Appendix:Proto-Hokan reconstructions

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This appendix contains Proto-Hokan reconstructions by Kaufman (2015).[1]

Note that Hokan is not universally accepted by all linguists. Some linguists consider Hokan to be a linguistic area (Sprachbund) or linkage rather than a a bona fide language family of truly related languages.

Kaufman (2015)

Key

Reconstructions are marked with # since they are preliminary.

Aspirated or glottalized consonants:

  • : languages that an etymon survives in do not have aspirated or glottalized consonants
  • : languages that an etymon survives in do not have aspirated consonants

Distribution:

NC Northern California Chimariko, Yana, Karuk, Shasta-Okwanchu-Konomihu, Achumawi-Atsugewi
C Central California Coast Salina, Esalen
N Northern languages any of the previous languages and/or Pomo, Washu
SW Southwest Yuman-Cochimi, Seri
TM Texas and Northeast Mexico Pajalat , Yeméan-Yué
MA Mesoamerica Chontal, Tol
S Southern languages any of the non-Northern languages

Syllable structure

  • #CV(H)CV*(ː)(C)
  • #(V)$C(x/w)V(H)(Y)(C)$(+CV)

Function words

Proto-Hokan English gloss distribution notes see also/other notes
#ZERO ‘third person’
#ha ‘third person pronoun (marker)
#mi ~ #ma ‘second person pronoun marker’
#nyi ‘second person singular pronoun marker’
#nya ~ #nyi ‘first person singular pronoun marker’
#¢cV ‘first person singular pronoun marker’
#Ha ‘first person singular/plural pronoun marker (exclusive?)’
#lye ‘first person singular/plural pronoun marker’
#KV ‘first person plural pronoun marker (inclusive?)’
#qhV ‘second person plural pronoun marker’ (same as #KV?)
#ma free particle, ‘reciprocal; reflexive (+/- possessive)’ (< #maky’ ~ #ma(L) ‘back’ and/or #mat ‘body’)
#i ‘this’
#i ‘first person singular pronoun marker’
#sV *demonstrative
#sV ‘first person singular pronoun marker’
#sV ‘present tense marker’
#Ti *demonstrative; ‘first person singular/plural pronoun marker’
#ya 1. ‘this; here’
#wa ~ #wi 1. ‘this; here’
#mE ‘this’
#(h)U 1. ‘yon’
#qa ~ #qi ‘weak demonstrative’
#ʔaː- ‘absolutive of intimately possessed noun’
#ʔaː- ‘substance or mass noun prefix’
#Hiː- ‘body-part prefix’; ‘possessed state of intimately possessed noun’
#kwhi- ‘indefinite third person (+/- possessive)’
#kwhi- ‘absolutive noun prefix’
#kwhi- ‘derivational noun prefix’
#p’- ‘absolutive(?) noun prefix’; ‘derivational noun prefix’
#ph(a)- ‘adjective prefix’
#p(a)- ‘adjective prefix’
#ṭ- ‘proclitic article’; ‘absolutive noun prefix’; ‘derivational noun prefix’
#ṭ(a)- ‘adjective prefix’
#ly- ‘proclitic count noun article’
#ly- absolutive noun prefix
#ly- derivational noun prefix
#l- proclitic mass/plural noun article
#l- absolutive noun prefix
#l- derivational noun prefix
#La ‘*demonstrative’
#La third person singular/plural pronoun marker
#č- derivational (?) noun prefix
#Ch- derivational noun prefix
#ši- derivational (?) noun prefix
#-ly derivational noun suffix
#-Na absolutive noun suffix Could be the same as #nya
#nya ‘demonstrativeː location unspecified’
#pA ~ #pi weak demonstrative
#pA ~ #pi definite article
#pA ~ #pi absolutive suffix Kar, Esa
#ta weak demonstrative; third person pronoun marker
#ta definite article
#ta absolutive suffix Kar, Esa
#sa ‘yon’
#si ‘present/future tense’
#hE weak demonstrative; definite article
#hE absolutive suffix Yahi
#-č’i ‘diminutive noun’
#-La ‘diminutive noun’
#+ʔ0-a ‘female noun’
#-yaw ‘verb → noun’
#-uː ‘verb → noun’
#-K ‘same subject’
#-m ‘different subject’
#+(ʔ)a ‘vocative’
#-ky ‘adjective suffix’
#-aRa ‘noun → adjective’
#K ‘plural pronoun marker; noun plural marker’ (mostly postposed)
#-š(i) ‘dual and plural of noun/pronoun’
#-wi ‘dual and plural of noun/pronoun/demonstrative’
#-lye ‘plural of noun/adjective/stative’
#n ‘floating pluralizer’
#mina ‘back; behind’
#iThi ‘down; bottom’
