Proto-Bora-Muinane reconstructions:
| no. | gloss | Proto-Bora-Muinane |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | tongue | *nehe |
| 2 | mouth | *i-hɨ |
| 3 | lip | *hɨni-ba |
| 4 | tooth | *iʔgai |
| 5 | nose | *tɨhɨ-ʔu |
| 6 | eye | *aʤɨ-ɨ |
| 7 | ear | *nɨ()-meeʔu |
| 8 | head | *niga-ɨ |
| 9 | forehead | *ɨme-ku |
| 10 | hair | *-hee- |
| 12 | beard | *hɨkk() |
| 14 | chest | *ppeeɨ-he |
| 15 | woman’s breast | *mɨppaino |
| 16 | abdomen | *iiʔba |
| 18 | shoulder | *hɨhe-ba |
| 19 | arm | *nokkɨ-gai |
| 21 | elbow | *()o()i |
| 22 | hand | *ʔutʦe |
| 23 | finger | *ʔutʦe-gai |
| 24 | fingernail | *ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu |
| 27 | knee | *memu |
| 29 | foot | *ttɨʔaai |
| 30 | toe | *ttɨ-gaai |
| 31 | skin | *meeʔo |
| 32 | bone | *bakkɨ |
| 33 | blood | *tɨɨ |
| 34 | heart | *heebɨ-ɨ |
| 35 | lungs | *βaβa-ga |
| 38 | man | *m()a-mɨnaa-ppi |
| 39 | man | *gai-ppi |
| 40 | woman | *gai-go |
| 41 | people | *m()a-mɨnaa |
| 42 | husband | *tahe |
| 43 | wife | *taaba |
| 44 | father | *giʔiru, kaani |
| 45 | mother | *gaʔa-ro, *ʦeehɨ |
| 46 | baby, infant | *ʦeemono |
| 47 | old man | *amia |
| 48 | water | *nɨ-ppai()u |
| 49 | river | *too-ʔi, *muuai |
| 52 | swamp | *kaaha |
| 56 | fire | *kɨɨhɨ-gai |
| 57 | ash | *bai-giihɨ |
| 58 | charcoal | *kɨɨhɨgai- |
| 60 | firewood | *kuu |
| 61 | sky | *nikko-he |
| 62 | rain | *niiha-ba |
| 64 | sun | *nɨʔba |
| 65 | moon | *nɨʔba |
| 66 | star | *meekɨrɨ-gai |
| 67 | day | *kuuhe |
| 68 | night | *pokku |
| 69 | thunder | *ʦitʦi |
| 71 | rainbow | *tɨɨ-ʔi |
| 72 | earth | *hiinɨ-he |
| 74 | sand | *n()gai-jɨʔai |
| 75 | house | *ha |
| 77 | doorway | *gooʔu-ga |
| 78 | seat, stool | *ikka-ga |
| 79 | mat | *kɨga- |
| 80 | hammock | *gaaiba |
| 81 | bed | *kɨga- |
| 82 | cooking pot | *giri-ʔʤu |
| 83 | cultivated clearing | *gaikkuʔai |
| 84 | village | *kuumii |
| 85 | path, trail | *hɨɨ- |
| 86 | fish net | *ʦ()nɨkuʔu |
| 87 | fish hook | *piikkɨ-gai |
| 88 | steel axe | *hɨgaa-he |
| 89 | knife | *n()ʦ()-ga- |
| 90 | canoe | *meeno |
| 91 | paddle | *buʔdu-ga |
| 92 | club | *gai-ʔuɨ |
| 93 | spear | *aamɨ- |
| 94 | bow | *tɨɨbu-ga |
| 95 | arrow | *tɨɨbu- |
| 96 | blowgun | *gitʦɨ-hɨ |
| 99 | puma | *tɨpai-ʔuu() |
| 100 | armadillo | *gooɨ |
| 101 | dog | *ʔuuʔi |
| 102 | red deer | *niiβɨ-gai |
| 103 | bat | *kikiih() |
| 104 | otter | *ʦukku |
| 105 | cebus, monkey | *kɨʔʤiba |
| 107 | spider monkey | *kɨɨmɨ |
| 109 | anteater | *heehɨ, *tuuʔhe |
| 110 | paca | *takkɨ |
