Proto-Palaihnihan reconstructions:[1]
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Palaihnihan | Achumawi | Atsugewi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | acorn | *tāˑq- | tāxtaks | tāˑqe |
| 2 | ant, black (larvae of red ant) | *jʔInaˑpswita | jʔenapšiˑta | jinaˑpswitā |
| 3 | ant, red (ant) | *jöwapstā | jowahtā | jewapsitā |
| 4 | ant, red, larvae (ant, little dark) | *jIˑj | jeˑj | jiniˑna |
| 5 | armpit | *tammæjɛleḥ | amajileḥ | tammijaleh |
| 6 | awl | *ləˑspuˑT, *ləˑḥpuT | laḥpūˑja | jəput |
| 7 | bad | *woq | eleʔ-woq-oji | sa-woq-ʔawi |
| 8 | basket, sefed (basket, fish) | *Qaphwara | qàpwāˑla | kaphwāra |
| 9 | bird | *jenɑˑsTiQa, *jenɑˑjjiQa | jenaˑjjīqa | jenēˑstikā |
| 10 | bite | *piʔj | -ʔj- | -pij- |
| 11 | blackbird | *jUqa | jōqa | juqa |
| 12 | blood | *æsti | aḥti | isti |
| 13 | blow, to | *wæss | waso | wiss |
| 14 | blue | *samtar | samtal | samtari |
| 15 | bluejay | *kəskəsa | kəskəsāˑ | kəskəsā |
| 16 | boat | *Saeˑppi | saˑpi | jippi |
| 17 | bone | *jUqjI | jōje | juqji |
| 18 | boy | *kəˑšwijaN | kawijan | kəswijar |
| 19 | breast | *ɛʔtsišK | iʔtsit | atsiska |
| 20 | breathe, to | *həˑnasu | t-ənāˑsuˑ-ji | hanasu |
| 21 | brother, younger | *yaw | ti-yāw | hay-yaw |
| 22 | buck (man) | *qəsswæˑw | qəsāˑwi | qəswīwo |
| 23 | buckskin | *tIqswæˑrI | teqwaˑlē | tipswiri |
| 24 | cedar | *Laʔtoˑp | laʔtòˑ | naʔtoˑp |
| 25 | child | *NiˑkjəN | me-nikjən | heyu-rīˑjər |
| 26 | chin | *kawa | koākwa | kawa-hara |
| 27 | chop, to | *kəˑt | -kāti- | yo-kət |
| 28 | chub | *Liw̃ʔti | limti | niwʔti |
| 29 | cold, to be | *ɑˑsJɑ(p) | asjē | eskap, yeˑskap |
| 30 | crane | *plaʔqeˑs | plaqeˑs | plaʔqeˑs, DV plaʔqis |
| 31 | crawl, to | *jaJɛKIˑ | -ajiteˑ- | -jaqaky- |
| 32 | cricket | *təLoḥẉā | təloḥwā-hji | s-tonoha-isi |
| 33 | cut with knife | *ʔkātɛˑ | soˑkātī | yə-ʔkatāˑ |
| 34 | defecate (diarrhea) | *UQ | -ōq- | rass-uk |
| 35 | dizzy (vertigo) | *siLir | sillil | sinirisō |
| 36 | doctor | *pijɛk- | jikiʔ-wāˑlu | pijakey-jar |
| 37 | dog | *ḥɔʔm | ja-hə̄m | hōʔma |
| 38 | dream | *piˑSaQ | saq | piˑjak |
| 39 | drink, to | *iS | iss | ij |
| 40 | dull | *w̃ɑ̄qhōʔī | ēqōʔyuī, ēqoʔī | wāqhōy |
| 41 | dust | *taqəkh | tāxkə | tayhə̄q |
| 42 | ear | *ɛsmaK | isat | asmak |
| 43 | eat, to | *am | aːm, amm | yam, wam |
| 44 | eater | *amʔmɛ | āmmī | waʔma |
| 45 | egg | *ehSa | esā | ēhja |
| 46 | elbow | *punti | lapunti | punti |
| 47 | Epos root | *pɑˑjx | pahā | peˑjku |
| 48 | eyebrow | *sīmiTetaḥ | sīmījtaḥ | sīmitetah |