#=(ʔ)uL ‘down’
#=Ri ‘up’
#=ča ‘up’ (weak set)
#=ema ‘into’
#=ta ‘out’
#=low ‘apart, out’
#=wV ‘thither, towards there’
#-uky ‘hither’
#=PiL ‘here and there’
#=KaL ‘into one’s mouth’
#Ca ‘away’ adv/dir
#sa ‘through’ adv/dir
#mi(y) ‘to the side’ adv/dir
#ma(L) ‘back; after’ adv/dir (< ‘*back’)
#(i)yow ‘down’ adv/dir (#i is *Hiː-)
#ri ‘down’ adv/dir
#=taN ‘down’ adv/dir
#=KuLV ‘into’ adv/dir
#px̣uLu ‘into the house’ or #fuLu adv/dir The former accounts for Chi, Kar. The latter accounts for Yan, Ach, ?Kar. It does not seem feasible to combine all these. Perhaps #xwuLu would account for all of them, but *xw is not known to occur before rounded vowels.
#-lu ‘by means of (instrument)’ loc case
#-awA ‘from’ loc case
#-a ‘at’ loc case
#-ly(a) ‘in(to)’ loc case
#-ša ‘(with)in’ loc case
#Ki ‘at’ adv/case/prep
#x̣aK’a ‘together’ adv/case
#(i)mE ‘out (from); away (from)’ adv/case (#i is *Hiː-)
#aypV ‘away’ adv/case
#+(i)ma ‘with (instrument and accompaniment)’ *adv/case/dir (#i is *Hiː-)
#+yey ‘with, by means of’ *adv/case/dir (?#y1 = *Hiː-)
#+yV ‘in’ *adv/case/dir (?#y = *Hiː-)
#Iwi ‘on (top), above’ adv/case/dir Related to words for ‘*mountain’.
#K’a ‘near’ adv/case/dir
#K’a(m) ‘toward, hither’ adv/case/dir
#+an ‘toward’ *adv/case/dir
#ma ‘thither, there, elsewhere’ adv/case/dir
#nya ‘when, while, after’ free particle
#(i)ny(i)+ subordinator
#Ka- ‘imperative/future’ This is related to #Kam free preposed particle ‘future’
#Kam ‘future’ free preposed particle
#Pa- ‘plural (human) object’
#m- ‘plural verb’
#-iʔi ‘infinitive’
#-ṭA ‘agentive’
#-p ‘passive’
#-Tu ‘go and VERB’
#-iL ‘go and VERB’
#-la ‘imperative’
#-i ‘present/imperative’ (= demonstrative #i ‘this/here’)
#-s(i) ‘present/future/same time’
#-xyA ‘future/optative’
#-a ‘past/aorist’
#-aT’ ‘completive’
#-nI ‘remote past’
#-phi ‘hypothetical/if’ (*ph or *px̣)
#-ta ‘desiderative/polite imperative’
#-lye ‘conditional/would’
#-kyi (function unclearː seems to have many developments; completive/past/preterit is the most common)
#+n ‘imperative enclitic’
#+ma ‘customary’
#+(a)yu ‘again/repeated/habitual’
#Hipa ‘in the past’ free particle
#m(a)- ‘stative/static (adjective/intransitive)’
#qV- ‘stative/static (intransitive/adjective)’
#sV- ‘transitive (causative) (weak set)
#aː- ‘instrumental/causative’
#K- ‘instrumental/causative
#pa- ‘transitive/active’
#ta= ‘causative’ (= tv *’to make, do’)
#Pa= ‘with the mouth’ (< *’to say; shout’).
#kya= ‘by speech’ ‘by speech’ (< *’to speak, talk’)
#kya=now ‘to talk; tell’
#qa= ‘by biting/chewing, with teeth/jaws’
#¢ca= ‘with the mouth/teeth’ (< *‘to bite’)
#px̣u= ‘by blowing’ (< *‘to blow’)
#mi= ~ #ma= ‘with the foot’ (< *‘foot’)
#pew= ‘with the foot’ (< *‘foot’)
#is= ‘with the hand’ (< *‘to take, hold, bring’)
#tu= ‘with the hand’ Not derived from any known noun or verb root.
#-aː ‘to do X times’ numeral → verb
#-(h)i ‘to do X’ noun → verb
#-ni ‘adjectival; durative/intransitive/static’
#ma ‘*person; who?’ See #tama ‘man; people’
#am ~ #aw ‘*something; who?; what?’ (?same as #ma)
#(a)čhi ‘thing; what?’
#Lu ‘where?’ (fairly weak set)
#kya ‘general interrogative’
#kyi ‘general interrogative’
#Ku ‘general interrogative’ (?= *kyu)
#xya ‘general interrogative’ (fairly weak set)
#-n ‘interrogative suffix (?on verbs)’
#maː ‘negative’
#kyhu(wa) ‘negative’
#(a)x̣u ‘negative’
#sey ‘negative’
#T’V ‘negative’ (weak set)
#pa ‘negative’
#Ka ‘perhaps’
#+kyh(i) ‘emphasis (especially with pronouns)’
#+pa ‘emphasis
#itá ‘and’
#(xi)Pu ‘first’
#še ‘one’
#pey ‘one’
#pha ‘one; only; alone’
#ky’a ‘one’
#(q-)x̣ow(a) ‘two’
#haqhu ‘two’
#(q-)x̣ow=háqhu ‘two’ compound
#x̣a ‘first half of three’
#ma ‘second half of three’
#Xó múky’a ‘three’ (?#Xo = *x.a ~ *x.o; ?#ky’a = ‘*one’)
#ap=Xa ‘three’ (#Xa = *x.a ~ *x.o)
#lAP ‘three’
#tow ‘to count ; four ; five ’
#em+a ‘five’
#sUy subtract one
#laʔ(a)wa ‘little, few’
#+kyu ‘a little; just’