| 111 | crocodile | *niʔba, *m()ʔduba |
| 112 | iguana | *maaina-ʔu |
| 115 | collared peccary | *mooni |
| 116 | white-lipped peccary | *paapaiba |
| 117 | agouti | *pattɨ |
| 118 | rat | *giʔpo |
| 119 | cat | *miiʧii |
| 120 | mouse | *giʔpo |
| 121 | tail | *bu |
| 122 | snake | *hiinimo |
| 123 | anaconda, water boa | *buua, *iigai- |
| 124 | rattlesnake | *taakaʔo |
| 125 | coral snake | *ʧiraagai |
| 126 | toad | *hakuga, ()ɨɨriʔi, nihaga, mɨɨʔmeba, haakkɨba |
| 128 | hummingbird | *paaibe |
| 129 | macaw | *heeβaa, *in()ʔai |
| 130 | toucan | *nɨgo |
| 133 | buzzard | *ainɨ |
| 134 | curassow | *kɨga- |
| 136 | guan | *peeka-he |
| 137 | hen | *ka()a()a |
| 139 | piranha | *gaikku-he, *nitta |
| 142 | flea | *hɨɨku-ga |
| 143 | louse | *gaaini-ʔu |
| 144 | mosquito | *gaaihɨ |
| 145 | termite | *maʔarɨ |
| 146 | ant | *piimo |
| 147 | spider | *paaga- |
| 148 | jigger (Tunga penetrans) | *niipahe |
| 149 | bush | *bahɨ |
| 150 | open grassland | *namettɨhe, *ʦukkum()he |
| 151 | hill | *gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ |
| 152 | tree | *ɨmo-ʔo |
| 153 | leaf | *aame |
| 154 | tree leaf | *-ʔaame |
| 158 | root | *ba(i)(k)ko- |
| 159 | seed | *batʦu- |
| 160 | stick | ɨmoo-ʔi |
| 161 | grass | *ʦukkume-he |
| 163 | cassava (bread) | *máaʔu |
| 165 | tobacco | *baino |
| 166 | cotton | *haʔdi |
| 167 | gourd | *duutu |
| 168 | yam | *kɨnii- |
| 170 | annatto | *nooba-ba |
| 171 | chili pepper | *dee-ʔuɨ |
| 172 | coca | *hiibii- |
| 173 | banisterium | *bakko |
| 174 | plantain | *ɨhe- |
| 175 | chonta palm | *moomo |
| 179 | salt | *ɨmo |
| 180 | chicha (of peach palm fruits) | *moomo-ba |
| 181 | one | *ʦaa-no |
| 182 | two | *mi-no-kɨ |
| 185 | five | *sa-ʔutʦe |
| 191 | first | *ttɨkkonɨ |
| 192 | last | *niiʔnoo- |
| 194 | drum | *kɨɨmɨ-ba |
| 196 | ear ornament | *nɨhɨ-ga |
| 197 | mask | *maaʔnii |
| 198 | medicine man | *taabu-mɨnaa-ppi |
| 199 | chief | *aiβohɨɨ-bo |
| 200 | I | *uu |
| 201 | thou | *ɨɨ |
| 202 | he | *aanɨɨ, *dii-bo |
| 203 | she | *aaimoo, *dii-go |
| 204 | it | *haa-no |
| 205 | we | *mɨɨʔai |
| 206 | ye | *amɨɨai |
| 207 | they | *dii-to |
| 208 | my hand | *tai-ʔutʦe |
| 209 | thy hand | *dii-ʔutʦe |
| 210 | ʔutʦe his hand | *dii-bo |
| 211 | our hands | *mo-ʔutʦe-no |
| 212 | your hands | *amɨɨʔai ʔutʦe-no |
| 213 | their hands | *diito ʔutʦe-no |
| 214 | my bow | *tai-tɨɨbu-ga |
| 215 | thy bow | *dii-tɨɨbu-ga |
| 216 | his bow | *dii-bo tɨɨbu-ga |
| 217 | our bow | *mo-tɨɨbu-ga |
| 218 | your bow | *amɨɨʔai tɨɨbu-ga |
