This appendix lists Proto-Peba-Yagua reconstructions, along with Yagua, Peba, Yameo, and Masamae (Yameo-Masamae) data, from Peña (2009).[1]
Only Yagua is spoken today. The languages are tonal, with Yagua having two tones (high and low).
Masamae is a variety of Yameo that is known only from Christian doctrine texts (see Espinoza 1955).
Peba and Yameo are more closely related to each than they are to Yagua. The Peba-Yameo subgroup is defined by the following sound changes:
Peña (2009) utilizes the following data sources.
| Language | Source | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Yagua | Powlison (1995) | Powlison, Paul. Niyami Niquejadamusi - Ma̱y Niquejandamuju̱; Ma̱y Niquejadamusy Nijya̱mi̱ Niquejadamuju̱ / Diccionario Yagua-Castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 35, Lima: Ministerio de Educación/Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1995. |
| Peba | Castelnau (1851) | Castelnau, Francis de. Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud. Vol. 1. Paris: P. Bértrand, 1851. |
| Peba | Erben (1948) | Erben, J. L. Na Vódach Amazonky. Prague: Česka Grafická Unie, 1948. |
| Yameo | Tessmann (1930) | Tessmann, Günter. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus. Hamburg: Friedrichsen, de Gruyter & Co., 1930. |
| Yameo | Espinoza (1955) | Espinoza Perez, Lucas. Contribuciones lingüísticas y etnográficas sobre algunos pueblos indígenas del Amazonas Peruano. Vol. 1. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Bernardino de Sahagún, 1955. |
| Yameo-Masamae (doctrine text) | Espinoza (1955) | Espinoza Perez, Lucas. Contribuciones lingüísticas y etnográficas sobre algunos pueblos indígenas del Amazonas Peruano. Vol. 1. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Bernardino de Sahagún, 1955. |
| bilabial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p | t | k | ||
| nasal | m | n | |||
| fricative | h | ||||
| affricate | tʃ | ||||
| rhotic | R | ||||
| glide | w | j |
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| high | i | u | |
| mid | (e) | ||
| low | a |
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Peba-Yagua | Yagua (Powlison 1995) | Peba (Castelnau 1851) | Peba (Erben 1948) | Yameo (Tessmann 1930) | Yameo (Espinoza 1955) | Yameo-Masamae |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | *Raj | ɽaj | rai (? ?) | raé, rɐ́ə, ninle)ɹea | ra | ||
