Proto-Na-Dene reconstructions from Nikolaev (2014)[1] (based on Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit reconstructions by Leer (1996)[2] and Nikolaev's own reconstructions):
| No. in Leer (1996) | Proto-Na-Dene | English gloss |
|---|---|---|
| 1107 | *ʒʷansʼʷV | ‘plead, pray’ |
| 1108 | *ʒʷängʷV | ‘act with end of stick-like instrument’ |
| 1110 | *ʒʷElV | ‘hump, hill’ |
| 319 | *ʒʷiwV | ‘good, pleasant’ |
| 1113 | *ʒʷisʼʷV | ‘cup, receptacle, calyx’ |
| 32 | *ʔəʒʷə | ‘move the foot, step’ |
| 458 | *łʼäʒʷV | ‘hard, stiff’ |
| 824 | *tʼäʒʷV | ‘stiff, numb’ |
| 1002 | *χʷiʒʷa | ‘shoulder, upper arm’ |
| 76 | *cʷa | ‘change, distribute’ |
| 77 | *cʷäŋa | ‘see, look’ |
| 79 | *cʷEgE | ‘paired with, whole’ |
| 80 | *cʷElE | ‘hole’ |
| 84 | *cʷEśʼV | ‘extinguish’ |
| 819 | *cʷExʼa | ‘dry’ |
| 89 | *cʷina | ‘breechclout’ |
| 90 | *cʷinłʼə | ‘ashes’ |
| 91 | *cʷińE | ‘flee, run to safety’ |
| 87 | *cʷiʒV | ‘thin, loose (snow)’ |
| 69 | *cʼʷAwa | ‘crosspiece, crossbar’ |
| 71 | *cʼʷEčʼE (?) | ‘nape, occiput’ |
| 72 | *cʼʷəxki, *cʷəxkʼi (?) | ‘body, inside of skin’ |
| 882 | *sEcʼʷE | ‘belt’ |
| 479 | *sʷəcʼʷV (?) | ‘squeeze, mash (berries)’ |
| 825 | *tʼEcʼʷə | ‘thorny/stinging plant’ |
| 672 | *sʷakʼʷa (?) | ‘shell’ |
| 918 | *sʷAgʷa | ‘sand, gravel’ |
| 1109 | *sʷEdE | ‘fall (animate subj.)’ |
| 686 | *sʷədE | ‘extend, pull’ |
| 687 | *sʷəsʼE | ‘skin’ |
| 682 | *sʷEtʼi (?) | ‘sweep, scrape, rake’ |
| 683 | *sʷEwłʼi | ‘drool, snort’ |
| 685 | *sʷExʼE | ‘fall, move rapidly’ |
| 688 | *sʷi | ‘dusk, evening’ |
| 689 | *sʷidE | ‘draw, make furrow’ |
| 690 | *sʷidV | ‘ribs together with spine, comb’ |
| 155 | *čʷEsʷa | ‘edible root’ |
| 476 | *łʼʷEsʷE | ‘stone’ |
| 579 | *ńäsʷE, *ńä(n)ʒʷE (?) | ‘downriver, out to sea’ |
| 667 | *sʼʷEi (?) | ‘straight, true’ |
| 898 | *sʼʷindE | ‘fall, sink, etc.’ |
| 38 | *ʔisʼʷV ~ ń- (?) | ‘call, summon’ |
| 224 | *dimsʼʷE | ‘cover (mouth, face, eyes), plug’ |
| 514 | *ƛʼisʼʷa | ‘trash, dirt’ |
| 470 | *łʼisʼʷi | ‘soak, rain, drink up’ |
| 643 | *qʷEsʼʷə | ‘enclosed/sticklike object moves’ |
| 817 | *tʼAsʼʷa | ‘cut’ |
| 837 | *tʼisʼʷV | ‘ice; freeze’ |
| 1030 | *χʼEsʼʷi | ‘round, round object’ |
| 1097 | *ʒ́AmAłʼE | ‘wart’ |
| 1098 | *ʒ́EnE | ‘muskrat’ |
| 1099 | *ʒ́Eʒ́kʼʷi (?) | ‘owl’ |
| 1100 | *ʒ́EχE | ‘oddly, erroneously’ |
| 1102 | *ʒ́əśV | ‘thong, lace’ |
| 1101 | *ʒ́əśV, *ʒ́əʒ́V (?) | ‘skinny, exhausted’ |
| 1103 | *ʒ́ikʼʷV | ‘crosspiece, thwart; back’ |
| 1104 | *ʒ́indE | ‘round, oval, round object’ |
| 285 | *ćiʒ́i | ‘waterfowl, sandpiper’ |
| 337 | *hEʒ́a | ‘singe’ |
| 840 | *wAʒ́EnxE | ‘elk, caribou’ |
| 1079 | *yaʒ́a, *yaśa (?) | ‘small’ |
| 61 | *ćA | ‘beaver, hair seal’ |