Lexicon

Proto-Hokan English gloss distribution notes see also/other notes
#aLa ‘person, tribe; husband’
#aLa ‘to sit, live, stay’
#tama ‘man; people’
#ewE ‘deer’
#aːʔ ‘deer’
#ipá ‘deer; ?body’
#ipów ‘doe; elk’
#pa ‘person; man; husband; kinsman; ?body’
#ipa ‘to be alive; be there’ ?Same as #pa ?
#px̣a ‘person, people, tribe, race’ The relation of this form to #pa ‘person’ cannot at present be explained.
#apí ‘meat’
#(h)iː-ši ‘meat, flesh; body’
#(h)iː-ši ‘person, Indian; man, male, husband’
#iː-šey ‘skin; blanket’ This may be related to #(h)iː-ši
#pa=ši ‘meat, flesh; body’ compound
#(i)maHṭ ‘meat, flesh; body’ ; Yum ‘reflexive’
#Ači ‘center, middle’
#i-maK ‘middle’
#(i)maky’ ‘back’ Pom ‘reciprocal’
#ma(L) ‘back’
#mina ‘back; behind’
#síly(i) ‘behind, rear’
#aš(i) ‘back’
#LiK ‘back’
#(i-)Suw ‘backbone’
#Tim ‘edge; side’
#wesyu ‘horn’
#emV ‘horn’
#i-kwha+yV ‘horn; bird’s topknot, crest’
#al ‘forehead’ (Cho -pali)
#uly ‘forehead’ (pYum *mpuːly)
#piL ‘forehead’
#iLe ‘forehead; up(wards)’
#q’ula ‘brains’
#pha ‘brains’ (weak set)
#ut’a ‘head; brains’
#xyaLaw ‘brains; head’
#(i-)La(xw) or #(i-)La(x̣u) ‘head’
#xwa ‘head’
#x̣u ‘head; head hair’
#(ya)x̣u ‘nose’
#fi or #px̣i ‘nose’
#yam ‘nose’
#iːLi ‘snot; phlegm; nose; glands in throat; to blow nose’
#(i-)La ‘nose; snot’
#x̣elye(T) ‘hair; head’
#(kwh)aHwaly ‘bark; skin’
#pi ‘to skin; skin’
#i-ʔIy ‘head; hair; fur’
#q’uwow ‘hair’
#to ‘feather’
#imI ‘body hair, fur; feather; skin’
#i-má(y) ‘sinew; root; body hair; head hair’
#i-pa (i-)ma(y) ‘sinew’ phrase or compound
#sama ‘root (+ sinew)’
#ači ‘root’
#ašá ‘eye’
#wiy ‘eye’
#(e)wíy ‘to look (for, at)’
#-0-íw ‘eye; face’
#0-iw=x̣aʔ ‘tears’ compound (= *"eye water")
#ʔu ‘to see’
#imá ‘to see; look; find’
#ma(s) ‘face; forehead’
#iTi ‘to look’
#aP ‘to look for’
#miC’i ‘to blink’
#kweyá ‘to hear’
#Tew ‘ear; to hear’
#-ma-ly(-Ku) ‘ear; to hear’
#i-sa ‘ear’
#i-sa-má ‘ear’
#q’o(y) ‘neck; throat; to swallow’
#ni ‘throat’
#ti ‘shoulder’
#-pu(K) ‘nape; neck; shoulder; arm’
#mi(y)=puK ‘knee; thigh’ compound
#pha ‘strong’
#Pam ‘arm; hands’
#px̣aL ‘shoulder; arm; knee’
#phuruC’i ‘knee’
#moqHo ‘knee’
#...tul ‘joint; knee’
#pA¢a ‘knee; leg’
#ax̣ ‘to yawn’
#Tams... ‘to yawn’
#(a-)ha ‘mouth’
#(a)ha ‘to open mouth; yawn’
#(h)aːwa ‘mouth’
#aphu ‘mouth’
#=KaL ‘into one’s mouth’ incorp dir
#pa ‘to shout, holler, call; speak, say’
#Pa= ‘with the mouth’ incorp prepound
#ifu ‘to cry; mourn’
#wa ‘to cry’
#wo&wo ‘to bark’ (?= *’to cry’ + reduplication)
#wa¢ ‘to shout’
#x̣a ‘to weep, cry’
#mi ‘to weep, cry, shout’
#qow ‘to shout’
#(aː)si ‘name; to name’
#(o)sí ‘to count’
#isí ‘to say’
#(i)ṭi ‘to say, tell’
#áʔi ‘to speak; say’
#iky’a ‘to say; talk’
#kwa ‘to talk; say’
#Ney ‘to say, tell’
#Ley ‘to speak’
#kya ‘to speak, talk; by speech’ (incorp prepound)
#kya=now ‘to talk; tell’
#ya(ː) ‘to speak; tell’
#yaN ‘throat’
#CHan ‘to speechify’
#Lif ‘lip’
#ipawa ‘tongue’
#-pály ‘tongue’
#pely ‘to lick’
#hen ‘to lick’
#Pal ‘cheek’
#šuʔ ‘chest; breast’
#¢co¢’ ‘breast’
#šiʔlya ‘breast(s); milk’
#i¢hi ‘breast; milk’
#uc/hi ‘breast; milk’
#¢í(¢) ‘to suck’
#(p)x̣u(y) ‘to whistle’
#x̣u ‘to blow’
#(i)px̣ú ‘to blow’
#px̣u= ‘by blowing’ incorp prepound
#px̣uš ‘to blow’
#phusuː(l) ‘to blow’
#-pis ‘to suck, smoke; tobacco, cigarette, pipe’
#isa ‘to breathe; sigh’ (weak)
#(a-/?mi-)saːky(=i(T)) ‘rib; lungs’
#paːra+wi ‘ribs’
#ša ‘rib’
#i/a-sí ‘to drink’ (Yan, Sha, Ats /c/ due to influence of word for ‘water’ and perhaps also ‘to suck’)
#iméʔ ‘to drink’
#lyuH ‘to drink; sip’
#aː-xyáʔ ‘water’
#i-xyaʔ ‘juice’
#0-iw=x̣aʔ ‘tears’ compound (= *"eye water")
#Xáʔ+la ‘damp, wet’
#foly ‘wet’
#yuH ‘to vomit; spit’
#yuHq ‘to vomit’
#qx̣et’ ‘to spit’
#hay ‘to spit (out)’
#i-mí ‘foot; with the foot’ (incorp instrument)
#ma(y) ‘foot, footstep, track; with the foot’
#xya-ma ‘foot, footstep, track’
#miː=wily ‘thigh’ compound (= *"foot belly")
#yo=wi(ly) ‘thigh’ ?compound (?= *"X belly")
#LaL ‘foot’
#pew ‘foot; with the foot (incorp instrument); to step’
#Ku ‘leg, foot’
#sey ‘foot, leg’