| 49 | feet | *w̃uts | mutsūy | ūtski |
| 50 | female | *pɑˑsts- | wastsi | pestse-hāra |
| 51 | flea | *jiJha | a-jijhà | jika-pini |
| 52 | float, to | *jušparəˑswa | wa-juspalaswa-ji | k-juspaə̄swa |
| 53 | flow, to | *juw̃mæ | jumā | juwoˑmi |
| 54 | fly | *pijilimmU- | jilimōˑwā | pijilīmmu |
| 55 | foot | *jVjkÜ | jīkoḥ | jujki |
| 56 | four | *ḥaʔKaw̃ | haʔtāmə | haʔqaw |
| 57 | fox | *kɔwā | kəwān, kuān | kwaw, DV kowaw |
| 58 | fox (gray) | *pUš | poss | puš |
| 59 | frog | *ə·liyə̱m | aliyom | əliyəm |
| 60 | girl | *æsmte·r | amtē·l-jən | īsmetē·r-kay |
| 61 | give, to | *aw | aw | saw |
| 62 | goose | *ispU·ll | iḥpul | sillom |
| 63 | gopher | *pi·stɑ·K | isstath | pe·ste·k |
| 64 | grandfather | *aQU·n | aqunwi | akon |
| 65 | grandmother (maternal) | *ju·wɛ | ajunwi | ju·wa |
| 66 | green | *p̃sūʔqə·th | məsūqatī | psuʔqəth |
| 67 | grind, to | *aʔKæ | -yaʔta- | -raʔkīw- |
| 68 | hammer | *ə·sLɑ·j | aslaj | əsnejā |
| 69 | hat | *kæne·wi | kanē·wi | kine·wī |
| 70 | hawk, chicken | *toQʔala | toqāla | tokʔalaʔ |
| 71 | head | *Laḥ | laḥ | nāha |
| 72 | here | *Qʔe | qe | kʔe |
| 73 | hither | *k | -k- | -k- |
| 74 | hold, to | *asw | asw, suswo | wāsw, wawasw |
| 75 | how | *Tē·wa | jē·wa | teʔewa, tē·wa |
| 76 | hummingbird | *jIpɔ·ḥš | jē·ḥpassa | pijū·š, DV pijū·š |
| 77 | hurry | *w̃Isə̱ʔpa | ēsūʔpā·q | wisəʔpar |
| 78 | I | *ɛKh | īt | ak, akh |
| 79 | Indian potatoes | *špaxli | šipaxli | spəxlix |
| 80 | jackrabbit | kInIʔk | kenek | kiniʔki |
| 81 | jump | *pæstu·w̃ɛ- | aḥtūmmih | pistūway |
| 82 | jump out, to | w̃iStawɛ | sitawi | wijtaway |
| 83 | kingfisher | *jÜrÜ | jolo-wā·mo | kiri-šʔiši |
| 84 | knee | *pulluj | pūllūj | pulluj |
| 85 | know | *pi·mə·SʔæK- | -i·masʔāt- | -pē·məjiks |
| 86 | leaf | *Tɛra | jīla-ḥpe· | ku-tara |
| 87 | learn, to | *tVmaT- | -i·mahj- | -temateə- |
| 88 | lip | *pū | pū-lip | a-pū |
| 89 | lizard | *Jə·xTən, *xə·xTən, *xə·JnəT, *Jə·JnəT | jaxnəj | sīqtəna, sāqsəna, DV šekhtānā· |
| 90 | lungs | *sə̱rQa | sulqa | skəkar |
| 91 | magpie | *leʔjIˑta | lējetā | DV leʔjīˑta |
| 92 | make fire, to | *ḥyɑʔ | -hyeʔ- | pwa-hyaˑ |
| 93 | mat | *jülmātta | julmāta | jilmāʔtay |
| 94 | morning | *lUQhmī | lōqmē, lōqmim | lukhmijji |
| 95 | moss | *škaʔpəˑ | šaʔpa | DV škaʔpə |
| 96 | mountain | *ɑˑQhöw | aqo | exew |
| 97 | mouth | *aˑpp | āp | āˑppu |
| 98 | mudhen | *aruqōq | alujōq | arujōq |
| 99 | mussel, little | *əˑlīʔwjæQa | alīwaqā | DV səlīʔjika |
| 100 | mustard | *Kæšə̠ | tāssu | DV kišəy |