| 2 | You | híj | i, hi | eré, hera, here | ||||
| 3 | 3.SG.ANIM | sa- | sa- | san- | <za> | |||
| 3.1 | 3.SG.ANIM | -nĩ́ĩ́ | nin | |||||
| 4 | We | *wuj | wṹṹj | vi | wi | <bue> wue | ||
| 5 | 2.PL | híɽrej | re, ret, ret 2.PL | |||||
| 7 | This | híj | aré | |||||
| 8 | That | ɽu | rúnun, ru, run | |||||
| 12 | Interrog. | nũtju-ɽa ‘how’ | nitrá ‘what’ | |||||
| 16 | NEG | ne; -ta | aanoj | téal | ||||
| 16.1 | not | -tja, -ta | té̹ːḁka | téal (no), tálo (prohibitive) | ||||
| 16.2 | not | nẽ́ẽ́ | aanoj | -dle, -le, -le, -la | ||||
| 22 | one | *ta | tá-ɽa-kɨɨ ta-puu-see 'one-cylinder.CL short.stick.CL' | tápuʃĕ lã tápuʃĕ ‘short finger’ | ||||
| 22.1 | one | tĩĩkii (<ta-ĩ-kɨɨʔ) | <tomeu lay> | teki | ||||
| 22.2 | one | puitĕ́r | pwitəáɹ́, pwitəára | poetinten | ||||
| 23 | two | ⁿda-ɽa-hṹj (with general classifier) | <nomoira> | manaxo | na-rá-mue̥ | na-rá-ma, na-rá-m | ||
| 24.1 | three | mu-waj | mu-mwa | <mu-ngoa> | kiŋʃắ (Quechua) | |||
| 24.2 | three (root?) | mu- | mu- | mu- | ||||
| 24.3 | PL.ANIM | -waj PL.ANIM | <-ngoa> | até̹ːḁ-wa ‘people’ | ||||
| 25.1 | four | nãj-nũ-hũjũ (anim) | namerayo | lauxikoni | ||||
| 25.2 | four (root) | nãj- | na- | |||||
| 25.3 | four (root) | lau | ||||||
| 25.4 | four (suffix) | hũjũ | koni | |||||
| 26.1 | five | táⁿdaa-hjo | <taone-lla> | <lala-xio> | ||||
| 26.2 | half/five | taⁿdaaj | <taone> | <lalaj> | ||||
| 26.3 | five | ho | <lla> (?) | <xo> | ||||
| 32 | small | -ⁿdeeɽa (dim) | niːn-lé̹ːra | nin-leɹ | ||||
| 36 | woman | *wa-tV-Ra | wá-tu-ɽá ‘woman w/o children’; wá-tu-ɽṹj ‘woman with children’; wá-tuj | wato(a) | wátrĕ | wátră 'woman', watrú 'women' | ||
| 37 | man | wá-nũ | comoley | awá̹ra | awára, awaɹ̱́ 'male, man'; áwarǔ 'men' | |||
| 38 | person | tĩ 'someone, other' | aĕtín 'people' | atin (?) 'man' | ||||
| 39 | boy | *neRa | ⁿdee-nũ/ⁿdee-ɽa | laira | láeɹ | |||
| 39.1 | boy | ⁿdeeɽa | laira | láeɹ | lea | |||
| 41 | husband | wanũ, ɽimitju | i-le̹ːyã́ | liyá; i liyá 'your husband' | ||||
| 42 | mother | hũnõⁿda | yaŋúːelọ̈ | amá | ||||
| 43 | father | jãj, tatja (Quechua), jẽjẽ | íːye̹ː | ampá, ã́e, ẽ | ahen (563) | |||
| 47 | dog | *nimji | nĩᵐbíí | nemej ('tiger and dog') | nebi | niamĭ́; niamĕ̹́ (jaguar) | ɲiamé | |
| 51 | tree | nĩ́nũ | ṍɣuŋ (nalö́ ‘plantation’) | ã́oɣṹ (nanú ‘liana’) | ||||
| 51.1 | CL.tree | -ⁿdasij | -lassé | -laś | ||||
| 52 | forest | too | opu | tó̹ːo̥la | táo | |||
