Appendix:Persian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Persian, compared with definitions in English. It presents the most common terms in modern formal Iranian Persian, excluding both colloquial and highly literary terms.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishPersian
edit (207)
IPA
(key)
1I (1sg)من (man)mæn
2you (2sg)تو (to)to
3he, she, it (3sg)او (u)ˈuː
4we (1pl)ما ()mɒː
5you (2pl)شما (šomâ)ʃomɒː
6they (3pl)آنها (ânhâ)ɒːnˈhɒː
7thisاین (in)ˈiːn
8thatآن (ân)ˈɒːn
9hereاینجا (injâ)ˈiːndʒɒː
10thereآنجا (ânjâ)ˈɒːndʒɒː
11whoکی (ki), که (ke)kiː, ke
12whatچه (če)tʃe
13whereکجا (kojâ)kodʒɒː
14whenکی (key)kej
15howچطور (četowr)t͡ʃetowɾ
16notنِـ (ne) (particle), نَـ (na) (particle)ne,
17allهمه (hame)hæme
18manyخیلی (xeyli), زیاد (ziyâd)xejliː, zijɒːd
19someبعضی (ba'zi), چند (čand)bæʔziː, tʃænd
20fewکمی (kami), اندکی (andaki)kæmiː, 'ændækiː
21otherدیگر (digaɾ)diːgæɾ
22oneیک (yek)jek
23twoدو (do)do
24threeسه (se)se
25fourچهار (čhahâr)tʃæhɒːɾ
26fiveپنج (panj)pændʒ
27bigبزرگ (bozorg)bozoɾg
28longدراز (derâz)deɒːz
29wideوسیع (vasi'), پهن (pahn), فراخ (farâx)væsiːʔ, pæhn, fæɾɒːx
30thickضخیم (zaxim), کلفت (koloft)zæxiːm, koloft
31heavyسنگین (sangin)sængiːn
32smallکوچک (kuček)kuːtʃek
33shortکوتاه (kutâh)kuːtɒːh
34narrowباریک (bârik)bɒːɾiːk
35thinلاغر (lâğar)lɒːɢæɾ
36womanزن (zan)zæn
37man (adult male)مرد (mard)mæɾd
38man (human being)انسان (ensân), آدمی (âdami)ensɒːn, ɒːdæmiː
39childبچه (bačče), کودک (kudak)batʃe, kuːdæk
40wifeزن (zan)zæn
41husbandشوهر (šowhar)ʃowhæɾ
42motherمادر (mâdar)mɒːdæɾ
43fatherپدر (pedar)pedæɾ
44animalحیوان (heyvân), جانور (jânvar)hejvɒːn, dʒɒːnevæɾ
45fishماهی (mâhi)mɒːhiː
46birdپرنده (parande)pæɾænde
47dogسگ (sag)sæg
48louseشپش (šepeš)ʃepeʃ
49snakeمار (mâr)mɒːɾ
50wormکرم (kerm)keɾm
51treeدرخت (deraxt)deɾæxt
52forestجنگل (jangal)dʒængæl
53stickچوب (čub)tʃuːb
54fruitمیوه (mive)miːve
55seedبذر (bazr), تخم (toxm)bæzɾ, toxm
56leafبرگ (barg)bæɾg
57rootریشه (riše)ɾiːʃe
58bark (of a tree)پوست (pust)puːst
59flowerگل (gol)gol
60grassچمن (čaman), علف ('alaf)tʃæmæn, 'ælæf
61ropeنخ (nax)næx
62skinپوست (pust)puːst
63meatگوشت (gušt)guːʃt
64bloodخون (xun)xuːn
65boneاستخوان (ostoxân)ostoxɒːn
66fat (noun)چربی (čarbi), پیه (pih)tʃæɾbiː, piːh
67eggتخم (toxm), خایه (xâye)toxm, xɒːje
68hornشاخ (šâx)ʃɒːx
69tailدم (dom)dom
70featherپر (par)pæɾ
71hairمو (mu)muː
72headسر (sar)sæɾ
73earگوش (guš)guːʃ
74eyeچشم (češm)tʃeʃm
75noseبینی (bini)biːniː
76mouthدهان (dahân)dæhɒːn
77toothدندان (dandân)dændɒːn
78tongue (organ)زبان (zabân)zæbɒːn
79fingernailناخن (nâxon)nɒːxon
80footپا ()pɒː
81legساق (sâq), ران (rân) (thigh)sɒːɢ, ɾɒːn
82kneeزانو (zânu)zɒːnuː
83handدست (dast)dæst
84wingبال (bâl)bɒːl
85bellyشکم (šekam)ʃekæm
