Appendix:Chumashan and Hokan Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Hokan and Chumashan languages, specifically Ipai, Cocopa, Kiliwa, Mojave, Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai, Achumawi, Yana and Salinan and one or more others, compared with that of English.

This list includes:

  • Ipai (Northern Diegueño) — Southern California, United States (Mesa Grande variety)
  • Tiipai (Southern Diegueño) — Baja California, Mexico; Southern California, United States (Jamul variety)
  • Cocopa — Arizona, United States; Sonora, Mexico (Note: dotted consonants, such as ṣ, are written as ss, while ł is is written as ll.)
  • Kiliwa (Spanish orthography used) — Baja California, Mexico
  • Chumash, Inezeño (Samala) — Southern California, United States

Note: Additional vocabulary words have been added after word no. 207 ("name"), since the original lengths of Swadesh lists are either 100 or 207 words.

List

№ English Hokan languages Central Chumash
(Ineseño variety
unless otherwise noted)
Yuman languages Pomo languages
(various) 		Achumawi Yana Salinan
Ipai
(Mesa Grande variety) 		Tiipai
(Jamul variety) 		Cocopa Kiliwa Mohave Havasupai–Hualapai language
(Havasupai variety)
1 I 'enyaach, 'e-, '- nyaach, nyaap, nyáapa nyaap ñaap 'inyech, 'a-/'- nya k-
2 you
(singular) 		maach, me-, m- maach, maap, máapa mapú may manych, m-, ma- ma p-
3 he puuch, -ø puuch, puu (dist.) p- ñipáa (he/she) vidach, hovach (dist.), -ø....-k/-m nyihá, nyithá s-
4 we 'enyaawapch nya'wach, nya'wap, nya'wápa páñaap 'inyeechvch nya, nyáji
5 you
(plural) 		menyaawapch menya'wach, menya'wap ñipáa chaaú maachvch ma, máji
6 they pupch puuch, puu (dist.) ñipáat vidaachvch, hovaachvch (dist.) nyihá, nyiháji
7 this peyaa peya pii mí, eñoom heʼ, hečiʼ, hečaʼ
8 that puu puu (dist.), nyip (med.) puu ñiaat loʼ, koloʼ (dist.);
kwekʼi, hekʼi (med.)
9 here peyii peyii puy míl
10 there puy puy, nyip ssay ñák
11 who maap me'ap luuny, luup maa kuneʼ
12 what 'uuch ma'wi, maayiich luuny, luup kwit sukʼu
13 where maay me'a abel takaʼ
14 when kumyum, ma'yum ma'yuum, nyama'yuum knyayúm mat piim
15 how meyuu, mu'yuu mu'yu, mu'yuu, ma'wi pojooy, p’iim
16 not umaaw xemaaw lax mat ʼinsil
17 all nyaamat (nya)chamlly maam kospíl yilaʼ
18 many 'ehmiiy, hemiiy llyaw (v.) llyay, nyaam ulooy máto, siwá ʼɨhɨ
19 some marway meyap (v.) set
20 few 'ehiink yaaw teelt
21 other kwa'hin shíni kpar (other side)
22 one 'ehink, 'uun shin (v.) shitt msíg 'aséntik isíte tato ha'mís bai(gu)- t'oy pakaš
23 two hewuk xewak (v.) xwak juwak havík xuwáge ko ha'k ux(si)- kákesh ʼiškom̓
24 three hemuk xemuk, xmuk (v.) xmuk jmik hamók humúge sibo 'cásdi bul(mic'igu)- lápay masɨx
25 four chepup chepap (v.) spap mnak cimpáp hop'á duoko had:á:má daumi(gu)- késha' skumu
26 five sawrrup, saarap saarap (v.) ssrap salchipam tharáp thêtrápe natsui lád:íw zhimad(gu)- 'óltat' yitipakaš;