| 52.1 | forest | kúruhúú, too, ⁿdapúuy 'montear' | opu | tó̹ːo̥la | táo | |||
| 53 | stick | -see ‘CL.stick' | tapa-sej | tápu-ʃĕ ('short') | ||||
| 53.1 | CL.stick | -nũ ‘CL.stick’ | -ló | -nú | ||||
| 54 | fruit | nĩnsij <prob. from nĩnũsij | nemasej | |||||
| 56 | leaf | nã́wĩ | semaj-; nemej | niŋɣṹŋ | niɣṹ | |||
| 57 | root | hṹnũtij | nataj | ṛa-sáːlăŋ | ra-sáːlăŋ 'his root' | |||
| 57.1 | root | hṹnṹtij | nataj | |||||
| 59 | flower | sisa (Quechua) | susaman (Q) | sisă (Q) | ʃiʃă (Q) | |||
| 60 | herb, grass | wátʃuúj | vaʃi | |||||
| 62 | skin | haj | yáŭŋ | yáŭn | ||||
| 80 | foot | nũmũtú | vi-nimotaj | ere̹ːʃamtínjo̥ | no̥ | |||
| 63 | flesh/meat | sa-wij | sa-lái | |||||
| 64 | blood | nũⁿda | i-ne̹ːalá | ne̹ːalá | ||||
| 67 | egg | hiwaⁿdá | waaláŋ | |||||
| 71 | CL.hair | -hasíy | -saj | -sĕ | ||||
| 71.1 | hair | hasíj-mũ CL.feather | yanaʔaŋse 'your hair' | náns, nansĕ | ||||
| 71.2 | hair | -hũnõ-hasíj (wuɽi̹i̹nõ̹h asíj) | rai-no-saj | j-anaʔaŋse 'your hair' | j-ánansĕ () | |||
| 72 | head | hũnṍ | rai-no | wi-nátu | náto (319) | |||
| 73 | ear | *tiwãj, *tuwãj | -tuwãj | mi-tiwa | tĩ́wẽ | tuwãə | ||
| 74 | eye | nĩsíj, hũnṹtjãã́ | vi-nimichi | wi nĩn̥sĕ̹ | wi nunsé 'our eyes'; nunsé-la 'eyes' | |||
| 75 | nose | *nVRV | nũɽṹũ, wuj-nũɽṹ | vineRo | i-niɾ̣ʃeʔá 'your nose' | náɹʔă | ||
| 75 | nose | nũɽṹũ, wuj-nũɽṹ | vi-neRo | náɹʔă | ||||
| 75.1 | nostrils | nũɽũ-jũ | vi-neRo-ay | |||||
| 76 | mouth | hũtóó | ri-to (3PL + mouth) | íː-pĕ̹ 'your mouth' | po | |||
| 76.1 | mouth | hũtóó (ɽij-hũtóó 3PL + mouth) | to | |||||
| 77 | tooth | *ha- | hããⁿdá | vi-ala | wi ĕ̹ː (E: 'our teeth’) | wi ã-nlá 'our teeth', ã 'tooth' | ||
| 77.1 | tooth | *ha- | hããⁿdá | vi-ala | ||||
| 78 | tongue | ⁿdaatʃíj | wi leʔʃi | wi lešé | ||||
| 79.2 | nail | hasu-muⁿdaj | re-lansmayja | iniʃmáːḁla ‘your nails’ | ||||
| 79.2 | finger | hanã | <brelan> (re-lan ?) | yaʔlăŋ; yáʔlăŋ ('dedo del pie') | lã (319, 415); lã́-nla 'fingers'; y-alã́-n)la 'your fingers' | |||
| 82 | knee | haⁿdasíj | ir̹iwusĕ̹́ | iṛiwusĕ̹́ 'your knee' | ||||
| 82.1 | heel | haɽosij | iriwusĕ́ | |||||
| 83 | hand | homũtú | vinitajli | win ŭ́ 'our hands' | win ũwṍ-nla 'our hands'; u 'arm' = win ũ 'our arm' | |||
| 83.1 | arm | (nũmũto 'shoulder'), homutu 'mano' | vi-omoté | íːyŏ | i-ṹ | |||
| 86 | belly/guts | wumṹ, wimṹ | ʃa-mo | i weː | i wo | bwo | ||
| 86.1 | belly | wimú, wumú | ʃa-mo | wo-ma | wo-ma | |||
