Appendix:Proto-Pano-Takanan reconstructions

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Proto-Pano-Takanan reconstructions:[1]

Girard (1971)

No. Proto-Pano-Takanan Proto-Panoan Proto-Panoan notes Proto-Panoan gloss Proto-Takanan Proto-Takanan gloss Proto-Takanan notes
1 **ʔa-, **-(w)a *ʔa do, make *a- do, make
1a *-a trans. suffix
2 **ʔaNi *ʔani big *ari big
3 **ʔaṣa *ʔṣ̌a barbasco *ac̣a barbasco
3a *ʔaṣ̌a-n- to fish with barbasco
4 **ʔawada *ʔawara tapir *awada tapir
5 **ʔawen *awini wife *wane wife, woman from *awane??
5a *ʔawi̧-bo woman
6 **ʔija (*ʔica) porcupine *ija porcupine
7 **ʔiji/ɨ- *ʔici-sa hot *ije- alive, warm
7a *ije-ti sun
8 **ʔina *ʔina dog, jaguar *ina¹ tail, feather, hair
9 **ina-n- *ʔina̧- to give *ina² to grasp, take
10 **ʔidu- (*ʔiru...) Cn iruma 'cagar-se', irumapa 'pobre, abandonado, feio, congraçado' *idu- Kav. ido- 'suffer'
11 **ʔɨ *ʔɨ I *ei- I
12 **ʔɨgʷa *ʔɨwa mother *e-kʷa- mother
13 **ʔɨwa *ʔɨwa big, abundant *ewa to swell, enlarge (as a river)
13a *ña-ewa dog (= big-tail?)
14 **ʔu- (*ʔo-) Csh ʔukɨ 'other side (of river)', ʔura 'far', ʔura̻ 'long time', ʔuri 'there', Cn ukɨ 'over there' *u- demonstrative
15 **ʔuku-, **ʔutu *ʔoko- to cough *utu cough
16 **badi *βari sun, day, spring *badi moon, month
17 **bak..., **bakɨ-a (?), **bakɨ-wa (?) *βakɨ child *bakwa child
18 **bana- *βana- to plant *bana- to plant
19 **ba... *βaiCV current, rise in river *bai lake
20 **beta *βata sweet *bita sweet
21 **bi- *βi- to get, receive *biu- to put
22 **biči *βiči skin *biti skin
23 **bina, **biNa βina wasp, bee *bina bat (mammal)
23a *bira wasp
24 **bɨ, *bɨta *βɨ- to bring (along) *be- to bring
24a *-bɨta̧; along with *beta two
24b *ra-βita two *beta- to accompany, go along with
25 **bɨ, **bu *βɨ etc. face, forehead *bu- face, head, in front of etc.
25a *βɨšpi eyebrow, eyelash
25b *βiro eye
25c *bɨma̧na̧ face, forehead
26 **bu-tɨ- *βu Cn botɨ 'to make something go down' down (verbal suffix) *bu-, bute- to descend, go down
26a *-bu down (verbal suffix)
27 **buna *βona; βo̧pa ant, beebeetle *buna ant (tucandera)
27a (ː*βona-pa?) wasp
28 **-cizi *mɨ̧-cis(t)i fingernail *-tiji nail
28a *o̧-cisi toenail
29 **ča- (?) *ča- to wet *ca²- wet
30 **či(ʔi), **čizɨ *čiʔi fire *ti- fire
30a *čiʔimapo ashes *tije charcoal
30b *(c)istɨ charcoal, firebrand timu ashes
31 **či-, **čiPu-n *čipo̧ large end, downriver *ti- large end
31a *či-bi- steer canoe from the stern *tibu trunk, stern of a canoe
32 **čia-n- (*čia-) Csh čiạ́ go over/across *ti-a- to give, go accross
33 **čiri-n- (*čiri̻) Csh čiri̧ hop, Cn tiri̧- jump, kindof dance *tiři- dance, drum
34 **čuNu (*čono) Csh čunu swallow, Cn čunu andorinha (bird sp) *čuru (?) found only in Kav. čuru swallow
35 **čuta (*čuta) Cn čuta fornicate *čuta- (?) found only in Tak. čuta- fornicate, copulate
36 **... *cu-, čo- Csh cukuka- suck, cucuka- nurse, Cn čočoa nurse *...? Tak. čuču nurse, Kav. soso nurse, suck
37 **da-n- *ra̧- etc. knee, ankle *da²- leg, knee, stick
38 **did... *riro/i monkey sp. *di... Tak. dídia, Kav. dide, Ese. dixidixi mono norcutno
39 **dɨwɨ *rɨwɨ flute *dewe found only in Ese. dewe flute
40 **du¹- (*ro-) Cn. doro pound, Csh ruɨ stone in form of an axe *dudu- pound, grind, tap
41 **du²- *rono cf. Csh runi̧ anaconda snake (generic) *du3'- Tak. du cascabel (rattlesnake sp.), duniduni- to slither
42 **duʔu *roʔo cf. also Csh rukaruka tocón (small monkey), Cn doka, dokawa̧ macaco parduacú howler monkey *duʔu howler monkey
42a *duk(w)a-duk(w)a lucashi (monkey sp.)