#Pa... ‘hips’
#(iː-)px̣u(y) ‘fat, grease’
#éya ‘liver’
#fusi ‘liver’
#č-eya=fusi ‘liver’ compound
#uwa ‘liver’
#uwa=fusi ‘liver’ compound
#ima ‘liver; heart’
#maš ‘heart’
#saHmaH ‘heart’
#(X)ása(L) ‘heart’
#i-waHy ~ #yaHy ‘heart’ cf. #uwa ‘liver’
#iC-wa(ːy) ‘chest’
#Cuqu(N) ‘heart’
#(ʔ)qUw(L) ‘belly; guts’
#qhá ‘belly’
#(a-)lyafu ‘navel’
#i-ʔip ‘navel’
#wily ‘belly; groin’
#miː=wily ‘thigh’ compound (= *"foot belly")
#yo=wi(ly) ‘thigh’ ?compound (?= *"X belly")
#-ṭu ‘belly, stomach; navel; guts’
#PiN ‘belly’
#(i-)pheṭ ‘to fart; skunk’
#phIš ‘to fart; skunk’
#phi... ‘to fart’
#i-px̣a ‘guts’
#a-px̣a ‘shit’
#waqx̣ ‘to shit’
#(i-)čére(q) ‘(to) shit; dirt(y)’
#phily ‘dirty’
#čaq ‘ugly, nasty’
#ala(y) ‘ugly, bad’
#ši ‘(hot like) chile’
#iky’a(y) ‘bitter, sour’
#kwha ‘bitter’
#(C-)ax̣a ‘gall’
#(ky-)ax̣xa ‘bitter’
#qha ‘egg’
#yaqoly ‘ballocks’
#suly ‘ballock; penis’
#Si ‘penis’
#i/a-pEs ‘vagina’
#wi¢ ‘vulva’
#wey ‘vagina’
#wi ‘buttocks’
#pi ‘buttocks’ cf. Paj /piː/ ‘fornication’.
#-px̣u ‘buttocks’
#mAL ‘sexual organs’
#(h)u¢(a) ‘to fuck’
#su ‘to piss’
#iHpwa ‘tail’
#-p’uL ‘tail’
#0-0u ‘to be’
#(a)¢i ‘to be (singular inanimate); sit’
#iːKeL ‘to sit (singular), be’
#(i)na ‘to sit (animate dual), live, be’
#Lu ‘to sit (plural), dwell’
#ču ‘to sit, dwell, lie on ground’
#K’uHLA ‘to sit (singular), stay, dwell’
#(a)kya ‘to sit’
#aH-kya ‘house’
#(i/a-)wa ‘to sit’
#a/iː-wá ‘house’ (pPom ‘door’ goes here)
#aHma ‘house; to sit, dwell, (be a)live’
#x̣u(ly) ‘door’ ‘door’
#(a)wá ‘to walk, go, come’
#ahoː ‘to walk, run’
#iyá ‘to go’
#ha ‘to go’
#(i)ni ‘to go’
#iʔpa ‘to arrive’
#ifi ‘to come’
#iyúː ‘to come’
#ey ‘to give’
#awi ‘to give’
#qa ‘to give’
#(i-)p-áy ‘to carry’
#(i)kyi* ‘to carry’
#áHKa ‘to carry in hand/on back’
#ky’a ‘to carry’
#aP(u) ‘to carry’
#uly ‘to carry a long object’
#Ila ‘to carry’ See #iL ‘to do with the hand’.
#aL ‘to fetch; go and VERB’
#yow ‘to take, get’
#is ‘to take, hold, bring; with the hand’ (incorporated prepound)
#muːT ‘to hand’
#mu ‘to hold, take, carry’
#imí ‘to bring’
#ma ‘to bring, carry; hold, have’
#ma ‘to give’
#ma(n) ‘hand (arm, elbow, finger)’
#iL ‘(to do with the) hand’ See #Ila ‘to carry’.
#noly ‘hand; to grasp’
#i-ta(ly) ‘hand; arm; shoulder’
#ta(n) ‘leaf’
#i-šály ‘arm; wing; shoulder’
#man ‘to fall’
#me ‘to fall’
#phey ‘to fall; lie’
#mi(ː) ‘to lie down’ May be related to #man ‘to fall’.
#(a)Pá(ː) ‘to lie down; put; fall; throw’
#Pat ‘to lie down; sit’
#Poʔ ‘to sleep’
#simá ‘to sleep’
#imí ‘to sleep’
#wI ‘sleepy(ness)’
#AX ‘(to be) sick; (to feel) pain’
#Pa ‘to be sick; die’
#Po ‘to die; dead’
#puy ~ #piy ‘to die; dead’
#q’aLa ‘to die; dead’
#yum ‘dead’
#ma ‘to die; dead’
#maT=Xa ‘to be thirsty’ ?compound (?< *"to die water")
#ma 1.‘to kill’; 2.‘to hunt; fish’
#maL ‘to strike, hit’
#K’u ‘to kill’
#toLi ‘to strike, beat; kill’
#xyáHkwa ‘flint; arrowpoint; knife’
#(a)sáːK’a ‘obsidian (?+ flint)’
#(aː)K’ow ‘to sever, cut off; chop’
#wow ‘to cut’
#T’aP ‘to split’
#PIs ‘to cut; split; kill’
#takyh ‘to separate, split, tear’
#C’u ‘to cut, break’
#qha(w) ‘to break; cut’
#Xaw ‘to break, cut’
#X!aw ‘to crush’
#LIw ‘to press, mash; pet, stroke’
#Law ‘to grind (with pestle)’
#les ‘to smash, grind, crush’
#čha ‘to mash, pound into mush’
#pi ‘to pound’
#(a)pIy ‘stone’
#píH ‘bone; egg; ballock’
#-xyáʔ ‘stone’
#xyáʔ=PI(y) ‘mortar, metate; stone’ compound
#i(H)0-a ‘bone’
#a(ː)K ‘bone’
#KhÁlye ‘bone’
#-laxw ‘nails; claw’
#(i-)phiH ‘nail, finger- or toe-’
#x̣eC’ ‘to scrape with claws; claw’
#kw’a ‘to scratch’
#xwaly ‘to scratch
#(T)aXas ‘to scrape; scratch’ (?causative prepound pHok *ta=)
#acex̣i ‘to scratch’
#LaP ‘to slap; hit’
#Laʔt ‘to mash, scrape, split, crack’
#Lam ‘to mash; bedrock mortar’
#čuL ‘to grind (with pestle)
#ikya ‘to grind; pestle; pounding basket’
#waː ‘to grind; pound’
#ta ‘to grind ; pound ’
#to ‘to remove, take off’
#aš ‘corn gruel’
#qx̣ar ‘to chip’
#ʔihi ‘to shell acorns’
#C’al ‘to break, split, squeeze, wring’
#qaP ‘to split; break with teeth’
#kyat ‘to cut; break; bite’
