Proto-Tupari reconstructions Nikulin & Andrade (2020) and Moore & Vilacy Galucio (1994):
Proto-Tuparian reconstruction by Nikulin & Andrade (2020):[1]
| English gloss | Proto-Tuparian | distribution |
|---|---|---|
| açaí | *wiTʔi | |
| agouti | *wãkɨ̃ɲã | |
| alligator | *waco | |
| anteater | *wejaP | CT only |
| arm | *nẽ | |
| armadillo | *jajo | |
| army ant | *jakeK | |
| arrow.POSS | *j-e-kɨP | |
| ashamed | *tĩ | |
| ashes | *ɲẽ(ː)T | |
| ax | *wi | |
| barred sorubim fish | *ãnõrẽ | |
| bat | *wariʔa | CT only |
| big | *jato | |
| bitter | *ndeP | |
| blood | *jeɨ | |
| blow | *wɨ | |
| bone | *a(ː)wo | |
| branch | *ɲãŋã, *ɲãŋgã | |
| breast | *ŋgẽP | |
| brother (female ego) | *jo(ʔ)a | |
| bullet ant | *ŋgapi(-ʔa) | |
| bullet ant | *jaTʔa | WT only |
| caterpillar | *ŋgeK | |
| chigoe flea | *ɲõK | |
| child, sororal nephew/niece (female ego) | *mẽpiT | |
| collared anteater | *ndɨrɨ | |
| crop seed | *jaːmbi | |
| curassow | *mĩcõ | |
| earring | *tãɲã | CT only |
| egg | *jopiʔa | |
| eye | *jeβa-jopaP | CT only |
| face | *jeβa-pi | CT only |
| faeces, guts | *ɲẽT | |
| far | *wetoK | |
| father | *joP | |
| fire | *ojaT | |
| flea | *ɲõtaP | |
| flour, crumbs | *jaɨ | |
| flower | *jiːT | |
| flower | *jiːT-ʔa | CT only |
| foot | *mbi(-to) | |
| forehead | *jeβa | |
| foreigner | *wereP | CT only |
| frog/toad sp. | *wara(ː)C | CT only |
| garden | *ŋge | |
| grain | *jopaP | |
| grandchild (female ego) | *mẽpir-ẽpiT | CT only |
| great egret | *wakara | |
| guan | *wako | |
| hair, feather | *jaP | |
| hammock | *jo-aP | CT |
| hand | *mbo | |
| harpia | *pãrĩ(õ) | |
| head | *atɨ̃P | |
| honey, bee | *ewiT | |
| horsefly | *mbiʔo | |
| horsefly | *nẽcɨK | |
| house.POSS | *j-eK | |
| howler monkey | *jaɨ | |
| hummingbird | *pĩːT | |
| husband | *mẽT | |
| itchiness | *jaC | WT only |
| jaguar, dog | *amẽko | |
| knee | *-pĩã | |
| labret | *waCʔa | CT only |
| leaf.POSS | *j-eP | |
| leafcutter ant | *wĩʔĩK | |
| lip color | *ndɨʔa | |
| liquid, saliva | *ŋgɨ | |
| liver | *piʔa | |
| lizard | *ja(ː)ko | |
| louse | *ŋgɨP | |
| man | *nãko | |
| manioc | *mãɲĩ | |
| marico bag | *ejɨ | |
| meat | *ɲẽTʔã | |
| mortar | *(ɲ)ẽndɨ | CT only |
| mother (voc.) | *ɲã | |
| mound, hill | *ndoː | |
| nail | *kĩrĩɲã | WT only |
| name | *jeT | |
| neck | *woT-kɨP | |
| nose | *ɲãpi(-ʔa) | |
| one | *kie | CT only |
| other | *nõ | |
| pain, to hurt; sour | *jati | |
| palm larva | *ŋgoT | |
| parrot | *aworo | |
| peanut | *araːwi | CT only |
| peccary | *jaote | |
| pet | *wõ | CT only |
| plate | *wãCkɨT | WT only |
| pot | *wãẽ | |
| powder | *ɲõʔõP | |
| red | *woP | |
| rubber | *jeTʔoP | |
| salt | *ŋgɨʔɨT | |
| scorpion | *kʉ̃nĩŋga | |
| shaman | *wãmõʔã | |
| sharpened | *jape | |
| shimbillo | *japoː ~ *jamboː | CT only |
| smoke | *ɲĩːK | |
| snake | *jaT | |
| son, fraternal nephew (male ego) | *jaʔɨP | |
| son-in-law (daughter’s husband) | *mẽɲõP | |
| sound, speech (?) | *wora | |
| spotted | *tĩK | |
| stingray | *jao | |
| stone | *waʔi | |
| sun | *ŋgi-akoP | CT only |
| sun, sky | *ŋgeaT | |
| sweet potato | *wawo | |
| tail | *joaC | |
| tapir | *ɨaːC | |
| tayra | *ãmãnã | |
| termite | *ŋgoPʔi | |
| that (sitting) | *joʔoP | |
| thorn | *wo(ː) | |
| tick | *ŋgɨpiʔa | CT only |
| timbó vine | *tĩ(ː)K | |
| to bathe | *jato | |
| to be afraid | *mbiP | |
| to be tied | *pãT- | |
| to cry; sound | *waK- | |
| to enter | *wɨ̃- | |
