Proto-Otopamean reconstructions:[1]
Four vowels with nasalization contrast are reconstructed for Proto-Otopamean by Bartholomew (1989):
Synchronic languages supporting the reconstruction of Proto-Otopamean are:
| English gloss | Proto-Otopamean | Otomi | Matlazinca | North Pame | Mazahua | Ocuilteco | Chichimeco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chile | *ʔi | ʔi | mi | ʔei | ʔiʔi | mi | ʔe |
| blood | *kʰi | kʰi | či-hyabi | kkʰi | kʰiʔi | nči-hya | kʰe |
| squirrel | *mi-nã | minã | mini | meigŋ | mi | ||
| tell | *si-p | šipʰi | ši | sep | šipʰi | se | |
| pull | *kiʔHC-mʔ | kʰɨʔmi | kɨɨza | kkeʔedn | kʰɨbʔɨ | nkɨbi | keʔenʔ |
| chin | *kʰiHC-nʔ | kʰɨni | nčɨri | kʰwelʔ | kʔɨdʔɨ | nčɨli | |
| beans | *kʰiHC-ʔ | kʰɨ | čʰɨ | nkʰweʔ | kʰɨʔɨ | čʰɨ | kʰeʔ |
| louse | *tʔo | tʔoni | tʔo | lʔo | tʔoʔo | tʔo | rʔo |
| house | *tʔo-s | tʔoši 'bed' | tʔoši 'supper' | lʔos | tʔošɨ 'bed' | rʔos | |
| stone | *=to | do | nto | to | ndo | nto | ro |
| flower | *=toHC-n | dəni | təni | togŋ | ndəhnə | ndə | ro |
| hen | *ʔoHC-n | ʔəni | ʔəni | ʔogŋ | ʔənə | ʔə | |
| hear | *ʔoHC-t | ʔəde | ʔəti | ʔoʔ | ʔərə | ʔəti | ʔo |
| water | *=teh | dege | tawi | tæ | ndehe | nta | ri |
| to weave | *pe | pe | pa | ppæ | peʔe | mpa | pi |
| mouth | *ne | ne | na | næ | neʔe | ši-na 'lips' | ni |
| people | *te | te | ta | læ | teʔe | tạ | |
| spider | *me-s | meše | maši | mæs | meše | maši | |
| to cough | *hyeh | hehe | hyewi 'a cold' | hhæ | hehe | he | |
| a cold | *t-heh | tʰehe | hyewi | ri-tʰyæʔæ | tʰe | ||
| one | *nʔa | ʔna | dawi | nda | daha | la | ntʔa |
| plain | *mʔa-tʰa | ʔmatʰa | bati | nibia | bʔatʰɨ | bati | |
| horse | *pah-nʔ | pʰani | pari | wahalʔ | pʰadʔɨ | bali | |
| straw mat | *pĩh-ʔ | ši-mpʰĩ | mpʰiwi | ppẽhiʔ | pʰi-ngwa | pʰi | |
| drunken | *tĩ, *nĩ | ntĩ | nimi | tĩʔi | ni | ||
| to look | *nõ | nũ | nu | nnõʔo | nũʔu | nu 'wake up' | nũʔu |
| to tie up | *tõ-tʔ/cʔ | tũtʔi | tuncʔi 'know' | ttocʔ 'knot' | tũntʔɨ | tuncʔi | tucʔ 'knot' |
| to die | *tũ | tũ | tuwi | ttõ | tũʔu | tu | rũ |
| owner | *mʰõ | ʰmũ | mʰu | mʰõʔ | ʰmũʔu | mʰu | mʰũ |
| to steal | *pẽ | pæ̃ | pewi | ppæ̃ | pẽ | pe | ppĩ |
| tortilla | *mʰẽ | ʰmæ̃ | mʰewi | mʰæ̃ | mʰe | ||
| tamale | *tʰẽ-t | tʰæ̃di | tʰeti | lʰæ̃ʔæ | tʰẽʒẽ | tʰenti | rʔĩhi |
| atole | *tʔẽ-m | tʔæ̃i | tʔemi | lʔæ̃ŋ | tʔẽʰme | tʔe | rʔĩ |
| to roast | *hã-s | hãši | həši | hãs | hãša | həši | hüs |