#qa ‘to bite; by biting, with the teeth’ (incorp prepound)
#¢ca ‘to bite; with the mouth/teeth’ (incorp prepound)
#u¢’i ‘to chew’
#-0-a(w) ‘tooth’
#i-ʔ¢ow ‘tooth’ cf. pTol *wic/ ‘tooth’ < *í7c/ow ?
#ʔ¢owa(ːK) ‘jaw; chin’
#qawa ‘jaw; chin’
#q’usa ‘*jointː elbow; jaw, chin’
#phi ‘to pierce and separate; burst, snap’
#qiK ‘to jab; nudge, crack’
#ša ‘to move a long object lengthwise; sting, pierce, stab, poke hole’
#sa ‘arrow’
#Xa ‘bamboo; reed’
#Xá=ša ‘arrow; reed’ compound (= *"reed arrow")
#Cu ‘to poke, pierce, spear; spear arrow, needle’
#C’oq ‘to stab’
#LUmi ‘spear’
#ip(H)u ‘to sting; stab; awl’ [p ~ p’ ~ ph}
#si ‘thorn; to pierce; awl, nail’
#na ‘to hit; kill’; + ‘to stab (Cho)’
#kya ‘to shoot’
#isL... ‘to shoot’
#pa ‘to hit’; + ‘to break (Cho)’
#(u)Pakyh ‘to hit, strike’
#PaN ‘pestle, mortar’
#PaK ‘to burst; cut’
#PaT ‘to break, crack; poke; shoot’
#PáL(a) ‘to push, knock; shoot’
#Pax̣xu ‘bow’
#x̣aky’ ‘bow’
#x̣op’u ‘bow’
#Puʔo ‘to shoot; hunt’
#(a)ṭ’íK ‘to kill’; + ‘to shoot (Sal)’
#ṭ’eK ‘to cut’ ~ #ṭeK’
#ipá ‘tree, stick; arrow; classifier/postpound in tree names’
#i-ʔÍy ‘tree, wood’
#(a-)x̣áy ‘tree’
#=lyI ‘plant/tree postpound’
#axya ‘cottonwood’
#IXa ‘willow’
#a-Hów or #a-Háw ‘fire; (fire)wood; to make a fire’
#iyu ‘to catch fire; fire’
#ArUy ‘hot’
#lyap’ ‘hot; to burn, start a fire’
#Tu ‘hot; to be burnt; burn’
#iNi ‘hot; to burn’
#(i)pI(K’) ‘to burn; be ripe, cooked’
#ipé ‘day’
#pily ‘(to be) hot, warm; heat; to heat; burn’
#aphey ‘ashes’
#ma ‘to burn’ NC +nominalizerː ‘ashes’
#i-ma ‘fire; heat’
#ma(H) ‘ripe, cooked; to ripen, be cooked’
#maq’ ‘to roast’
#muHt’ ‘to cook; roast’
#šily ‘to roast’
#pha ‘to bake’
#axwa ‘smoke’
#x̣owK ‘coal’
#Xuly ‘dry’
#ky’ar ‘dry’
#aHma(ṭ’) ‘earth’
#šiqx̣oʔ ‘earth’
#yax̣ ‘earth; dirt; sand’
#Tap ‘dust, flour’
#t’a ‘dust, dirt’
#T’as ‘sand’
#poṭ ‘to shatter/scatter; mud; dust’
#alʔa ‘sun’ or ‘asterism’
#q’ara ‘moon’
#a/i-nya ‘sun; day’
#č’uwaR ‘sun’
#(a)mu ‘star’
#xyamu ‘star’ ?compound (?= *xya=mu "water star")
#...ša... ‘star’
#ša ‘clear, shining’ See #ma-sa, etc. ‘white’
#íša(X!) ‘sun; day’
#asi ‘sun; day’
#ipé ‘day’
#(a)xyaʔ ‘morning, daylight’
#alayi ‘dawn’
#xyaʔ=alayi ‘to be daylight’ compound
#(h)aw(a) ‘(to) dawn’
#uT ‘to light, shine’
#mič ‘to shine’
#č’aqx ‘shining’
#la... ‘to shine; glitter; gleam’
#meto ‘(to) thunder; lightning’
#maq’ ‘thunder’
#(a)naH ‘to thunder’
#NuL ‘to thunder’
#xya¢c‘ ‘cold ; winter ’
#ásce ‘cold’
#mAtU ‘cold; to freeze’
#q’iw ‘cold; to freeze’
#iyiw ‘snow, ice; cold, cool’
#Tih(e) ‘snow’
#pha¢c ‘snow; rain’
#ipáː ‘cloud; rain’
#kwhey ‘rain; cloud’
#(i)taky ‘rain’
#sa ‘fog’
#¢c’iPu ‘fog’
#K’aw ‘hail’
#(I)wi ‘mountain; top; on’
#(h)awa ‘mountain; top; on’
#ma ‘to climb, (go) up’
#emaʔ(y) ‘sky; up; above’
#paL ‘to rise up’
#pa(ly] ‘top; sky/above’
#tam ‘to arise, get up; above’
#Ki ‘to lift, raise; get up’
#u¢i¢ ~ i¢u¢ ‘to arise; lift’
#al ‘to climb’
#K’ah ‘upstream’
#ULU ‘downriver’
#Taqa ‘relatives’
#(aː)t’u(n) ‘brother’
#Péyu ‘brother’
#ʔapho ‘brother’
#ča ‘brother’
#Kaːča ‘elder brother’
#aLi ‘brother, male cousin’
#wala ‘wife’s brother’
#či ‘sister’
#pi ‘sister’
#TaL ‘sister’
#isa ‘elder sister’
#...aq ‘younger sister’
#awa ‘husband; man; person’
#ʔay ‘father’
#Ka ‘father’
#ičhi ‘father’ (Yan /ch/, Chi /č/)
#tat(a) ‘father’ Symbolic and widespread.
#pa ‘father’ Symbolic and widespread.
#mam ‘father’ Common in Meso-America.
#(aː)Ko(wiʔ) ‘father; male; older male (relative)’
#Kuʔu ‘older female (relative)
#(a)ní ‘mother’
#aṭxE ‘mother’
#+ʔ0-a ‘female’
#ta ‘mother’
#ta ‘woman; female’
#imátV ‘woman; mother; female breast; milk’ ?compound. Probably ends in #ta.
#mari ‘woman’
#ma ‘mother; breast; milk’ Symbolic and widespread.
#mamO ‘woman; female’
#qe ‘woman’
#luwA ‘wife’
#Paː(wV) ‘father’s father’ See #pa ‘father’
#maː(wV) ‘father’s mother’ See #ma ‘mother’
#kyaː(wV) ‘mother’s mother’
#kwaː(wV) ‘mother’s father’
#(a)Cu(wV) ‘parent’s mother = grandmother’
#taʔ ‘parent’s brother = uncle’ See #tat(a) ‘father’
#ewí ‘father’s brother’