tiyen̓i (Obispeño)
27 big 'iikuu tay (v.) ptay tay
28 long 'equll kush (v.) kwlly kíss
29 wide 'all 'aally teeyp
30 thick menuttk semuutt (v.) kwiish kuteey (fat)
31 heavy wenah, wenih nix (v.) nyix mechaa maay xulxul
32 small 'estik lyepish (v.) lycash mudit
33 short meputtk le'uny (v.) xly'utt nmooj
34 narrow helyumk milmil (v.) shily 'i
35 thin kwalkwaal, wekwiirp wir'iir (v., pl. subj.) rssaaw, ss'iitt jo'on
36 woman siny nyech'ak, ch'ak, chak s'ak, yesʔak kekóo, yiskô thinyaʔaak pakri mata amitéucan mariʔmi letsʔé ʼeneq
37 man
(adult male) 		'iikwich 'iipa 'apá kumeey ʼɨhɨy̓
38 man
(human being) 		'iipay tiipay capáy ipaa ku
39 child
(a youth) 		'elymaam xekwall kwaramáss (plural) sáaup chʼichʼiʼ, ichtɨn̓
40 wife paasiny, unyeway (spouse) achewaaw wàswáy tal̓ik
41 husband paachuuy nyekur'ak kwr'ak is-hɨy̓
42 mother kuhkwany, paataly ntaly, naan (ny)caa eñoo tɨkʼ, teteʼ
43 father paataat ntat, ntaat (ny)'aa esñoo kokoʼ
44 animal nyechehaatt ("their") (ny)xatt (domestic) tukuipaay
45 fish chee si'ílly teet ʼal̓ilimuw
46 bird 'aashaa aasha sha tuwálo wicʼ
47 dog 'ehatt xatt xatt that huchu
48 louse emilly xllis, 'i'ílly jlpok šik
49 snake ewii a'wi yacáác uwi' xshap
50 worm ill ma'íílly
51 tree 'ily 'ii 'ayáá tajak (tay) pon̓
52 forest jaal jak, semel jak
53 stick
(of wood) 		'ily (ny)ssu'ár lpá pon̓
54 fruit xpally (of ironwood) paay
55 seed 'esemay, eyach (corn) yach yas yíit ʼamɨn̓
56 leaf wal smak qap
57 root pehemaa (also tendons) waxenu kwshamá ousmáa maat
58 bark
(of tree) 		haaseyall ssxuyál yiaal
59 flower taps supány piyáuup pey̓
60 grass 'esemay sa'mall ssmal semeel xweq
61 rope chekoot, hellytay yu'ár j’ñieel skɨnɨtʼ
62 skin
(of a person) 		ekwally, kweerr (ny)kw'áll kojaan pax
63 meat
(as in flesh) 		kukwaayp kwak, kekwaayp 'imáác jak 'amɨn̓
64 blood 'ehwatt xwatt (ny)xwatt kujat
65 bone aq ak (ny)yaak ják se
66 fat
(noun) 		weshay shay s-xil
67 egg 'ur sheyach xma ssu'áp jmá yítl tumun
68 horn ekwaa (ny)kwa kwa
69 tail heyull sheyull shyully pelsa' teleqʼ
70 feather
(rather not down) 		lemis ssuumí, shawál tajpa aayu qap
71 hair hellytaa (head), lemis (body) llyta lmiss iy unmí šuš; ʼišʰuš (pubic)
72 head hellytaa llymu mkur iy
73 ear hemall shemally shmaal smákal tuʼ
74 eye eyiiw yiiw 'iyú yuu tɨx
75 nose ehuu xu 'ixú phí noxsh
76 mouth aa aa 'iyá ha' ʼɨk
77 tooth
(rather not molar) 		eyaaw 'iyàwíí yaw (kuchipi’) sa
78 tongue enepall xenpall, xenpally mpally há paal ʼelew
79 fingernail salyehwuuw (shally) nepuul 'isháálly llkaxwáw (sal) jaau sixway̓
80 foot emily mii 'imíí miy tem̓
81 leg emily mii 'imíí miy ijá ʼɨl̓
82 knee mehetun (mii) nepuk 'imíí ttaakáány miy pók ʼapam̓
83 hand esally shally 'isháálly sal pu
84 wing wirewir iiwii 'irwír, 'isháálly wálu
85 belly etuu tu 'icú (stomach) pa'
86 guts pehaa (ny)pxa pmaay guajú