| 86.3 | belly | tʃã́ã́ 'flesh of breast of a bird' | ʃa-mo | |||||
| 88.2 | back | wuj-ndunu/wuj-ɽunu | iʃe̥nʔá | 'your back' | ||||
| 89 | breast | hĩtjãã́ | ité̹ːʔŋlă | |||||
| 90 | heart (guts) | *Catʃi | haatʃíj | kaiʃi | áʃe | ʃasi (or sasi ?) | ||
| 92 | drink | hatú 'drink' (V) | ra rató ‘I drink’ | |||||
| 93 | eat | himjĩ́j | me | mẹ | mja | |||
| 99 | breath | nãj | i-ne̹ːi | i-ne̹ːi 'your breath' | ||||
| 101 | see | ⁿdíj 'see, know' | níte̹ 'he visto' | |||||
| 512 | emphasis | -tée | -te̹, -tĕ̹ | |||||
| 103 | know | ⁿdáátja | néta̩ | naita, nata | ||||
| 140 | speak | nĩkéé | lẹké | leke | ||||
| 140.1 | say | hũũtáj, nĩkee | lakea | |||||
| 140.2 | tongue | nĩkee-haⁿda | wi-likéːe̥-la | wi lẹkáːi̥ ală | ||||
| 140.3 | word | nĩkee-haⁿda | leké-yala | leke-ala | ||||
| 147 | sun | hinjĩ́ | natĕ̹́ra | natəáɹ̱ (314), nateára (562) | raitará | |||
| 147.1 | sun | wáⁿdá 'bright' | wana | |||||
| 148 | moon | wũhjẽẽj ( = wũj + haaj 'our + father'), hanĩmjũɽĩ́, harimjũnĩ́ | remelané | ʃmé̹ːlŭ | ɹ̆məálu, ɹməálu | armalen | ||
| 150 | water | hãã́ (also ‘CL.liquid’) | <ain> (?) | naŋʔwá, naʔã ‘rainy season’ | nã́ŋgwă | |||
| 150.1 | water | -hãã | ʔã́ | |||||
| 151 | rain | ɽṹṹmũɽá (N), ɽũũᵐboⁿdá; ɽáhiiɽa-hũɽja 'it is misty' | rajla | ṛáelă | ráelă | |||
| 151.1 | rainy season | nĩ́hjãã (nij + hãã) | naʔã́ | naʔálemă | ||||
| 152.2 | water/big river | nãwa ('any kind of big river') | naŋʔwá ('water') | ná̰ŋgwă ('water') | ||||
| 153 | lake | hũmutjõ/hũmitjõ/mitjõ/mutjõ/-tõ ‘CL.pots, lakes, eye socket' | me-tao | amwẽ́; amú 'manantial' | ||||
| 153.1 | lake | *hVmuj | hũmuj, hũmij | me | amwẽ́; amú | |||
| 153.2 | spring | *nawa | nawa ('any kind of big river') | nowa (Maragnon River) | nawaluneaʃ | nãŋwã́ | ||
| 153.3 | CL.lake | tõ | tao | |||||
| 153.4 | river | *nawa | nãwa | nowa | nawa | nãŋwã́ | ||
| 156 | stone | há-witʃṹ; ɽá-witʃṹ; waⁿdanjṹ 'species of stone' | noroto | rŭʃŭʔ (ruwisu) | ruwe̥šó | |||
| 157 | sand | tĩ́tʃãã, -tĩ 'sand' | tenʃa | tĕ̹ŋ ('sandbank, beach') | ||||
| 159 | earth | padjéj (‘lowland’) | kapalé | |||||
| 159.1 | earth | mṹkaⁿdíi, mṹko, mṹki-ko CL.earth | póːpoːʔ | pó̥pŏ̥ ‘clay’ | ||||
| 159 | earth | *pVpV | popo-ko (Chaumeil 1987ː 91) 'white clay’ | póːpoːʔ | pó̥pŏ̥ | popo | ||
| 162 | sky | *haRitʃV | haɽitʃu | rjesé | ṛeʃjŏ́ʔ | reʃjó (562) | aresju | |
| 163.2 | strong wind, hurricane | mĩ́tjanã́j, mṹtjanã́j | watĕnĕ̹́ ('wind') | wátenĕ ('wind') | ||||
