighs, hip | *somVk |
| thin, loose | *łupuq |
| thing | *soq, *men |
| think | *hal |
| thorn | *kʰi·l |
| three | *pano(·)ł |
| throat | *dol, *holhol |
| throat, esophagus | *peru· |
| through to the last | *nam |
| throw | *łey-a |
| throw or pull up | *kip |
| throw solids | *qʰet-a |
| throw water | *łid |
| throw water on fire | *qol |
| thus | *ʔutickle, *quč-u |
| tie | *lak |
| tie a knot | *p’olo·q |
| tie a sling | *łar-čʰ-u |
| tired | *leq-čʰ-u |
| toad | *yoho(·)l |
| tobacco | *lo(·)l |
| today | *po·-sani |
| tongue | *tahal |
| tooth | *si· |
| top | *pan-ti |
| toward self, here | *xun |
| toward, in (horizontally ?) | *-e·l |
| trail | *yeme |
| trap (verb) | *q’ap-ma |
| trapped | *q’ap-a |
| travel, far | *kel |
| tree | *čʰo·q, *mi |
| trip | *kʰet |
| try | *tip |
| tule (flat), cattail | *pa·tpat |
| tule, bulrush | *λ’op |
| tumpline, strap | *surut |
| turn into nothing | *min-a |
| turn, roll | *dibił |
| turtle | *ʔan |
| turtle-shell shaped | *mu(·)k-u |
| twice, crosswise | *ser |
| twins | *čʰur- |
| twist | *t’ir |
| two | *pan |
| unpleasant emotion, crazy | *ho·n |
| unripe, sour | *ʔa·w-a |
| up | *ʔol |
| up-and-down movement | *hak-i |
| urine, urinate | *č’u·n-u |
| use, do, be (non-distal ?) | *ʔiy |
| venison, deer | *no·p |
| vibrate, oscillate | *lew |
| village, people of | *xerel |
| vine sp. | *č’ini·q |
| viscous | *p’at |
| vision impaired | *qʰas-i·l-ʔa |
| vocative | *ye |
| vocative suffix | *-k |
| vomit | *ʔoq-čʰ -i/u |
| vulva | *č’ut |
| wade | *č’up-u |
| walk | *q’ay-i/u |
| walk uncertainly | *čoł- |
| want, hurt, sick | *koy-i/u |
| warm oneself | *humuq |
| wash face, wash up | *tʰa·p |
| water | *me(·)m |
| water container | *pol |
| watersnake ? | *how |
| wave, fan, gesture | *liw |
| wear out, exhaust | *łet |
| weave | *łel-e |
| weave, make a net | *ło(·)y |
| web, weaving | *łoy |
| weir, dam | *paq-i |
| west | *nom |
| Western bluebird | *č’ow |
| Western fence lizard | *č’iwil |
| Western meadowlark | *bi·t ? |
| wet | *qʰat |
| where | *he |
| which specific one | *he |
| whiskers (particularly of fish), beard | *qʰep |
| whisper | *hal-a |
| white stone | *λ’ar |
| white oak acorn | *yok...l |
| whole, body | *tʰu(·)n |
| wide | *q’an |
| wide (open ?) | *wak |
| wife, woman | *p’oq |
| wild goose sp. | *laq |
| wild grapes | *qʰap |
| wild onion | *p’u(·)r |
| wildcat | *p’a...l...m |
| willow sp. | *moł |
| willow sp. or basket sticks from that willow | *ton |
| wind, wind blows | *k’ah-i/u |
| wing | *q’an |
| wink | *ʔay-čʰ - |
| winnower | *k’en-i |
| winter | *pomsim |
| wolf | *hu·- ? |
| woman | *p’oqi-ta |
| woman, wife | *p’oq |
| woman (old) | *p’ot |
| woman (older) | *q’aya |
| wood ?, pestle ? | *č’us |
| woodpecker sp. | *čʰuday, *tarak, *č’uduk |
| worm | *λ’uk, *k’es |
| worm sp. | *q’učul |
| wormwood | *qeti |
| wrap | *pil-u |
| wrap around | *haw-a·l |
| wreck | *pʰ or |
| yawn | *ha·sme |
| yellowjacket | *k’eč- |
| yes | *ho(·) ? |
| yester-, the passing of one night ? | *le·n |
| young boy | *k’urey |
| young girl | *p’ukuy |
| young man | *xerit |
| younger brother | *ley |