#muta ~ #muC’i ‘parent’s sister = aunt’
#api ‘father’s sister’ See #pi ‘sister’
#šeː ‘mother’s sister’
#ṭhu ‘mother’s sister’
#ṭhuL ‘old’
#wima ‘in-law’
#-ami- ‘child’s spouse’s parent = co-parent-in-law’
#maky’u ‘uncle; nephew/niece; parent-in-law’
#pané ‘large, big’
#(i)¢a ‘large’
#ChiL ‘big’ (Yan ch; Cho c ~ c’)
#(i)čhu(L) ‘long, tall, far, deep; big’
#K’uly ‘to climb; arise; lift’
#kyoː(y) ‘to grow’
#(a)KU ‘long, tall; big’
#kyuly ‘tall, high, deep’
#Kur ‘far, distant’
#aqoly ‘long’
#qam ‘big, large; long, tall, far’
#phow ‘far; beyond’
#pa¢’ ‘wide, broad; far’
#wa ‘long; large’
#To ‘long, tall; far’
#tan ‘many, much’
#taK ‘great; plural’
#taː ‘lots; big’
#aTaXu ‘many’
#ṭhay ‘much, many; big’
#Paː-ṭhay singular (*pa- adjective prefix)
#pe(L) ~ #pa(ly) ‘much, many, numerous; all’
#ifiʔ ‘to grow’
#kyu(m) ‘all’
#pu ‘all’
#-č’i ‘diminutive suffix’
#¢chi ‘small’
#qiC’i ‘little, small’
#isíly ‘narrow; thin; little’
#KuʔSu ‘narrow’
#ʔur ‘short; small’
#qu ‘small, little, young; son, daughter; baby, infant’
#qawi ‘small; baby; child; boy; girl’
#ala ‘child; small’
#(u)wa(y) ‘child; offspring’
#xyaC’(iny) ‘girl’
#x̣ič ‘girl’
#pu ‘bear’
#ima ‘bear’ (pPom *l-, Coc t- noun prefixes)
#muxwa ‘badger; porcupine’
#qx̣asč’iB ‘porcupine (quills)’ Irregular phonology.
#x̣assE ‘otter’
#wan ‘weasel’
#wI ‘coyote’
#mayč’V ‘coyote’
#čhi ‘dog’
#(a)pVrax̣ ‘fox’
#haːw ‘fox’ Also found outside Hokan.
#(a)pVrax̣=haːw ‘fox’ compound
#tu ‘fox’
#qhuw(a ‘fox; lynx; dog’ )
#nyam ‘bobcat (wild cat); cougar (mountain lion)’
#talom ‘wild cat’
#xwiyU ‘wild cat’
#Kuly ‘jackrabbit’
#he ‘jackrabbit’
#(a)ma ‘rabbit’
#x̣olyʔa ‘rabbit’
#he=ma=x̣olyʔa ‘jackrabbit’ compound
#apxar ‘cottontail’
#numi ‘rabbit’
#a¢hey ‘squirrel’
#qali ‘squirrel’
#wisila ‘chipmunk’
#muqiq’ ~ #muq’aq ‘mole; gopher’
#maL ‘gopher; rock squirrel’
#x̣aLas ‘gopher’
#amI ‘gopher; ?coati’
#pEyam ‘agouti; coati’
#máqily ‘rat’
#XaBa ‘rat’ Irregular phonology.
#p’usaL ‘mouse’
#čem... ‘bat’ Also found outside Hokan.
#č’iy ‘bird’
#(a)čuwi ‘bird’
#č’ipay ‘eagle; bird’
#ša ‘eagle’
#awiča ‘golden eagle’ (Chi č-, Ach l- noun prefixes)
#čupx̣a ‘bald eagle’
#emaL ‘bald eagle’
#sVkwily ‘hawk’
#čuKču(K) ‘fish hawk’
#čiqx̣či(qx̣) ‘fish hawk’
#Liq’Liq’, etc. ‘sparrowhawk’
#C(’)Vʔur or #ʔCur ‘hawk; condor’
#huš ‘buzzard’ Widespread and symbolic.
#¢cíHkyuli ‘owl’ Though symbolic may show regular phonology.
#anyá ‘crow; black (Yum)’
#q(x̣)aːq ‘crow’ Widespread and symbolic.
#¢c’ewaL ‘bluejay’
#ṭaq’ ‘woodpecker’
#č’Am ‘woodpecker’
#č’uratu or #č’urata ‘woodpecker’
#KurAT ‘woodpecker’
#čiTa ‘magpie’
#¢c’ikpapka(k) ‘robin’ Symbolic; may have originally been conventionalized as *c/’ikwakwa, then reshaped. Also found outside Hokan.
#¢c’oːq’ ‘yellowhammer’
#tiːL ‘killdeer’ Symbolic and widespread.
#p’uč’i(N) ‘hummingbird’
#(l)alaq, etc. ‘goose’ Widespread and presumably symbolic.
#taLawax̣ ~ #tawax̣aL ‘crane’
#q’aṭ’q’aṭ’ ‘crane; duck’ Symbolic.
#qaLa ‘duck’
#¢c’aTaTa ‘kingfisher’ Also found outside Hokan.
#šaqáːqa ‘(valley) quail’ Symbolic.
#ṭaKaKa ‘(valley) quail’ Symbolic.
#ky’uho ‘(mountain) quail’
#qx̣úmVli ‘quail’ Symbolic.
#Tu ‘turkey’ Forms like this are widespread in Meso-America.
#(wa)ṭaK’ ‘frog’ Also found outside Hokan.
#x̣ančif ‘frog’ Possibly a compound.
#qoto ‘frog; tadpole’ Also found outside Hokan.
#čiwu ‘lizard’
#úyVLV ‘lizard sp.’ Symbolic.
#ep... ‘iguana’
#Vwi ‘snake’
#(q)x̣owa ‘rattlesnake’
#mi/aK...i ‘rattlesnake’ Irregular phonology.
#wisi (?~ #(w)usi) ‘rattlesnake; to rattle’
#(q)hap’i ‘turtle’
#axya naly ‘turtle; gourd, rattle’ phrase/compound
#(a)šwá ‘fish’
#či ‘fish’
#KaL ‘fish; trout; eel’
#TaLi ‘salmon’
#VsKáK ‘salmon’ May be a compound.
#maL ‘salmon trout’
#č(V)wuːn ‘dog salmon’
#čamU(ly) ‘suckerfish’
#Cim ‘whale’ Also found outside Hokan.
#¢car ‘mussel’
#čax̣ ‘mussel’
#paKa GLOSS?
#aCho ‘snail’
#x̣a(n)ču ‘crawfish’ May be a compound.
#kwelya ‘*bug sp.’
#č’iwa=ips(iT) ‘ant’
#lyaP ‘butterfly’
#phaLóLo ‘butterfly; bat’ Symbolic.
#apoL ‘cocoon’
#¢c’ata ‘grasshopper’