| 219 | their bow | *dii-to tɨɨbu-ga |
| 220 | big | *mita-no, *giraa |
| 221 | small | *nume- |
| 222 | cold | *ʦɨɨku |
| 223 | hot | *aiguukku |
| 224 | good | *imi |
| 225 | bad | *imi-tɨ-no |
| 226 | white | *ʦeʦee |
| 227 | black | *kɨβo- |
| 228 | go! | *di-po |
| 229 | come! | *di-ʦaa |
| 230 | eat! | *matʧu |
| 231 | drink! | *d-aduu |
| 232 | sleep! | *kɨga |
| 234 | front teeth, incisors | *iiʔgai-noo |
| 235 | tip of tongue | *nehe-()-nih()kk() |
| 236 | long hair | *niiga |
| 240 | lower arm | *nokkɨ- |
| 241 | wrist | *ʔutʦe-kkohe |
| 242 | lower leg | *takki- |
| 243 | body hair | *iʔhee-no |
| 244 | stomach | *iiʔba |
| 245 | intestines | *iiʔba |
| 246 | old woman | *koomo-go |
| 249 | corn field | *gaikkuʔai, *-pagi |
| 250 | stream | *too-ʔi |
| 251 | pebbles | *n()gai-ɨʔai |
| 253 | path | *hɨɨ()ai |
| 255 | shelter | *nɨɨh()-ga |
| 256 | this | *hi- |
| 257 | that | *hoʔ- |
| 258 | who | *mɨ-, *ka- |
| 260 | not | *ʦaʔa, *-tɨ |
| 261 | all | *pa-no |
| 262 | many | *mita- |
| 263 | long | *kaamo- |
| 264 | bark | *-meeʔu |
| 265 | flesh | *ʔookuu, *duu |
| 266 | blood | *tɨɨ- |
| 267 | grease | *dɨɨrɨ-ba |
| 268 | egg | *iiʔɨ |
| 269 | horn | *-ttu |
| 270 | feather | *i-hee-no |
| 271 | claw | *ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu |
| 272 | belly | *iiʔba |
| 273 | liver | *iʔganoo |
| 274 | drink | *adu |
| 275 | eat (non meat) | *matʧu |
| 276 | bite | *eeʔdu- |
| 277 | see | *aittɨme |
| 278 | hear | *goobu- |
| 279 | know | *gaaha |
| 280 | sleep | *kɨga |
| 281 | die | *gihe-βo |
| 282 | kill | *gɨhe-βo-ʦu |
| 283 | swim | *itʦi |
| 284 | fly | *gaʔpo |
| 285 | walk | *ɨgo, *poo |
| 286 | come | *ʦaa- |
| 290 | give | *akkɨ |
| 291 | say | *hɨɨb()go, *noo |
| 293 | mountain | *gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ |
| 294 | red | *tɨ-ppai-no |
| 295 | green | *aittɨβa |
| 296 | yellow | *gi() |
| 297 | full | *gaʔpo |
| 298 | new | *boʔ-no |
| 301 | name | *momo |
| 302 | how | *mɨʔ()ɨ |
| 305 | here | *hi-noo-ri |
| 306 | there | *oo-no |
| 307 | other | *ʦi-ppi |
| 309 | fog | *tʦu- |
| 310 | flow | *niiβa |
| 311 | sea | *muuai |
| 312 | wet | *peepai-no, *maa- |
| 313 | wash | *nittɨ- |
| 314 | worm | *hɨʔba |
| 316 | fur | *iʔhe- |
| 318 | saliva | *hɨɨ- |
| 319 | milk | *mɨppaino-ppai()u |
| 320 | with | *-ma |
| 321 | in | *paino |
| 322 | at | *-βɨ |
| 323 | if | *-ʔatʧiihɨ |
| 327 | child | *ʦee-mo-no |
| 328 | dark | *kɨβo- |
| 330 | wide | *kare- |
| 331 | narrow | *iihe |
| 334 | thick | *peeme |
