Appendix:Proto-Palaihnihan reconstructions

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Proto-Palaihnihan reconstructions:[1]

Olmstead (1964)

  • Note: DV = Dixie Valley (Aporuke) dialect of Atsugewi
No. English gloss Proto-Palaihnihan Achumawi Atsugewi
1 acorn *tāˑq- tāxtaks tāˑqe
2 ant, black (larvae of red ant) *jʔInaˑpswita jʔenapšiˑta jinaˑpswitā
3 ant, red (ant) *jöwapstā jowahtā jewapsitā
4 ant, red, larvae (ant, little dark) *jIˑj jeˑj jiniˑna
5 armpit *tammæjɛleḥ amajileḥ tammijaleh
6 awl *ləˑspuˑT, *ləˑḥpuT laḥpūˑja jəput
7 bad *woq eleʔ-woq-oji sa-woq-ʔawi
8 basket, sefed (basket, fish) *Qaphwara qàpwāˑla kaphwāra
9 bird *jenɑˑsTiQa, *jenɑˑjjiQa jenaˑjjīqa jenēˑstikā
10 bite *piʔj -ʔj- -pij-
11 blackbird *jUqa jōqa juqa
12 blood *æsti aḥti isti
13 blow, to *wæss waso wiss
14 blue *samtar samtal samtari
15 bluejay *kəskəsa kəskəsāˑ kəskəsā
16 boat *Saeˑppi saˑpi jippi
17 bone *jUqjI jōje juqji
18 boy *kəˑšwijaN kawijan kəswijar
19 breast *ɛʔtsišK iʔtsit atsiska
20 breathe, to *həˑnasu t-ənāˑsuˑ-ji hanasu
21 brother, younger *yaw ti-yāw hay-yaw
22 buck (man) *qəsswæˑw qəsāˑwi qəswīwo
23 buckskin *tIqswæˑrI teqwaˑlē tipswiri
24 cedar *Laʔtoˑp laʔtòˑ naʔtoˑp
25 child *NiˑkjəN me-nikjən heyu-rīˑjər
26 chin *kawa koākwa kawa-hara
27 chop, to *kəˑt -kāti- yo-kət
28 chub *Liw̃ʔti limti niwʔti
29 cold, to be *ɑˑsJɑ(p) asjē eskap, yeˑskap
30 crane *plaʔqeˑs plaqeˑs plaʔqeˑs, DV plaʔqis
31 crawl, to *jaJɛKIˑ -ajiteˑ- -jaqaky-
32 cricket *təLoḥẉā təloḥwā-hji s-tonoha-isi
33 cut with knife *ʔkātɛˑ soˑkātī yə-ʔkatāˑ
34 defecate (diarrhea) *UQ -ōq- rass-uk
35 dizzy (vertigo) *siLir sillil sinirisō
36 doctor *pijɛk- jikiʔ-wāˑlu pijakey-jar
37 dog *ḥɔʔm ja-hə̄m hōʔma
38 dream *piˑSaQ saq piˑjak
39 drink, to *iS iss ij
40 dull *w̃ɑ̄qhōʔī ēqōʔyuī, ēqoʔī wāqhōy
41 dust *taqəkh tāxkə tayhə̄q
42 ear *ɛsmaK isat asmak
43 eat, to *am aːm, amm yam, wam
44 eater *amʔmɛ āmmī waʔma
45 egg *ehSa esā ēhja
46 elbow *punti lapunti punti
47 Epos root *pɑˑjx pahā peˑjku
48 eyebrow *sīmiTetaḥ sīmījtaḥ sīmitetah
49 feet *w̃uts mutsūy ūtski
50 female *pɑˑsts- wastsi pestse-hāra
51 flea *jiJha a-jijhà jika-pini
52 float, to *jušparəˑswa wa-juspalaswa-ji k-juspaə̄swa
53 flow, to *juw̃mæ jumā juwoˑmi
54 fly *pijilimmU- jilimōˑwā pijilīmmu
55 foot *jVjkÜ jīkoḥ jujki
56 four *ḥaʔKaw̃ haʔtāmə haʔqaw
57 fox *kɔwā kəwān, kuān kwaw, DV kowaw
58 fox (gray) *pUš poss puš
59 frog *ə·liyə̱m aliyom əliyəm
60 girl *æsmte·r amtē·l-jən īsmetē·r-kay
61 give, to *aw aw saw
62 goose *ispU·ll iḥpul sillom
63 gopher *pi·stɑ·K isstath pe·ste·k
64 grandfather *aQU·n aqunwi akon
65 grandmother (maternal) *ju·wɛ ajunwi ju·wa