#Cew ‘grasshopper’
#K’iʔú ‘yellowjacket’
#mum ‘fly’ Also found outside Hokan.
#čuf ‘fly; mosquito’
#saʔmUly ‘fly; mosquito’
#silimu ~ #¢’imilu ‘fly; flea’ Symbolic.
#ime+lya ‘flea; louse’ ?+lya = diminutive?
#ʔily ‘louse; flea’
#iK’ey ‘flea; louse’
#ač’i ‘louse; flea’
#¢c’in ‘tick; louse; nit’
#aHkwi ‘louse’
#pélya ‘worm; flea/louse’ ?+lya diminutive?
#(a)pi ‘worm’
#p’éLa ‘slug’ ?+lya diminutive?
#mO... ‘worm; centipede’
#amTaB ‘earthworm’ Irregular phonology.
#phA ‘leaf’
#ṭ’a(L) ‘leaf’
#La ‘leaf’
#xyan ‘leaf’
#pa ‘flower’
#(a)paq ‘to bloom’
#iso ‘seed; fruit; sperm’ Probably has pHok prefix *Hiː-.
#yi¢ ‘seed; fruit’
#(a)mu ‘log’ cf. #mu ‘to lie down’.
#yuːw ‘log’
#axya ‘cottonwood’
#sa ‘pine sp.’
#(is=)iwi(ly) ‘yellow pine, etc.’
#asu ‘yellow pine, etc.’
#čHuʔ ‘pine’
#CHaL ‘digger pine’
#ačhow ‘sugar pine’
#Pu ‘pine nut’
#kyHo ‘pine nut’
#hu ‘pine nut’
#huː=si ‘pine needle/cone’ compound (= * pine.nut X")
#naqx̣ ‘cedar’
#Tah ‘fir’
#(i)Pá ‘juniper’
#C’imC’im ‘spruce’
#maly ‘acorn’
#yu ‘acorn; oak’
#kyhuL ‘white oak’
#TaK’ ‘black oak’
#kwap ‘oak sp.’
#wey ‘oak sp.’
#wey=yu ‘acorn’ compound (= *"oak.sp acorn")
#p’oːL ‘chokecherry, wild cherry’
#pat(Ku) ‘wild plum’
#yOn ‘buckeye’ Also found outside Hokan.
#p’ašáʔ ‘buckeye’
#p’aHa ‘pinole’
#faː¢a ‘manzanita’
#paṭtáqx̣ ‘manzanita’
#Baha ‘green manzanita’ Irregular phonology.
#Pahe ‘pepperwood, peppernut (California laurel)’
#wa¢ ‘madrone’
#IXa ‘willow’
#wat ‘willow’
#Pačhu ‘willow’
#Pas ‘willow’
#sO ‘clover’
#paT ‘clover sp.’
#xyaCa ‘grass’
#qx̣atsi(r) ‘grass; hay’ May be a compound.
#maːx̣a ‘white grass’
#maːkya ‘grass sp.’
#K’uhiL ‘nettle’
#x̣any ‘onion’
#šim ‘pigweed; panic grass’
#ʔúː+fa or #ʔúː+ha(+pi) and/or #ʔúː+fa+pi ‘tobacco’
#(ṭ-)x̣apily ‘cattail, tule’ (*t.- noun prefix)
#x̣aL ‘tule’
#x̣am ‘squash’
#K’aC’i ‘wild grapes’
#sely ‘plant sp.’
#so ‘bower, ramada’
#čaly ‘wild potato’
#san ‘wild potato (edible root)’
#qhawel ‘wild potato; sweet manioc’
#ʔaP ‘soaproot’
#(i)ṭát ‘thorn (spear, stinger, quill)’
#(a)súL ‘string’
#nuly ‘maguey (fiber)’
#(a)mály ‘agave; biznaga’
#(ʔ)uːly ‘cactus sp’
#ʔa-ma ‘yucca’
#č’aLuK ‘mushroom sp.’
#(P-)išiw ‘raw; green; to heal, recover’ (*pa- or *pha- adjective prefix)
#(xy)ašúy ‘raw, unripe; green/blue; alive’
#(m)ásu ‘green, yellow’ (*m- adjective prefix)
#masó(L) ‘red, brown’
#K!(i)-ʔíL ‘yellow; ruddy; black’
#lu ‘yellow’
#ya ‘yellow’
#ya=lu ‘yellow’ (= *"yellow yellow")
#px̣UL ‘to paint’
#px̣uN ‘red earth’
#(a-)xwá(-ṭ‘) ‘blood; red’
#(i-)šiṭ ‘blood’
#apx̣ú ‘white’
#ṭha(y) ‘white’ (Sal ma- adjective prefix)
#tam ‘white (spot)’
#it’a(yu) ‘white’ (EPom ph- adjective prefix)
#ma-sa ‘white; white man’
#ša ‘clear; shining’ Also listed elsewhere
#(a)mU ‘dark; night’
#Pa ‘night’ ( Cho)
#px̣a(wi) ‘night’
#phaL ‘black’
#nyily ‘black; to write’
#(x̣)alVm ‘night; pitch dark’
#x̣UR ‘evening; dark’
#tu ‘night’
#we ‘night’
#Tiy=nya ‘night’ compound (= *"X sun/day")
#ama(-C’i) ‘armpit’
#Ca=kwif ‘to ask’ instrument prepound + root (Cho /kwicuf/ shows metathesis/scrambling)
#maL ‘bad’
#(q)x̣uL ‘bad; to fear; have unpleasant thoughts’
#(i)yaː ‘(to be) afraid’
#puqha(ly) ‘basket’
#upu ‘to weave’
#p’uː ‘basket’
#(u)p’ay ‘basket’
#Lus ‘basket’
#siT’iL ‘basket’
#x̣anow ‘burden basket’
#kw’iny ‘to twist; twirl; twine’
#K’uny ‘crooked; basket’
#ky’OL ‘to bend; be bent’ This may go with the previous two.
#tu ‘to roll (up/along)’
#iwiL ‘to roll’
#wi(K) ‘to weave’
#(i)pi¢‘i ‘to weave’
#CiL ‘to curl; curled up’
#a¢’ip ‘to wring’
#iphowaly ‘beads’
#pul ‘to boil’
#mUl ‘to boil’
#Pot ‘to boil’
#C’o ‘bunch’
#pUly ‘clothes’
#mo(ly) ‘(mountain) sheep; blanket; shirt, dress; cotton’
#šap ‘to close’
#č’aK ‘to close’
#apuly ‘to cover’
#aʔLi ‘to cover’
#wuL ‘to crawl’
#(a)Ci ‘to creep; crawl’
#ima ‘to dance’
#ihE ‘to dance; sing’
#(eː)xye ‘to sing; song; dance’
#sow ‘to sing’
#qx̣oL ‘to dent’
#pu ‘to plant; dig; hoe; (digging) stick’
#oːpu ‘to dig; hoe’
#eːPu ‘edible root’
#...ap ‘to dig’ ‘to dig’
#ip’eL ~ #iLep’ ‘to dig’
#wI ‘to dig’ (cf. Yan w=eːpu- ‘to dig roots’)