| to enter | *ãwɨ- | WT only |
| to go away | *waT- | |
| to go up | *weP- | |
| to grind | *ndeT- | |
| to have | *mbiro | CT only |
| to hear | *waK-toP- | |
| to kill, to beat | *(ɲ)õmbo- | CT only |
| to know | *mboejoP- ~ *mboec/to- | |
| to lie | *jo(ː)P | |
| to look for | *woroa- | CT only |
| to make | *nẽ- | |
| to put | *mã- | |
| to sink | *ŋgẽT- | |
| to swallow | *ŋgẽT-ŋga- | WT only |
| to tie | *pãT-ʔa- | |
| to wash | *oʔe | |
| to weave | *tĩK- | |
| tooth | *ɲãC | |
| tortoise | *mboKʔa | CT only |
| toucan | *ɲõkãT | |
| trahira fish | *mbiriʔa | |
| two | *jɨrɨ | CT only |
| village | *jaːP | |
| wasp | *ŋgaP | |
| wife | *(j)aindi | |
| wind | *ɨβijo | |
| woman | *ãrãpĩrã | |
| worm | *atĩK | |
| yam | *awa |
Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore & Vilacy Galucio (1994):[2]
| gloss | Proto-Tuparí |
|---|---|
| sweet potato | *gwagwo |
| tapir | *ɨkwaay |
| macaw | *pet+'a |
| one | *kiẽt |
| small | *Dĩĩt |
| fish | *pot |
| fowl | *õkɨra |
| seed | *kit |
| neck | *gwotkɨp |
| heart | *ãnõã |
| to know | *toã |
| to give | *ñũã |
| to speak | *mãYã |
| sun, year | *ŋgiahkop |
| stone | *ŋwa+'i |
| earth | *kɨy |
| fire; firewood | *agopkap |
| mountain | *(n)dzo |
| person | *aotse |
| mother | *ñä |
| husband | *mẽt |
| hammock | *ẽ/*ĩnĩ |
| seat | *ãβõ-pe |
| seat | *ñãp-pe |
| hair | *Dap |
| tooth | *ñããy |
| hand | *mbo |
| nail | *mbo-ape |
| skin | *pe |
| liver | *pia |
| foot | *mbi |
| breast | *ŋẽp |
| blood (n) | *a |
| blood (n) | *eYɨ |
| tobacco | *pitoa |
| maize | *atsitsi |
| axe | *gwi |
| knife | *ŋgɨtpe |
| timbo | *ŋĩk |
| mortar | *ẽndzɨ |
| salt | *ŋgɨɨt |
| meat | *ñẽt+'ã |
| water (n) | *ɨgɨ |
| basin | *βãẽkɨt |
| dust | *ñõ'õ |
| path | *pee |
| night | *ŋĩndak |
| leaf | *Dep/*deep |
| Brazil nut tree | *kãnã |
| Brazil nut tree | *arao |
| assai (palm) | *gwit+'i |
| banana | *ehpiip |
| cotton | *ororo |
| genipap | *tsigaap |
| peanut | *araɨgwi |
| pepper | *kõỹ |
| armadillo | *ndayto |
| tail | *okway |
| snake | *Dat/*daat |
| lizard | *Dako |
| turtle | *mbok+'a |
| caiman | *gwaYto |
| crab | *kera |
| achiote | *ŋgop |
| horn | *apikɨp |
| paca | *gwãnãmbiro |
| deer | *ɨtsɨɨ |
| dog | *ãŋwẽko |
| ocelot | *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt |
| agouti | *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã |
| bat | *ŋwari+'a |
| coati | *pi'it |
| capuchin monkey | *sahkɨrap |
| spider monkey | *ãrĩmẽ |
| honey marten’ (kinkajou?) | *ãmãnã |
| peccary | *Daotse |
| collared peccary | *Daotsey |
| louse | *ãŋgɨp |
| flea | *ñõk |
| wasp | *ŋgap |
| termite | *ŋgub+i |
| big ant | *Dat+'a |
| cockroach | *a |
| cockroach | *eβape |
| cicada | *ŋõtŋõna |
| scorpion | *kɨtnĩŋã |
| snail | *ɨ̃ỹã |
| piranha | *ipñãỹ |
| surubim | *ãnõrẽ |
| mandi | *mõkoa |
| toucan | *yo |
| toucan | *ñõkãt |
| duck | *ɨpek |
| vulture | *ɨβe |
| vulture | *ako |
| hawk | *kẽỹ+'ã |
| hummingbird | *mĩnĩt |
| owl | *popoβa |
| partridge | *kwãŋwã |
| basket, big | *ãŋgerek |
| canoe | *kɨp-pe |
| clothing | *pe |
| to drink | *ka |
| to take | *ara |
| to blow | *ɨβa |
| to vomit | *ẽkẽt |
| to push | *mõrã |
| to swim | *tĩptĩpnã |
| to see | *to'a |
| to see | *-tso- |
| hot | *ahkop |
| good | *poat |
| new | *pahgop |
| old | *poot |
| name | *Det |
| sour | *kãỹ |
| other | *nõõ |
| smooth | *atsik |
| rotten | *ãnde |
| rotten | *ãkwĩ |
| straight | *kɨɨt |
| distant | *gwetsok |
| 2nd person | *ẽt |