66 green *p̃sūʔqə·th məsūqatī psuʔqəth
67 grind, to *aʔKæ -yaʔta- -raʔkīw-
68 hammer *ə·sLɑ·j aslaj əsnejā
69 hat *kæne·wi kanē·wi kine·wī
70 hawk, chicken *toQʔala toqāla tokʔalaʔ
71 head *Laḥ laḥ nāha
72 here *Qʔe qe kʔe
73 hither *k -k- -k-
74 hold, to *asw asw, suswo wāsw, wawasw
75 how *Tē·wa jē·wa teʔewa, tē·wa
76 hummingbird *jIpɔ·ḥš jē·ḥpassa pijū·š, DV pijū·š
77 hurry *w̃Isə̱ʔpa ēsūʔpā·q wisəʔpar
78 I *ɛKh īt ak, akh
79 Indian potatoes *špaxli šipaxli spəxlix
80 jackrabbit kInIʔk kenek kiniʔki
81 jump *pæstu·w̃ɛ- aḥtūmmih pistūway
82 jump out, to w̃iStawɛ sitawi wijtaway
83 kingfisher *jÜrÜ jolo-wā·mo kiri-šʔiši
84 knee *pulluj pūllūj pulluj
85 know *pi·mə·SʔæK- -i·masʔāt- -pē·məjiks
86 leaf *Tɛra jīla-ḥpe· ku-tara
87 learn, to *tVmaT- -i·mahj- -temateə-
88 lip *pū pū-lip a-pū
89 lizard *Jə·xTən, *xə·xTən, *xə·JnəT, *Jə·JnəT jaxnəj sīqtəna, sāqsəna, DV šekhtānā·
90 lungs *sə̱rQa sulqa skəkar
91 magpie *leʔjIˑta lējetā DV leʔjīˑta
92 make fire, to *ḥyɑʔ -hyeʔ- pwa-hyaˑ
93 mat *jülmātta julmāta jilmāʔtay
94 morning *lUQhmī lōqmē, lōqmim lukhmijji
95 moss *škaʔpəˑ šaʔpa DV škaʔpə
96 mountain *ɑˑQhöw aqo exew
97 mouth *aˑpp āp āˑppu
98 mudhen *aruqōq alujōq arujōq
99 mussel, little *əˑlīʔwjæQa alīwaqā DV səlīʔjika
100 mustard *Kæšə̠ tāssu DV kišəy
101 name *shi shi rək-sehīˑ
102 neck *UpKi wōpti ūpki
103 net *IQxIraw yeqʔelāw ikiraw
104 out of *ta -ta -ta
105 owl *jəp̃axa jəmahālo jəpaka
106 pack-basket *tsukāy tsukāe tsukāya
107 paint *wɛˑsʔə̄ wisu ju-waˑsʔə̄-s
108 pelican *mamir mamil mamir
109 perfective suffix *Tw -jw -t
110 pike *lIsʔtsa lēʔtsaq lissa
111 pine, digger *jar tu-jal-ē wox-jar
112 pine, sugar *aSSawoˑp aswò, asswu ajaw, ajjawoˑp
113 pipe, stone *sQot sqot skot
114 play, to *QwɑˑyUʔ wako kweˑyuʔ
115 plum, wild *pəˑtḥK- pathtīlò pə̄thku
116 porcupine *ḥayəˑwæ hayaʔwa ahəwiˑ, DV ahxwi
117 pubic hair *pījtiw̃ī pijtimmī pijtīwiyi
118 pull *lullas -lulas- -lullasw-
119 push, to *jæqwaT jawaji jiqwatəw
120 raccoon *jaḥwaj jaḥwaj jahwaj
121 rattlesnake *oˑmīˑ hoʔmeˑ asj-oˑmi
122 red (pink) *taqtaqi taxtaxi taqtāqi
123 right (correct) *KɛSKɛ tistīˑ kajkawo
124 right (hand) *pīˑmaKs wīˑmats piˑmas-
125 river *jumɑˑ ajūmaˑ jumeˑ
126 robin *jIskakak jeskaka skakaka
127 root *waʔtu waʔtu waʔtu
128 rotten *tūˑpi wiʔ-tūʔpi tūˑpi-si
129 round tule *tʔəˑssKi taˑsti tʔəsski
130 rub, to *suy ko-suy tūˑ-suy
131 run away, to *wUˑhuwi wūˑwiya wohuwijʔ
132 salmon *asLLi āllīs anni
133 sand *tʔæˑs tāˑs tʔīs
134 say, to *iss īs iss
135 scratch, to *twoˑjɔˑq tajaq twojoq
136 see *pīˑma~*pUm -inimaˑ-, -owm-, -imm pīˑma, pīˑm, wim
137 sharp *w̃ɛkraʔm, w̃ɛkramʔ īklaʔmī waxramʔ
138 shirt *təʔhwaw̃i tūʔwāmi təhwawi