87 neck eyepuk, iipuk iipuk mpuk ("nape") chimi’ jak niʼ
88 back hetat xtat llamák, 'imák yikók sí, jkueey
("upper back") 		mɨt; nokokʼ (spine)
89 breast nyemaay nyemay 'imáy smiil kutet
90 heart iichih, eyay iichash, yay- 'iyááy koti’p ʼayapis
91 liver chepesii tepsi (ny)cpussú leepé ʼal̓
92 to drink wesii si ssi chee ʼaqmil
93 to eat wemaa, wesaaw saaw ma tmaa ʼuw
94 to bite chuukuw, weshaa chuukaw ssaa chía
95 to suck chepesii, wepis sucúk
96 to spit chehutt sxttu, sxyall
97 to vomit weyuuq yuuk yuuq paš
98 to blow
(as wind) 		hepesuuy (mouth) xtu (wind), xepsuy (mouth) ciixáy (wind), xpssuu (mouth) ʼax ti-pak, axta-kʰɨt (wind)
99 to breathe yaas yay (n.) yaass kalaš
100 to laugh uusay uusay 'uussáy chiin
101 to see ewuuw wiiw wii saaw (to look) kuti
102 to hear yip 'ip 'ii'ííp kuee ʼitaq
103 to know
(a fact) 		nur, uuyaaw uuyaaw 'uu'yáá
104 to think iichaa, wematt, yip paycha lly-yuum elti paatu aqniwil
105 to smell
(sense odor) 		wehwii xwi yuxsh
106 to fear meheyaay mesheyaay mshyaa
107 to sleep hemaa shema, shmaa shma smaa weʼ
108 to live nyewaayp nyewaayk (ny)way wa’y atɨk
109 to die melay mespa msspa pí (adj.) aqšan
110 to kill aamuuch aamuuch, aaxway nak eñoo
111 to fight mat menyuup, mat wetoo nyup nyup eñoop axi-č
112 to hunt
(transitive) 		wenyay nyay nyay jkwigu
113 to hit chetoo (to punch),
wetoo (with stick) 		tu,
aallap (with stick) 		sttu (to punch)
114 to cut aakatt aakatt cukátt jkáaw 'iwawan
115 to split uuhwaq, wechall tuuchally ttap
116 to stab
(or stick) 		uushaa uusha 'uushá
117 to scratch
(an itch) 		hesak, sehwan shenay, sxwan, shxwall llyqshaq
118 to dig wehwall 'uupún, xwally pul
119 to swim aapull xanup nuup aqiwɨwɨn
120 to fly weman man xonowon
121 to walk wamp -amp p'aw aaw nanan̓
122 to come weyiw yiw yii jaa yɨti, elew
123 to lie
(as on one's side) 		welyak patt, yak patt, yak p’páa sotoy̓in
124 to sit wenak wa, nak wa jowaa ɨlɨkʼɨn
125 to stand pehekwii, hetaat (stand up) p'aw p'aa kuta', nowon
126 to turn
(change direction) 		apekwiilp akewan, akway kwany
127 to fall
(as in drop) 		tuushup (fruit),
wenall (person) 		nall pam, nyaly j’paam tol
128 to give winy -iny ii juwee
129 to hold
(in one's hand) 		weyuuw pkaw, shaawin shawín ul̓ish
130 to squeeze uukwis apchitt llkwiss
131 to rub chehwar, penyaa,
tuuhwar 		kuxáy nim̓uy
132 to wash allehwas (Spanish) s'ull (hands, dishes);
tuusi, alxwas (clothes) 		canúp, ss'ul uxmaniwon
133 to wipe chemally chshuk sswi
134 to pull aalul, tepenii apni ckyaw, cxpaly ajñaat
135 to push cheherii shttu s'att, shvuutk ulchin
136 to throw wetom, topk (towards),
topm (away) 		ktam; uu.utt (away) cap cha’ki
137 to tie aannak tuunak xir aqsik
138 to sew peyuur shuukwil shukwílly p’jpaab u’
139 to count saaw tetseebo
140 to say wii 'i, i; 'a, 'aa (to say to) 'i há maal (to talk) ʼip
141 to sing 'echweyuuw cheyaw syaa ltechaja’y expech