| 62 | *ćEkʼE | ‘stick, pole’ |
| 63 | *ćEmE | ‘strong, hard’ |
| 64 | *ćEχʼʷE | ‘stake, dam up’ |
| 65 | *ćəgV | ‘push (with) sticklike object end forward’ |
| 1105 | *ćiŋE (?) | ‘bad, evil, difficult’ |
| 66 | *ćʼićʼχʼʷE (?) | ‘snail’ |
| 67 | *ćićʼgʷE (?) | ‘small songbird (generic)’ |
| 314 | *gʷimVćʼV, *kʼʷ- (?) | ‘a plant with edible roots’ |
| 646 | *qʷäχćʼE | ‘tickle’ |
| 946 | *xʷićʼV | ‘charred, rough wood’ |
| 1058 | *χEmVćʼə (?) | ‘egg, testicle’ |
| 658 | *śAwni | ‘good, normal’ |
| 661 | *śEnχə | ‘wet snow, rain coming down in long streaks’ |
| 662 | *śəi, *wəśəi (?) | ‘name’ |
| 659 | *śEji | ‘voice’ |
| 664 | *śiV (?) | ‘flowing water’ |
| 663 | *śiwV | ‘sleep’ |
| 183 | *däśV | ‘foam, (foamy) juice’ |
| 317 | *gʷiśi | ‘vagina’ |
| 862 | *wəśV | ‘dry, roast’ |
| 1036 | *χʼimśE, *χʼimʒ́E (?) | ‘sour, stinking’ |
| 179 | *śʷa | ‘south, summer’ |
| 920 | *śʷna | ‘old (person, animal)’ |
| 883 | *śʷənE | ‘cure shamanistically, medicine-man’ |
| 521 | *lʷElʷə | ‘hang’ |
| 533 | *lʷExʷE | ‘peel’ |
| 312 | *gʷilʷi | ‘frail, small’ |
| 576 | *ńalʷE | ‘old (man, animal)’ |
| 928 | *xʷälʷa | ‘fear, danger; monster’ |
| 494 | *ƛʷa | ‘stout, thick’ |
| 497 | *ƛʷagʷa | ‘old, long ago’ |
| 520 | *ƛʷAqʼa | ‘ferrule’ |
| 522 | *ƛʷE | ‘run away, to ruin’ |
| 523 | *ƛʷəli | ‘head’ |
| 525 | *ƛʷiłʼV | ‘pull along, slide’ |
| 526 | *ƛʷimgʷE | ‘grab, carry by hand’ |
| 527 | *ƛʷixʼʷə, *ƛʷixʷə (?) | ‘shove, pull’ |
| 528 | *ƛʷʼakʼa | ‘wet’ |
| 516 | *ƛʼʷämgE | ‘rot, disintegrate’ |
| 517 | *ƛʼʷEłE, *ƛʷEłʼE (?) | ‘milt; fat around large intestine’ |
| 518 | *ƛʼʷimƛʼʷE | ‘suck’ |
| 519 | *ƛʼʷingE | ‘finger’ |
| 46 | *ʔnəƛʼʷV | ‘soak, be wet’ |
| 436 | *łEƛʼʷgE (?) | ‘soft’ |
| 992 | *χEƛʼʷE, *χEłʼʷE (?) | ‘be afraid, startle’ |
| 485 | *łʷa | ‘mouth (interior)’ |
| 486 | *łʷaqʼasgV | ‘a kind of edible seaweed, dulse’ |
| 483 | *łʷAńa | ‘tan(ned) skin’ |
| 482 | *łʷAnxʷi | ‘numb, nauseated, hungry’ |
| 487 | *łʷEdE | ‘glide, slide’ |
| 488 | *łʷEmlE | ‘hollow, hollow object, (plant with) hollow stem’ |
| 491 | *łʷənχʼV, *łʷənχʼV (?) | ‘sapwood, pitch’ |
| 182 | *dałʷa | ‘heavy’ |
| 265 | *giłʷV, *giłʷV (?) | ‘roast on stick’ |
| 419 | *kʷiłʷi | ‘fabric-like object (blanket, apron, breechclout, sack)’ |
| 1011 | *χiłʷE | ‘pus, semen, viscous matter, foam’ |
| 1094 | *yiłʷV | ‘a large bird’ |
| 475 | *łʼʷənE | ‘bone’ |
| 477 | *łʼʷəwE | ‘breast, nipple, suck’ |
| 472 | *łʼʷiχV | ‘strike, pound, stump’ |
| 480 | *łʼʷiχʼʷE | ‘move swiftly, spurt’ |
| 264 | *gEłʼʷə | ‘dried (skin, fish)’ |
| 418 | *kʷEłʼʷE | ‘take apart, shed feathers’ |
| 850 | *wäłʼʷV | ‘peel’ |
| 1035 | *χʼiłʼʷV | ‘slippery, boggy’ |
| 1133 | *ǯʷAłʼʷa | ‘tangled (rope, hair)’ |