| to say | *mã-m | mã | məmi | mmãŋ | mãmã | mə | mã |
| to know | *pã-t | pãdi | pəya | ppã 'visit' | pãra | mpəya | pã 'see' |
| to buy | *tao-m | tɔi | tami | ttaogŋ | tɔmɨ | ta | ta |
| mucus | *mʔao-s | ʔmɔši | maši 'nose' | mbaos | bʔɔšɨ | maši 'nose' | |
| to ask | *ʔao-nʔ | ʔɔni | ʔari | ʔahodnʔ | ʔɔnɨ | ʔali | ʔan |
| to try | *cao | cɔ | copi | cʔaoʔ | sɔʔɔ | co | |
| avocado | *cʔao-n | cʔɔni | cʔoni | cʔaogŋ | sʔɔhnɨ | cʔo | |
| to stand up | *mʔao-mʔ | ʔmɔi | bʔɔbʔɨ | nbohobi | |||
| white | *tʔoa-s | tʔaši | tʔoši | ddoa | tʔɔšɨ | nuʔu | |
| plow | *tʔoa-p | tʔabi | tʔopi | tʔɔbi | tʔopi | rʔu | |
| bat | *coa-cʔ | cacʔi | cocʔi | čoacʔ | cocʔi | ||
| foot | *koa | gwa | kwahtu | koa | ngwaʔa | gu | |
| wing | *hoa | hwa | nʰowi | hoa | hwaʔa | nʰo | |
| maguey | *nʔoa | ʔwada | ddoa | ʔwadɨ | nlooti | nʔu | |
| bitter | *kʰão | kʰũ | čʰə | kʰão | kʰõʔo | čʰə | kʰã |
| to sing | *tãoh | tũhu | təwi | ndão | tõho | tə | |
| moon | *mʔão-ʔ | mbə | mʔãoʔ | bə | mʔãʔ | ||
| night | *são-m | šũi | šəmi | são | šõmɨ | lšũ | sã |
| shadow | *são-t/mʔ | šũdi | šubi | sãot | šõrɨ | čʰubi | |
| corn | *tʰõa | tʰã | tʰuwi | lʰõa | tʰõʔo | tʰu | |
| cornfield | *nhõa-ʰm | hwãhi | nomi | nʰõa | hwãʰma | nu | nʰũ |
| to confess | *kõah- | kʰwãni | kunya | kkõaho | kʰwãmʔa | ||
| to beat | *paih-ʔmʔ | pʰæʔmi | papi | ppahiʔ | pʰæʔbʔi | pe | |
| to abandon | *hai-k/mʔ | hægi | habi | haigŋ | hæzi | habi | he |
| abandoned | *hi-ai-k | hyægi | heči | nʰiagŋ | hyæzi | heči | hi |
| hand | *nʔi-ai | ʔyæ | ye | nʔia | dyʔæʔæ | ye | nʔi |
| liver | *nia | ya | ya 'heart' | nia | ya 'heart' | ||
| to dance | *nãih-mʔ | nẽi | nəbi | nnãhiʔ | nẽmʔe | nəhəbi | nẽheʔ |
| to nurse | *coi | cɨ | čuʔu | ciʔ | siʔi | ci | čüʔ |
| to ride horseback | *teog | təge | llæogŋ | čəgə | nde | ||
| to burn | *ceo | nze | ceti | zərə | |||
| meat | *nkoeHC | ngə | ŋgwæʔ | nge | gu | ||
| star | *coeHC | cə | nceʔe | sehe | ce | ||
| cold | *coe | cæ | ce | cæ | sæʔæ | ce | či |
| to split wood | *coe-nʔ | cæni | seri | ccæʔædn | celi | čin | |
| fly | *ʔõi | ʔwæ̃ | ʔu | ʔẽi | ʔwæ | ngwi | ʔẽ |
| hunger | *tʰõi | tʰũhu | lʰõi | tʰĩʰmi | tʰu | ||
| squash | *mõih-ʔ | mũ | muhu | mõhiʔ | mũʔu | muʰli | mũhuʔ |
| sand | *mĩo-m | -mũ | mumi | mmẽoŋ | mu | ||
| full | *nĩo-t | yũdi | nuti | næ̃ | ñiʒi | nuti | |
| three | *nʰĩo | hyũ | hyu | nʰõʔ | ʰñĩʔi | hyu | nʰũ |