142 to play suunaarr matuunaap l'uy
143 to float yályál 'i
144 to flow wenuw kup
145 to freeze shemetii shuukwir siimís
146 to swell waarp chkwa skwa
147 sun 'enyaa nya, nyaa nya eñiaay qsi
148 moon hellyaa xlly'a ja’la’ ʼaway̓
149 star kwenmesaap kwlyap msi' ʼaqiwo
150 water 'ehaa xa xa ja' 'ha ʼoʼ
151 rain 'ekwiy kwii p'ay kwiiy tuhuy
152 river 'ehaa kwenuw xawílly ja’ kos’jiin
153 lake 'ehaa kwariw xnyu ja’ jpí tay
154 sea
(as in ocean) 		'ehaasilly xas'illy ("salty water") xakwss'ílly jaʼ tay ("big water") sxam̓in
155 salt 'esily saal; se'illy (v. "be salty") ss'ir kwi tip
156 stone 'ewily wii wii, xuur ujá xɨp
157 sand mes-haraay llysh'a
158 dust 'empill siipuut (v. "to be dusty") miipútt maat sa’ mak/piki' (to dust off)
159 earth
(as in soil) 		'emat matt matt maat šup
160 cloud 'ekwiiy kwii kwii ʼiqcʼiʼ
161 fog haamaa mellykwii (v., "mist") ssa smomoy
162 sky 'emaay maa(lly) ma’y
163 wind
(as in breeze) 		kuyaayp, yaayp matxa cxa ja’k saxtakhɨt
164 snow aalap aalap (v.) xsa k’mtiiy
165 ice shemetii cha smis smis
166 smoke 'uuhuy xyay chuu (v.) tow̓
167 fire 'aaw 'a'á a'aw nɨ
168 ash 'empill kiimá ku’pal 'ixša
(Ventureño)
169 to burn
(intransitive) 		aaraw llyap llymar ixut
170 road 'uunyaa wa'nya wanyá uña’ chʼayash
171 mountain matetay, matekun matt kwatay ("big earth") wii weey milimol
172 red 'ehwatt xwatt (v.) xwatt kwal tasɨn;
qupe ("poppy")
173 green hepeshiw xepshiw (v.) xpisw msoow ʼaqulapshan
174 yellow 'ekwas kwas (v.) qwass ku’seey
175 white nemeshap nyemshap (v.) xmaally msaap ʼoʼwow
176 black nyilly nyilly (v.) nyiilly ñleeg shoyin
177 night hunn, kuhunn ti'nya cnyam téey saxiyiʼ, ulkuw
178 day
(daytime) 		'enyaa, kupilly nya, nyaa nya eñiaay qsi; ʼišaw
(Ventureño)
179 year 'aany (Spanish) mattwam; 'aany (of age) màttkáám maat
180 warm
(as in weather) 		'iillyap, pin (v.) piny, llyap mgaaw ("hot") ishaw, yulkla (hot)
181 cold
(as in weather) 		hechuur shuukatt (v.) xsuur jschiaak axcʼacʼax, toxom̓
182 full hup, temur, wehaarp tem'ur, temur, tepruu (v.) cm'ur
183 new 'ehay, wehay xany ʼikɨmin
184 old wenuuy 'iinyuuy (v.) luulp ku'/pa' tay (fem., masc.) ʼequn
185 good 'ehan xan, 'iixan (v.) xany, miixáán mgaay chho-chhoho
186 bad wellich llich (v.) xcaq ulooy ʼaxɨmɨkʼ
187 rotten
(as, a log) 		weshah shax (v.) shax
188 dirty taketak 'iimatt (v.) 'iimátt jpill nuyič, ʼuqš-nuy
189 straight halettuk xantuk (v.) mírmír kɨyɨmi
(Ventureño)
190 round tepechuurp, 'elul
(small objects) 		tux, xyal
(small objects)
191 sharp
(as a knife) 		werraaw taaráawa
(v. "sharpen") 		yaap yaaw yuu jooy
(v. "sharpen") 		cʼɨcʼɨ
192 dull
(as a knife) 		xlqay
193 smooth heleqay, rii wii xelkay (v.) qalqáy
194 wet 'ehar, tehelumk 'iixay (v.) xay soʼoʼoč (v., tr.)
195 dry
(adjective) 		saay s'aay (v.) ss'ar saay aqawan
196 right
(correct) 		'ehan xantuk (v.) nyayáám ("that's right")