139 shoes *QeVLāra, *QeʔLāra qelāʔla keawnāra
140 sinew *ippiw̃ pim ippiw
141 sing, to *ieˑS ēˑs ieˑj
142 sink *stin stin stin
143 sit, to *uʔku -uˑkuˑwa- juʔkupeˑ
144 skin (human) *Iʔw̃ü eʔmu īwi
145 skin (hide) *töqpUru toqolū teqpuru
146 skunk *aʔyInə haʔyēnə aʔyina
147 sky *asseḥla aseḥlà asseʔla
148 sleepy *skoy, sQoy sqoy, skoy skoyswa
149 spear *Lasu lasu nasu
150 split, to *ɔˑriaˑt -āˑlaˑt- -oriat-
151 spoon *poxwā poʔwā pokwāy
152 spruce *jimjim jimjiməlòˑ DV jimjimoˑp
153 squeeze, to *Tɔˑʔnakɛˑ sa-janaki tuʔnākāˑ
154 squirrel *hɑˑjətʔ ajə̄t heˑjʔəwərə̄ʔ
155 squirrel, small *kiLir kiliˑlə DV kinirʔiši
156 stand, to *aʔJaˑsw aʔjāˑw aqāˑs, wehqes, wahqaˑswa
157 straight *itspö- itspoʔīˑ itspēwo
158 strong *iˑpaˑJi ipāˑji iˑpāki
159 stump *w̃ɔˑhQUp maqōpī ohkupeksī
160 suck, to *jiJ jiˑj wiʔjik
161 suffix denoting plant *ōˑp ò ōˑp
162 sun *jÜL jol jin-eʔwo
163 swan *koˑpo koˑpo kopo
164 swim *ɑs˞p -eḥpaˑ- -ap-, -apsjaw-
165 tail *tipwi ippiˑ tīpwiri
166 talk, to *wis wisi wisa, is, waysa
167 they *hātu ātwiˑ hatu
168 third *jɔˑjsI jāsjel jūsī
169 3rd person obj. suffix (plural subj. 3rd) *w̃a -mā- -waʔ-
170 this *qeˑ qeˑ qeˑ
171 thither *w̃ -m- -w-
172 thou *mi miˑ miʔ, miˑ
173 three *jæsKi jāsti qiski
174 throw, to *-app-, -yapp- -aˑp-, -app- yappaw
175 thunder *LuLiri lulili nuniriwi
176 tobacco *oˑxp- oˑp oxpix
177 tomorrow *lhōQhmi lōqmim hokhmi
178 tongue *ɛpḥlIˑ iphlēˑ aphli
179 tooth *iʔjæɔˑ ijāˑ iʔjaw
180 tree *aSwÜ aswō ajwi, ahwi
181 turtle *ḥaʔpij, ḥapʔij hapʔij haʔpeˑj
182 tule shoes *almoˑQa almōˑqa almōka
183 two *ḥɔˑq haʔaq, haq hoqi
184 urine *isaQk tisaxts, isoq wisāk
185 valley *aKwæ atwam akwi
186 wash *jwæʔtUˑr ījaʔtul jwiʔtōra
187 water *aS as aji
188 water-basket *kohp̃īā kōmīā kohpaī
189 we *ɛKu ittu akuir
190 weak *ɑxwarɛ eʔwaˑlī akwarā
191 weasel *yaˑS yas yaˑj
192 when (where) *jü j̠u̠-taj, j̠i̠taj hay-k̠i̠, hay-k̠u̠
193 whisper *ḥawḥaw hawḥaw hawhaw
194 whistle *slaˑyUˑyÜw̃Üs slahayuyimo sayoyowis
195 wide *-jɛw̃i wēˑyāxjimī wujawī
196 willow *pə̄Sʔ- pəsʔ pəju
197 wing *tɔˑʔwa tāʔwāˑji wis-toʔ-wa-s
198 winter (year) *pasjuy asjuy pasju
199 wipe *üLujɛ k-uluji j-innujā
200 wood *ahu āū ahwi
201 work, to *Kurum, *KUrUm tulumi, tolomo kurum
202 ye *miSəKu mistūˑ mijəkuir
203 yellowhammer *jʔwoqe jʔoqe, joqe jʔoqesi, DV šwekʔiši
204 yellow jacket *jeh jeyū DV jehta
205 youngest (of siblings) *weˑskhIn wēˑskēn-ja weˑskhīn

References

  1. ^ Olmstead, David L. (1964). A history of Palaihnihan phonology. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 35). Berkeley: University of California Press
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