| 167 | fire | híiⁿdáj | feula | o̹ːlĕ̹ | oləá | aule | ||
| 170 | path | *nu | nṹ | nu | nũŋ̥ | nũŋ | ||
| 171 | mountain | mũsíj | musoj | |||||
| 173 | green | súnũ 'blue, green', wá-sunṹ, wá-sunũnã́j | wasanu ‘blue’ | |||||
| 175 | white | há-paɽu, wá-paɽu, páɽuuj 'become gray, white', pupá | papasej | paʃelắ | paɹlŏ | |||
| 176 | black | wá-ⁿdaku, wá-nũku, wá-nũku, mĩtʃaɽij ('black people') | miʃalaj | kaʃelĕ́ | kázlĕ | |||
| 176.1 | black | mitʃa-ɽij | miʃa-laj | |||||
| 177 | night | nṹpooɽá | nkó̜o̯ši | nékošĕ | ||||
| 177.1 | black/night | ⁿdaku | nkó̜o̯- | néko- | ||||
| 178 | day | hũⁿda; ɽuⁿda | pã́pa | pápă | papa | |||
| 178.1 | star | hũⁿdaɽitʃíj | larsé | kláṛeʃi | kláṛeʃi | |||
| 208 | DUAL | -ɽṹj | -rú | |||||
| 209 | bow (prob. from Cocama) | *kanu | kããnṹ | kanu | kanútĭ | |||
| 211 | plantation | nuⁿdij/nunij | nalŏ́ | |||||
| 212 | CL.round small | -sij | -sej | |||||
| 216 | house | ɽooɽíj | lowaRey | lao̥θĕ́ | lǎoɹ (320) | |||
| 218. | forehead | *mo | mṍ, mṍṍ mṍ-mũ 'forehead/face-LOC' (‘in front of’) | vi-mo ‘forehead’ | məa-mṹ (‘in front’) | |||
| 218.1 | LOC | mṍ | mo | məa | ||||
| 221.1 | type of monkey | watʃa | waʃam | |||||
| 221.2 | howler monkey | kadna/kanna; nũnu | numni | kanạ | nõŋelŏ́ | |||
| 221.3 | capuchin | siɲikjo/sinikjó | sundiko | sinekŏ̹́ | ||||
| 221.5 | ape | katʃunu | amu | amŏ́ʔ | amú ('mono en general') | |||
| 221.6 | kind of small monkey | wáátʃa | waʃam | |||||
| 221.7 | kind of monkey | amu | amŏ́ʔ | amú | ||||
| 221.8 | light capuchin | watáj (mono machín, mono blanco - 716) | waʃampaʃela (waʃam paʃela) | |||||
| 221.1o | saimiri | múju | mujiu | muitõ̹ʔ | ||||
| 221.11 | spider monkey | kawóóta/kuwóóta | kowata | ĩntʃŏ́ʔ | ||||
| 221.12 | night monkey | mútʃoó | maʃŏ́ | |||||
| 228 | pot | káɽṍõsiíj | ngắtʃĭ | kálʃĕ (small pot'); lkálʃĕ | ||||
| 230 | vulva | tatʃij | ite̹ːʃi | |||||
| 231 | tapir | hũnũtʃa; hnũtʃa; nũtʃá | naːʃĕʔ | násă | ||||
| 232 | celebration | híɲã́ | nja | |||||
| 233 | CL.short.cylinder | -púú | -pa | -pu | ||||
| 234 | afternoon | híɲuwaaj ‘become late’ | n̬uwa- n̬uwa)nsŏ ‘early afternoon’, n̬uwá)lansŏ ‘towards 3pm’, n̬uwá)ntĕ ‘sunset/last part of the afternoon’ | |||||
| 235 | hug encircle | maɽíiy | mánri (336) | |||||
| 236 | diminutive | -ⁿdee | -leɹ nizlénleɹ raə ne̥təá 'poquito yo traer' (335) | |||||
| 237 | DATIVE | -hiwa/-iwa/-uwa | -wa | |||||