197 near helyepay xelypay (v.) xrpay yaay kuwaa yío mutey̓
198 far 'ekur kur (v.) kur mɨk (v.)
199 right
(side) 		eyewiik, iiwiik kxanyk chpeeyp
200 left
(side) 		kesark ksaark kssark
201 at -i, -y mi-
202 in -i, -y mi-
203 with
(accompanying) 		kuuyum -m -m
204 and may, nyaapum nyapuum ("then") kakááp ("and then") na
205 if nya- ("if, when") ny-, nya-
206 because kenaach
207 name chehichf shiimull ("family name") muly tɨ
208 house 'ewaa wa wa uwa’ ʼap
209 wall
210 deer 'ekwak kwak xèntil kwak jak píikuyac wɨ
211 mouse 'emekay mekay 'awáá mákal, tkáan (larger) qolol
212 rabbit 'ephar llye'aaw, kwenyaaw xlly'a págu kun̓;
maʼ ("jackrabbit")
213 eagle 'ihpaa shpa shpa ti’paayu slow̓
214 spider hellytutt (black widow) llytut xllycuc uwi’ il ktut
215 face eyiiw yiiw 'iyú tɨx
216 body emaat maat 'imáác ʼamɨn̓
217 navel milyepuu ('i)yakál mpí
218 finger esally 'isháálly sal mimi
219 sick
(painful) 		henoo xenu (v.) (kw)rap (sickness) yuxpan
220 needle pa'yur shuukwíílly, shwakwíílly tjapáp u’
221 clothing tehiilly txiil nyu'áál chigoow haxwiʼ
222 thunder shuullaw shuukir shuukír (v.)
223 lightning shuuluk shuuluk shuulám (v.) ji’ñaam quntʼaw
224 above 'emaay maaym maay na’tiaal
225 below 'eyaak mattk maatu, maat múgu
226 to cough uh u'ux 'a'úx jojo oxoxon
227 to buy uukwii 'uukwíí pe’ñao yeewi
228 to choose nymsu'úr
229 to grow hemii xemii xmii j’wino, tejiip
230 to open uuttaq shuutak 'uukúp, cumán kaap ʼuč-qʰal
231 to steal shuuhuu nar walísh jcheet
232 to dream hemach shemap shmaap
233 to cry wemii mi mi jmee mish
234 to yawn waaps xkwaak šašan
235 to cook wellyully llyully nyawíí rar tamaaw (kitchen)
236 six hamhuuk xmxuuk msígl paayb si:nta tacpê' tsadi lád:íwade ha'mís a:yé'qdi bunxad?i páy-at'el yitishkom̓
237 seven pekai shaxuuk (v.) pxkaa juwakl paayb vi:ka xuwagacpê'k koina lád:íwade ha'k a:yé'qdi uxmami- tep' yitimasɨx
238 eight chepuuk shemxuuk (v.) spxuuk jmikl paayb mu:ka humugêcpê'k kokodol lád:íwade 'cásdi a:yé'qdi bulmami- sha-at'él malawa
239 nine nimhamuuk xmxmuk msigl tmat pa:ye halêthúia namilkacom lád:íwade had:á:má a:yé'qdi daumima- téte-top'e spa
240 ten shatuuk, shahuk ssaaxúúk chipam msíg arrapa viwá'ave namilkatek malús:i xaazhad- tóp'e chʼiyaw

Sources

  • Dictionary of Mesa Grande Diegueño. Ted Couro and Christina Hutcheson. Banning, California: Malki Museum Press, Inc., 1973.
  • AULEX Spanish-Kiliwa dictionary
  • Crawford, James M. (1989). Cocopa dictionary. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 114). Berkeley: University of California Press. →ISBN.
  • Klar, Kathryn Ann. (1977). Topics in Historical Chumash Grammar. Berkeley, CA: University

of California at Berkeley.

  • Miller, Amy. (2001). A Grammar of Jamul Tiipay. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

See also

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