| 101 | name | *shi | shi | rək-sehīˑ |
| 102 | neck | *UpKi | wōpti | ūpki |
| 103 | net | *IQxIraw | yeqʔelāw | ikiraw |
| 104 | out of | *ta | -ta | -ta |
| 105 | owl | *jəp̃axa | jəmahālo | jəpaka |
| 106 | pack-basket | *tsukāy | tsukāe | tsukāya |
| 107 | paint | *wɛˑsʔə̄ | wisu | ju-waˑsʔə̄-s |
| 108 | pelican | *mamir | mamil | mamir |
| 109 | perfective suffix | *Tw | -jw | -t |
| 110 | pike | *lIsʔtsa | lēʔtsaq | lissa |
| 111 | pine, digger | *jar | tu-jal-ē | wox-jar |
| 112 | pine, sugar | *aSSawoˑp | aswò, asswu | ajaw, ajjawoˑp |
| 113 | pipe, stone | *sQot | sqot | skot |
| 114 | play, to | *QwɑˑyUʔ | wako | kweˑyuʔ |
| 115 | plum, wild | *pəˑtḥK- | pathtīlò | pə̄thku |
| 116 | porcupine | *ḥayəˑwæ | hayaʔwa | ahəwiˑ, DV ahxwi |
| 117 | pubic hair | *pījtiw̃ī | pijtimmī | pijtīwiyi |
| 118 | pull | *lullas | -lulas- | -lullasw- |
| 119 | push, to | *jæqwaT | jawaji | jiqwatəw |
| 120 | raccoon | *jaḥwaj | jaḥwaj | jahwaj |
| 121 | rattlesnake | *oˑmīˑ | hoʔmeˑ | asj-oˑmi |
| 122 | red (pink) | *taqtaqi | taxtaxi | taqtāqi |
| 123 | right (correct) | *KɛSKɛ | tistīˑ | kajkawo |
| 124 | right (hand) | *pīˑmaKs | wīˑmats | piˑmas- |
| 125 | river | *jumɑˑ | ajūmaˑ | jumeˑ |
| 126 | robin | *jIskakak | jeskaka | skakaka |
| 127 | root | *waʔtu | waʔtu | waʔtu |
| 128 | rotten | *tūˑpi | wiʔ-tūʔpi | tūˑpi-si |
| 129 | round tule | *tʔəˑssKi | taˑsti | tʔəsski |
| 130 | rub, to | *suy | ko-suy | tūˑ-suy |
| 131 | run away, to | *wUˑhuwi | wūˑwiya | wohuwijʔ |
| 132 | salmon | *asLLi | āllīs | anni |
| 133 | sand | *tʔæˑs | tāˑs | tʔīs |
| 134 | say, to | *iss | īs | iss |
| 135 | scratch, to | *twoˑjɔˑq | tajaq | twojoq |
| 136 | see | *pīˑma~*pUm | -inimaˑ-, -owm-, -imm | pīˑma, pīˑm, wim |
| 137 | sharp | *w̃ɛkraʔm, w̃ɛkramʔ | īklaʔmī | waxramʔ |
| 138 | shirt | *təʔhwaw̃i | tūʔwāmi | təhwawi |
| 139 | shoes | *QeVLāra, *QeʔLāra | qelāʔla | keawnāra |
| 140 | sinew | *ippiw̃ | pim | ippiw |
| 141 | sing, to | *ieˑS | ēˑs | ieˑj |
| 142 | sink | *stin | stin | stin |
| 143 | sit, to | *uʔku | -uˑkuˑwa- | juʔkupeˑ |
| 144 | skin (human) | *Iʔw̃ü | eʔmu | īwi |
| 145 | skin (hide) | *töqpUru | toqolū | teqpuru |
| 146 | skunk | *aʔyInə | haʔyēnə | aʔyina |
| 147 | sky | *asseḥla | aseḥlà | asseʔla |
| 148 | sleepy | *skoy, sQoy | sqoy, skoy | skoyswa |
| 149 | spear | *Lasu | lasu | nasu |
| 150 | split, to | *ɔˑriaˑt | -āˑlaˑt- | -oriat- |
| 151 | spoon | *poxwā | poʔwā | pokwāy |
| 152 | spruce | *jimjim | jimjiməlòˑ | DV jimjimoˑp |
| 153 | squeeze, to | *Tɔˑʔnakɛˑ | sa-janaki | tuʔnākāˑ |