| 238 | DUAL? | -hṹj | -xo | |||||
| 239 | chin | múⁿdi | vi-mela | i-me̹ːalá | ||||
| 240 | morning | tããɽijmjusí, tããɽij- | tánre-me ‘sunrise’, múĩ-mă 'in the morning' | |||||
| 241 | arrow | *Ruwe | ɽuwéé, ɽuwee-ɽoó | <ruelou> | ruwé (arrow) | |||
| 241.1 | arrow | *Ruwe | ɽuwéé- | rue- | ruwé | ruwé | ||
| 247 | pan flute | ⁿduuⁿduu-mũtá; ⁿduⁿdu-mãta (Chaumeil 1987) | nuna-mata | néulŭ | ||||
| 247.1 | to blow | *nu | ⁿduuⁿduu | nuna | néulŭ (‘flute’) | |||
| 247.2 | CL.tube or keys of musical instrument | -mũtá; -mãtá | -mata | |||||
| 249 | INAN | -ɽa | -na | -rá | -rá | |||
| 250 | INSTR | -ta | -ta | |||||
| 252 | go/future | hija/ja | jă | aja, ja, jan | ||||
| 253 | NOMLR | -saɽa | -sara | |||||
| 254 | canoe | *humVn(j)V | hũmũɲũ, mũɲũ | monej | munjo | me̹ːnĕ̹́ | me̥nəa | |
| 255 | caiman | *nuRutV | nuɽtu; nuɽutu | nuerto | noːʃtŏ́, noθtŏ́ | nuɹtó | ||
| 256 | six | tĩ́-kii-nĩhjátee | te-ki-neti | |||||
| 257 | seven | nã́-nũ-hṹ- nĩhjátee | lahoneti | |||||
| 258 | maize | ɽiiⁿdú/ⁿdíiⁿdúú | rolŭ́ | rọ́lŭ/rúlŭ | ||||
| 258 | manioc | hásuuj-see | coaleshé | θĭŋʃĕ́ | sénšĕ (320) | |||
| 259 | food, meal? | mjitʃaɽá/himitʃaɽa | mesá̹ṛa | |||||
| 260 | CL.short stick | *-see | -see | -ʃé | ʃĕ́ | ʃĕ | ||
| 261 | throat | pisij | i-pé̹ːiʃi | |||||
| 263 | NOMLR | -hanũ/-haⁿda | -anó | |||||
| 269 | above | nã́waj | nã́ŋgu | |||||
| 270 | thing | taɽá | ára, tára | talan | ||||
| 271 | devil | baayántu | yuna | ɹ̌mála | romala | |||
| 271.2 | spirit | baayanu | yuna | |||||
| 271.3 | forest demon | nuɽṹ | nero (‘devil’) | |||||
| 274 | to (direction) | -hũ | wátră-ọ̃, wátră-ũ | -hun | ||||
| 277 | LOC | *mṼ | -mũ | -mú, -mṹ | -ma | |||
| 271.4 | Shaman | *Rima- | ɽimjaɽa | dimasa | sumí ('brujo') | |||
| 271.5 | Shaman | *Rima- | ɽimja-ɽa | dima-sa | ɹ̆má-lă 'devil' (also the ‘spirit of plants’) | |||
| 283 | row, oar | sáátjãã́ | sadja | kulé | ||||
| 284 | parrot, budgerigar | *kVasi(j) | kããsij- 'paroquet' | koasi | koá̹ʃi 'parrot' | kwaʃi (‘parrot’) | ||
| 285 | blowgun | *nasij | ⁿduu-ⁿdasij, ɽuⁿdasij | no-lassé | nu-laś | |||
| 286 | nest | ɽuuj | ra-ru | |||||
| 502 | PL.ANIM | *muj ~ *mij | -mij | mua, (?) | -mue | -ma, -m | ||
| 503 | macaw | *hapa | hapa (red macaw) | appa | ápă | |||
| 507 | son | ⁿdeenṹ | le̹ (562) | lea | ||||
| 509 | bat | dítʃatú/ɽítʃatú | ʃeatĕ́ | |||||
| 510 | Penelope, jacutinga | ɽítʃuúj | reiʃi | řĕʃĩ́ʔ | riʃi (313) |