| 335 | thin | *ɨtʦi-, aini- |
| 336 | short | *baaʔr()-no |
| 338 | dull | *ʦɨɨʔhe-βa-tɨ-no |
| 339 | sharp | *ʦɨɨhe-βa |
| 340 | dirty | *hiinɨ-βa-, beeβa- |
| 341 | rotten | *tuukɨ- |
| 342 | smooth | *p()rɨɨkɨ-, *mooβa- |
| 343 | straight | *ʦa-tɨkko-βo |
| 344 | correct | *m()aa- |
| 345 | left | *nani- |
| 346 | right | *()m()a- |
| 347 | old | *ʦɨk()-, *koomo- |
| 349 | pull | *giiɨkɨ |
| 351 | throw | *piku |
| 352 | hit | *iʤaaju |
| 353 | split | *ga()er()- |
| 354 | pierce | *kapaitɨ-ɨ()ɨ-nɨ |
| 355 | dig | *ʦooʔdi |
| 356 | tie | *ʦitʦɨ, *duʔhe-nɨ |
| 358 | fall | *aak()()o- |
| 359 | swell | *huuri- |
| 360 | think | *etʦam()i- |
| 361 | sing | *matʦi-βa |
| 362 | smell | *hɨgikk(), *utʦu |
| 365 | blow | *ebaʦu-, buuʦu- |
| 366 | fear | *igi |
| 367 | squeeze | *aamɨ-ʦu |
| 368 | hold | *ikka |
| 369 | down | *giino, baa-ri |
| 370 | up | *kamo |
| 371 | ripe | *naamo- |
| 372 | dust | *-giihɨ |
| 373 | alive | *buʔee- |
| 374 | rope | *gaaiba-ɨ |
| 375 | year | *pi(k)kaba |
| 378 | diminutive | *-g()ɨ |
| 379 | big river | *muuai |
| 380 | longhouse | *baa-(ʔ)o-ha |
| 382 | stone axe | *hɨgaa-he |
| 383 | machete | *n()ʦ()ga |
| 384 | deer | *hiibai |
| 385 | macaw (blue) | *in()ʔai |
| 386 | ant (conga) | *tɨɨp()-megai |
| 387 | bitter manioc (plant) | *peeka |
| 388 | push | ?*ká()()()ʔaaku |
| 389 | find | *áittɨme |
| 390 | get ill | *dɨʔkɨ |
| 391 | squeeze manioc dough | *gáirɨɨʔaiɲɨ |
| 392 | germinate | *ííno |
| 394 | scream | *kóóβádííkku, *gái()a |
| 395 | keep | *toomo- |
| 398 | make | *móónɨ |
| 401 | cry | *taa |
| 402 | order, command | *gáʤúu, *táhɨɨʔba |
| 403 | get wet | *máa-, *péépai- |
| 406 | manicuera, manioc | *paikuumɨɨ |
| 407 | be born | *pííβo |
| 408 | urinate | *níppai |
| 410 | fart | *nobú |
| 412 | ask | *díʤu |
| 413 | taste | *nɨtʦu |
| 414 | stay | *pítá() |
| 417 | want | *ím()-go-, gáihɨ-, káβa- |
| 418 | grate | *kaʦu |
| 426 | alone | *i()-ro |
| 427 | dream | *tɨga |
| 429 | sweat | *tugaa |
| 431 | be hungry | áih()ba |
| 434 | itch | *áhé |
| 435 | roast | *garééku, ʦúʔkúʦu- |
| 437 | bring | *ʦ()βa |
| 440 | pay a visit | *ba |
| 441 | grassland | *namettɨhe |
| 442 | yesterday | *ííhɨ |
| 444 | inside | *paino |
| 445 | soft, tender | *paiβoo |
| 446 | happy | *im() |
| 447 | bitter | *paapai |
| 448 | fast | *góóβá |
| 450 | blind | *ái()ɨme-tɨ |
| 451 | dock, port | *mɨkku |
| 454 | face | *ɨme |
| 456 | basket | *hɨβiiba |
| 458 | foam | ?*hɨ()aʔʦ() |
| 461 | middle | *pééno |
| 462 | thorn | *hanoo-tto |