| 154 | squirrel | *hɑˑjətʔ | ajə̄t | heˑjʔəwərə̄ʔ |
| 155 | squirrel, small | *kiLir | kiliˑlə | DV kinirʔiši |
| 156 | stand, to | *aʔJaˑsw | aʔjāˑw | aqāˑs, wehqes, wahqaˑswa |
| 157 | straight | *itspö- | itspoʔīˑ | itspēwo |
| 158 | strong | *iˑpaˑJi | ipāˑji | iˑpāki |
| 159 | stump | *w̃ɔˑhQUp | maqōpī | ohkupeksī |
| 160 | suck, to | *jiJ | jiˑj | wiʔjik |
| 161 | suffix denoting plant | *ōˑp | ò | ōˑp |
| 162 | sun | *jÜL | jol | jin-eʔwo |
| 163 | swan | *koˑpo | koˑpo | kopo |
| 164 | swim | *ɑs˞p | -eḥpaˑ- | -ap-, -apsjaw- |
| 165 | tail | *tipwi | ippiˑ | tīpwiri |
| 166 | talk, to | *wis | wisi | wisa, is, waysa |
| 167 | they | *hātu | ātwiˑ | hatu |
| 168 | third | *jɔˑjsI | jāsjel | jūsī |
| 169 | 3rd person obj. suffix (plural subj. 3rd) | *w̃a | -mā- | -waʔ- |
| 170 | this | *qeˑ | qeˑ | qeˑ |
| 171 | thither | *w̃ | -m- | -w- |
| 172 | thou | *mi | miˑ | miʔ, miˑ |
| 173 | three | *jæsKi | jāsti | qiski |
| 174 | throw, to | *-app-, -yapp- | -aˑp-, -app- | yappaw |
| 175 | thunder | *LuLiri | lulili | nuniriwi |
| 176 | tobacco | *oˑxp- | oˑp | oxpix |
| 177 | tomorrow | *lhōQhmi | lōqmim | hokhmi |
| 178 | tongue | *ɛpḥlIˑ | iphlēˑ | aphli |
| 179 | tooth | *iʔjæɔˑ | ijāˑ | iʔjaw |
| 180 | tree | *aSwÜ | aswō | ajwi, ahwi |
| 181 | turtle | *ḥaʔpij, ḥapʔij | hapʔij | haʔpeˑj |
| 182 | tule shoes | *almoˑQa | almōˑqa | almōka |
| 183 | two | *ḥɔˑq | haʔaq, haq | hoqi |
| 184 | urine | *isaQk | tisaxts, isoq | wisāk |
| 185 | valley | *aKwæ | atwam | akwi |
| 186 | wash | *jwæʔtUˑr | ījaʔtul | jwiʔtōra |
| 187 | water | *aS | as | aji |
| 188 | water-basket | *kohp̃īā | kōmīā | kohpaī |
| 189 | we | *ɛKu | ittu | akuir |
| 190 | weak | *ɑxwarɛ | eʔwaˑlī | akwarā |
| 191 | weasel | *yaˑS | yas | yaˑj |
| 192 | when (where) | *jü | j̠u̠-taj, j̠i̠taj | hay-k̠i̠, hay-k̠u̠ |
| 193 | whisper | *ḥawḥaw | hawḥaw | hawhaw |
| 194 | whistle | *slaˑyUˑyÜw̃Üs | slahayuyimo | sayoyowis |
| 195 | wide | *-jɛw̃i | wēˑyāxjimī | wujawī |
| 196 | willow | *pə̄Sʔ- | pəsʔ | pəju |
| 197 | wing | *tɔˑʔwa | tāʔwāˑji | wis-toʔ-wa-s |
| 198 | winter (year) | *pasjuy | asjuy | pasju |
| 199 | wipe | *üLujɛ | k-uluji | j-innujā |
| 200 | wood | *ahu | āū | ahwi |
| 201 | work, to | *Kurum, *KUrUm | tulumi, tolomo | kurum |
| 202 | ye | *miSəKu | mistūˑ | mijəkuir |
| 203 | yellowhammer | *jʔwoqe | jʔoqe, joqe | jʔoqesi, DV šwekʔiši |
| 204 | yellow jacket | *jeh | jeyū | DV jehta |
| 205 | youngest (of siblings) | *weˑskhIn | wēˑskēn-ja | weˑskhīn |