43 **-gʷɨ *-wɨ imperative suffix *-kʷe imperative suffix
44 **-gʷɨ-n (*wɨ̧) pronominal possessive suffix (probably for all three persons singolar) *-kʷe prenominal possessive affix (apparently used for only 1st and 2nd persons)
45 **ha- *aa 3rd person pronoun, sg. *a- stem of general interrogative pronouns cf. pP *awɨ/a what?
45a *ati... all
45b *ato 3rd person pronoun, pl.
45c *awɨ̧ his, hers, its
46 **hana *ana tongue *ana tongue
46a *ana̧ vomit
46b *a̧ṣ̌aβa(ka) to open mouth wide
47 **hegʷi *iwi tree akwi tree
48 **hemi *imi blood *ʔami blood
49 **huẓu *oṣ̌o white *..., found only in Ese. kea-oše white, War. kia-ušo-ne (very) white, ošo-ama not white. The Čamik forms, if not loans from the Panoan, would appear to come from a pT. *uze/u
50 **hua-, **wa- (?) *o̧-cɨsi cf. *mɨ̧-cisi fingernail toenail *wa- foot
50a *wa-tiji (toe?)nail
51 **kama-kama *ka̧kama pineapple *kaka fruit
52 **kaNa *kana macaw *kara macaw
53 **ka... *-kas, -kaci desiderative suffix *-ka desiderative suffix
54 **keni *kini hole *kani hole
55 **kuku/a *koka maternal uncle *kuku uncle and in Tak. specifically mother's brother
55a *koko nephew
56 **kuru *koro ashy color, gray, mouldy *kuřu mature, white-haired, ripe
57 **kuṣu *koṣ̌o wild turkey sp. *kucu wild turkey sp.
58 **kʷa *kʷa- to go *kʷa- to go
59 **kʷɨ, **kɨ *kʷɨbiči lip, mouth *kʷe- beard etc.
59a *kʷɨna to call (to come) *kʷaca mouth
59b *kʷɨni beard
59c *kʷɨṣ̌aCV mouth
59d *kʷɨšni beard
59e *kʷiɨ̧ to praise, desire
59f *kɨyo- to bite
59g koi chin, jaw
60 **kʷɨNu *kʷɨno sharpen (a point), sharp edge *kʷeru sharp
61 **~(...a)ma *-(ya)ma negative suffix (verbal) *-(a)ma negative suffix (verbal and nominal)
62 **ma..., **maʔči *maʔči hill, crown of head *mata summit, mountain, top of head
62a *mana̻ up, hill *matina summit, point
62b *mapɨ to go up an incline
62c *maṣ̌kača head, peak
62d ma- head (instrumental prefix)
63 **mai- *mai earth *me¹-, *meʔi, *meji, mec̻i earth, sand etc.
63a *mai̧ by land
63b *mai̧-, *maiwa to bury
63c *maṣ̌i Shell's *masṣ̌ɨ sand
64 **makɨ *makɨ piranha *make piranha
65 **ma-, **manu- *manu- to forget *ma- to die
65a *mawa to die *manu- to die
66 **manVkanV *ma̻kaNV stone, chopper, pestle *a-maka mortar, chopper, grinder also cf. Kav. makana mortar, mill stone
67 **maṣɨ *maṣ̌ɨ achiote *mac̣e achiote
68 **ma... *... Csh masá muy feo, Atsawaka mastara bad *maza-da bad
69 **mi- *mi- (?) story, tell a story *mimi- speak, tell
70 **mɨ- *mɨ- hand (instrumental prefix) *me²- hand
70a *mɨ́ʔi touch with hand *me-tiji fingernail etc.
70b *mɨ̧-cis(t)ɨ fingernail
70c *mi-kinɨ hand
70d *mɨ-toti index finger
70e *mɨ-bi branch, hand
70f *mɨ-ṣ̌o- creep on hands and knees
71 **(-)mɨta *yamɨCV (ː*yamɨta) night *meta night
71a *ya̧ta̧ (ː*yamɨta-n) night
72 **mi *mi thou *mi thou
73 **mur... moro to dry *muři to dry
74 **Mɨ- *mɨʔča to get wet, be wet *beca to swim
75 **na- *naši- bathe *na- water, plus many compounds
76 **ni- *ni- stand, go *a-ni- to be
76a *ni-tia- leave
76b (?) *neti- to stand (upright)
77 **nu(ɨ́) *noɨ/a delicious, savory (of fruit, nuts, etc.) *nui delicious, as fruit
78 **Nami *nami flesh, meat *rami meat
79 **Nɨ- (*nɨ́-) Csh nɨri there; ɨɨ-nɨ this; Cn nɨkɨ thither, nɨnu here *rei- demonstrative
80 **Ṇu-, *Ṇubi- (*nu-) Cn nubi- put in, nu- verbal prefix with general meaning "in", nua deep *du²- deep, within
80a *dubi- to put in
80b *nubi- to enter
81 **-pa *-pa augmentative suffix, generally with a reference to animals as opposed to human body parts, and probably no longer productive *-pa general augmentative suffix; apparently productive