#wasu ‘digging stick’
#ThiN ‘direction’
#xyaHtey ‘to dream’
#meN ‘to drill; disk’
#ama ‘to eat (drink; taste); food’
#iwa ‘to eat’
#pi=LI ‘to eat mush with fingers/hands’
#Laš ‘food; bread’
#nI ‘(acorn) bread’
#Sow(iː) ‘acorn bread; acorn cakes; acorn mush’
#šiP ‘(to die;) to douse (fire)’
#axwir ‘fence’
#isax̣ay ‘to fish’ Probably a compound.
#ṭ’el ‘flat’
#liph ‘flat’
#phil ‘flat’
#šaːly ‘to leak’
#Pa ‘to flow’
#cuw ‘to flow; creek; river’
#panA ‘river’
#LuPu ‘lake’
#yu ‘to fly’
#Ta ‘to fly’
#Kap ‘to jump; fly’
#paK ‘to fill; full’
#Pir ‘to fill; full’
#PiNiH ‘to fill; full’
#p’uL ‘to fill; full’
#mati ‘to fill’
#aːKu(-hi) ‘to gather, pick up (esp. acorns)’
#yu ‘gathered in a pile’
#Tu ‘to harvest’
#yisiː ‘good; right (=/ left)’
#C’um ‘good’
#Xan ‘good; pleasant’
#XaliK’u ‘happy’
#KiL ‘to be hanging/hung; to hang’
#TaK ‘to hang; droop’
#sarey ‘to hate; be angry’
#¢ciw ‘to fight’
#TUː ‘to fight’
#fal ‘to fight’
#xwa(y) ‘enemy’
#we ‘to have’
#mi¢a ‘heavy’
#maL ‘to doubt; hesitate’
#(iː-)mU ‘hole’
#Culy ‘hole’
#oːʔaya ‘hole; cave’ Probably a compound.
#TaK ‘hoop’
#Kowš ‘hump’
#samukwir ‘to be jealous; to offer herself in marriage’ Must be a compound.
#áwa ‘to be lacking; miss, be lonely for’
#asiy+o ‘to laugh’
#Xir+a ‘to laugh’
#CAL ‘to laugh’
#LiK ‘to laugh’
#ili ‘lazy’
#Kisár+iK ‘left(handed)’
#x̣am ‘to forget’
#šam ‘to miss’
#ša ‘to not know’
#aK’ ‘lost’
#(a)ta 1. ‘to do; make’;
#hay ‘to do; make’
#(u)mu ‘to work; try; fix; finish’
#(a-)wir ‘to finish’
#(a)ma ‘to finish’
#q’a ‘to finish’
#Pal ‘near’ ‘near’
#maqx̣ ‘near’
#iqir ‘net’
#(a)sU ‘net; weir’
#PeLa ‘new’
#XeniX ‘to make noise’
#hiH0-a ‘path; road’
#(a)nya ‘path; road’
#šiṭ. ‘pear-shaped’
#p’ila ‘to play; toy’
#loʔo ‘to play’
#x̣otal ‘poor’
#yu(N) ‘to pull’
#Tu(w) ‘to pull, drag out; pluck at’
#¢c’aL ‘to put’
#TuPi ‘rotten’
#(a)sa ‘(to be) rotten’
#K’uK ‘rough’
#aphEl ‘round’
#ʔUr ‘round’
#puL ‘round’
#x̣uLu ‘round; kidney’
#LOL ‘round; kidney’
#iːKiR ‘round’
#fas ‘to rub; touch’
#siri ‘to rub; cricket; cicada’
#q’aL ‘to rub; brush; clean; wash’
#yuL ‘to rub’
#Kany ‘to run (plural subject)’
#KaL(Vw) ‘to run (plural subject)’
#SU ‘to run’
#mu ‘to run’
#yaH ‘quick; fast’
#puːHes ‘sack’ Also found outside Hokan.
#wiy ‘to trade; buy; sell’
#(i)lam ‘to sew’
#ši+yo ‘shade’
#winy ‘to shake; shiver’
#(i)yu ‘to shake’
#TaTa ‘to shake’
#q’UH or #q’uʔwa ‘shamanry; poisoning song’
#ma(ː)ṭ. ‘poison; sorcery’
#xyaːLu ‘ghost’
#0-0owP ‘sharp’
#šuP ‘sharp’
#(w)ax̣raw ‘sharp’ Probably a compound.
#lyu ‘smooth’
#La ‘soft’
#puyKa (~ #puKya) ‘spotted’
#KaS ‘to stand’
#yaLiH ‘to stand (animate)’
#(a)ho ‘to stand’
#šalaH ‘pitch; sticky’
#x̣awA ‘pitch’
#pas ‘to stick (to/together)’
#meše(w) ‘to stink; smell’
#xwe ‘to (have a) smell’
#px̣u ‘to swell’
#peT ‘swollen’
#iThAp ‘thick; fat; puffed up’
#wir ‘straight’
#išiP ‘straight; in a line’
#fu ‘true’
#sTuK’ ‘(to) sweat’ Probably a compound.
#K’u ‘to swim’
#px̣u ‘to swim’
#po ‘to swim; bathe’
#¢caN ‘to float; bathe’
#yi ‘to teach; learn’
#ya ‘to know; understand’
#(aː)Ki ‘to think; have in mind’
#af ‘to throw; pull’ cf. Sp tirar ‘throw’ = Fr tirer ‘pull’
#fa¢’ ‘to throw’
#su(m) ‘to throw’
#T’am ~ #T’ap ‘to throw’
#niH ‘to throw’
#(h)oL ‘to throw at; hit’
#¢ca ‘to tie’
#ine ‘to tie’
#tiL ‘to touch’
#TaHP ‘(to) trap’
#tay ‘trap’
#EmaC’i ‘to wake up’ This may be a compound.
#qx̣UL ‘to be hungry’
#K’uN ‘to want, desire’
#kw’aw ‘to marry; love’
#miʔnya ‘tasty; sweet; to like; love’
#wiH ‘(to be) sweet’
#a0-u ‘sweet’ cf. Sal /(k)amášu/ ‘sweet’
#(i)si+yV ‘salt’
#(aː-)kyhaʔi ‘salt’
#ʔčUKpV ‘to wash’ Probably a compound.
#pa ‘to wash’
#paqh ‘to wash’
#pa¢ ‘to wash clothes’
#-ya ‘wind’
#wA ‘wind’
#amaṭ‘ ‘year’
#...ma ‘yesterday’

References

  1. ^ Kaufman, Terrence. 2015. A research program for reconstructing proto-Hokan: first gropings. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica.

See also

Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní

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