| 463 | tall | *káamo |
| 464 | palm, Oenocarpus bataua | *kúume |
| 465 | medicine | *táábú |
| 467 | later on | *buun() |
| 468 | a lot | *giraa- |
| 469 | behind | *dóhɨku |
| 471 | full | *gaʔpo |
| 474 | peanuts | *máʦakka |
| 475 | yard, court (of maloca) | *g()-ʔátʦ() |
| 476 | crested oropendola | *héékkɨ |
| 477 | manioc starch drink | *kaʔgɨnɨku |
| 478 | arrive | *gátʦe- |
| 479 | oil | *dɨɨrɨ-ba- |
| 482 | sifter | *níttɨ-ba |
| 484 | spicy | *áiβo |
| 489 | dancing festival | *hɨɨbaimo |
| 491 | manioc squeezer | *gádameeʔu |
| 492 | mirror | *méékɨme |
| 494 | son | *ʔatʧi |
| 495 | we two | *mɨʦi, *mɨpe |
| 496 | you two | *amɨʦi, *amɨpe |
| 497 | they two (m.) | *dii-t()-ʦi |
| 498 | they two (f.) | *dii-t()-pe |
| 499 | her | *i- |
| 500 | eat meat | *duu |
| 501 | weave | *nɨɨ |
| 502 | lick | *neheʔku |
| 503 | healing blow | *hɨbu |
| 504 | downriver | *aam()hɨ |
| 506 | wake up | *aikko |
| 507 | fireplace | *kɨɨhɨgai |
| 508 | sieve | *níttɨba |
| 509 | dancing beam | *ʤari-ga |
| 510 | caimito fruit (Pouteria caimito) | *mɨʦééʦe |
| 511 | palm, Socratea exorrhiza | *háaʤa |
| 512 | leaves that produce black color | *kaatɨ |
| 513 | peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) | *moomo |
| 514 | Cecropia sp. | *taaβi-ʔo |
| 515 | macambo fruit (Theobroma bicolor) | *haaʔo |
| 518 | Inga edulis | *tɨɨʦi-ʔo |
| 519 | ceramic saucepan | *hɨgo-ba |
| 520 | uvilla fruit (Pourouma cecropiaefolia) | *báaku |
| 521 | rifle | *áinɨ-hɨ |
| 522 | palm, Astrocaryum chambira | *nehe |
| 523 | umarí fruit (Poraqueiba sericea) | *niimɨ |
| 525 | edible ant | *m()níiko |
| 526 | avocado (Persea americana) | *kúúhɨ |
| 527 | edible larvae | áppai-ku |
| 529 | grater | *kaʦu |
| 530 | miriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) | *íno-ʔo |
| 532 | pillars (of roundhouse) | *-ʔakkɨ |
| 533 | Lepidocaryum tenue palm (for thatching roofs) | *háhe |
| 534 | eat fruit | *geen() |
| 535 | chew coca | *dooikkɨ |
| 536 | feces | *namo |
| 539 | drown | *mákká-nɨ |
| 541 | pull out | *gáihúkku |
| 542 | get scared | *ígi |
| 543 | shame | *n()kúppé-go- |
| 544 | dance | *gaʔʦe |
| 547 | hunt | *taaβa |
| 549 | cook | *tɨ |
| 550 | catch | *ɨkkɨ |
| 551 | tell, narrate | *hɨɨb()go |
| 553 | cut | *βɨrɨ |
| 554 | shoot | *ainɨ |
| 556 | get drunk | *gírííká-βo- |
| 557 | woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) | *kɨmɨ |
| 558 | sweet | *naamo |
| 560 | masculine (suffix) | *-bo |
| 562 | conjure | *apiiʧu, *ʤɨɨ()a-nɨ |