82 **paṣ... *paṣ̌a raw, green *pace bitter
83 **piza *pisa toucan *pica, *pija toucan Some sources gloss this word as "pinsha, bird sp." and the word may therefore be a loan into Pano-Takanan, which may account for its slight irregularity in Takanan.
84 **pi... *pia arrow *pisa arrow The Takanan form has some peculiaritiesː Kav. has piya and not the expecter piha.
85 **pupu (*popo) Csh pupu owl *(pupu) owl Kav. popo owl
86 **p... *pɨ̧pɨ̧ṣ̌awa?) Csh pɨ̧pɨ̧ṣ̌oo butterfly; cf. butterfly *sapipi, *sababa, *sapuřa butterfly
87 **Pɨya...(?) *poyami but cf. Csh pɨñá̧ arm *ba³-, *bai arm
87a *be³- arm, shoulder
88 **Pui/ɨ *poi sibling of opposite sex *bu⁴-, *bui/e son/daughter of mother's sister
89 **ri..., **ris... *risi(st)i thread *řibi a snare made of ropes
89a *risβiči rope, thong *řisi to tie
89b *řiře to snare
90 **ṣa-, **ṣama (*ṣ̌a-, ṣ̌ama-) Csh ṣ̌ama umbilical cord *c̣a¹- many compounds with reference to strikinglike object
90a ṣ̌apo-poko tripa *c̣ama intestines
91 **ṣaNu- (*ṣ̌anoo̧-) Csh š̠anu̧- be covered with feathers *c̣aru- hair, feathers probably related to item 90 above
92 **ṣapu *šapo mapajo, algodón silvestre (a tree sp. with natural wool) *c̣apu mapajo Doubless related to items 90 and 91 above.
93 **ṣau *ṣ̌ao bone *c̣au bone
94 **ṣinV (*ṣ̌ina) Ch šina during the night (e.g., pi-bo-na-šina-ka-ʔita-kɨ Yesterday on the way here at night they ate. Cn šina̧, ši̧ soon, another day, during a day/night *c̣ine/a night, afternoon
95 **ṣɨu *ṣ̌io Shell's *io marihuí (gnat sp.) *çɨu marihuí
96 **ṣi-, **ṣɨ-wɨ *ṣ̌ɨ-ta tooth *c̣e tooth
96a *ṣ̌ɨ-wɨ fishhook *c̣ewe hook
97 **sɨkʷɨ *ṣ̌ɨkʷɨ doorway *c̣ekʷe door, way
98 **ṣ̌ɨna *ṣ̌ɨna worm *c̣ena worm
99 **ṣɨNi *šɨni fat, grease *c̣eri fat
100 **ṣu (<**şau) *-ṣ̌o as second member of a compound bone *-c̣u bone as second member of a compound, cf. pT *ba(i)-cu elbow
101 **ṣuk(ʷ)ɨ *ṣ̌okɨ toucan *cukʷe toucan
102 **šipi *bɨšpi (<*bɨ+šipi?) eyebrow, -lash *...? Kav. šipi eyelid. Highly problematicalǃ
103 **ta- *taʔɨ foot *ta- foot, leg
104 **takʷa *takʷa liver *takʷa liver
105 **tamu *tamo cheek (*tamu) found only in Kav. tamo cheek
106 **tara-n- *tará̧- to roll, make something go round *tařa ring, corral, around
107 *taru-n- (*taro̧-) Csh tarú̧-ka- to make something move, Cn taru̧- to agitate, tremble *tařu oar, to row, beat
108 **tawa *tawa cane, bamboo, arrow *ta(wa) cane
109 **tɨ(ʔ)k⁽ʷ⁾V *tɨʔk(ɨ) Csh tɨɨ́ka- to grasp, seize (tr.) *tekʷa- to beat, kill, hunt
109a *tɨɨ́ki- Cn tɨka- to wound, Ch tɨkɨ́- to break to grasp, seize (intr.)
109b tɨka- to break something (tr.)
110 **tu¹- (*tu-) Cn tua there, that *tu¹- general 3rd person (sg. and pl.) pronoun
110a tori thereto
111 **tu²- (*tu-) Cn to conceive, make pregnant *tu² round, bent, and many compoundds which have reference to that particular shape
111a tuku to swell
111b turu round, circular
112 **tu-, **tu-bu (*tu-) Csh tubu- undo, cut up *tubu- to cut, shorten
112a tuca- cut, slice, wound
112b tucapa- disunite and make fall
113 **yuṣi *yoṣ̌i-ni demon, spirit *duci spirit etc.
114 **ẓɨNi, **ẓiNi *ṣ̌ɨni but cf. Ch siri old old *ziri old
115 **ẓ... *ṣ̌oo green, not ripe *zawa green, unripe but cf. pT *sawa yellow, ripe
116 **žikɨ, **žɨki *ṣ̌ɨki but cf. Csh šiki cornrob corn *jike corn Both of these forms may, however, be ancient Arawak loans.

References

  1. ^ Girard, Victor. 1971. Proto-Takanan Phonology. (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
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