86gutsروده (rude), شکنبه (šekanbe), دل (del)ɾuːde, ʃekænbe, del
87neckگردن (gardan)gæɾdæn
88backپشت (pošt)poʃt
89breastسینه (sine)siːne
90heartدل (del), قلب (qalb)del, ɢælb
91liverجگر (jegar)dʒegæɾ
92to drinkنوشیدن (nušidan)nuːʃiːdæn
93to eatخوردن (xordan)xoɾdæn
94to biteجویدن (javidan)dʒæviːdæn
95to suckمکیدن (mekidan)mekiːdæn
96to spitتف انداختن (tof andâxtan)tof ændɒːxtæn
97to vomitاستفراغ کردن (estefarâğ kardan)estefæɾɒːɢ kæɾdæn
98to blowوزیدن (vazidan), دمیدن (damidan)væziːdæn, dæmiːdæn
99to breatheنفس کشیدن (nafas kešidan)nafas keʃiːdæn
100to laughخندیدن (xandidan)xændiːdæn
101to seeدیدن (didan)diːdæn
102to hearشنیدن (šenidan)ʃeniːdæn
103to knowدانستن (dânestan) (e.g. abilities), شناختن (šenâxtan) (e.g. recognizing people)dɒːnestæn, ʃenɒːxtæn
104to thinkفکر کردن (fekr kardan)fekɾ kæɾdæn
105to smellبوییدن (buyidan)buːjiːdæn
106to fearترسیدن (tarsidan)tæɾsiːdæn
107to sleepخوابیدن (xâbidan)xɒːbiːdæn
108to liveزندگی کردن (zendegi kardan)zendeɡiː kæɾdæn
109to dieمردن (mordan)moɾdæn
110to killکشتن (koštan)koʃtæn
111to fightجنگیدن (jangidan)d͡ʒænɡiːdæn
112to huntشکار کردن (šekâr kardan)ʃekɒːɾ kæɾdæn
113to hitزدن (zadan)zædæn
114to cutبریدن (boridan)boiːdæn
115to splitشکافتن (šekâftan)ʃekɒːftæn
116to stabفرو کردن (foru kardan)foɾu kæɾdæn
117to scratchخراشیدن (xarâšidan)xæɾɒːʃiːdæn
118to digکندن (kandan)kændæn
119to swimشنا کردن (šenâ kardan)ʃenɒː kæɾdæn
120to flyپریدن (paridan)pæɾiːdæn
121to walkرفتن (raftan), شدن (šodan)ɾæftæn, ʃodæn
122to comeآمدن (âmadan)ɒːmædæn
123to lie (as in a bed)دراز کشیدن (derâz kešidan)deɾɒːz keʃiːdæn
124to sitنشستن (nešastan)neʃæstæn
125to standایستادن (istâdan)'iːstɒːdæn
126to turn (intransitive)گشتن (gaštan)gæʃtæn
127to fallافتادن (oftâdan)oftɒːdæn
128to giveدادن (dâdan)dɒːdæn
129to holdنگه داشتن (negah dâštan)negæh dɒːʃtæn
130to squeezeفشردن (fešordan)feʃordæn
131to rubمالیدن (mâlidan)mɒːliːdæn
132to washشستن (šostan)ʃostæn
133to wipeزدودن (zodudan), پاک کردن (pâk kardan)zoduːdæn, pɒːk kæɾdæn
134to pullکشیدن (kešidan)keʃiːdæn
135to pushفشار دادن (fešâr dâdan), هل دادن (hol dâdan)feʃɒːɾ dɒːdæn, hol dɒːdæn
136to throwانداختن (andâxtan), افکندن (afkandan)ændɒːxtæn, æfkændæn
137to tieبستن (bastan), گره زدن (gereh zadan)bæstæn, geɾeh zædæn
138to sewدوختن (duxtan)duːxtæn
139to countشمردن (šomordan)ʃomoɾdæn
140to sayگفتن (goftan)goftæn
141to singخواندن (xândan)xɒːndæn
142to playبازی کردن (bâzi kardan), نواختن (navâxtan) (of instruments)bɒːziː kæɾdæn, nævɒːxtæn
143to floatشناور بودن (šenâvar budan)ʃenɒːvæɾ budæn
144to flowجاری بودن (jâri budan)dʒɒːɾiː budæan
145to freezeیخ زدن (yax bastan)jæx bæstæn
146to swellباد کردن (bâd kardan)bɒːd kæɾdæn
147sunآفتاب (âftâb), خورشیدن (xoršid)ɒːftɒːb, xoɾʃiːd
148moonماه (mâh)mɒːh
149starستاره (setâre)setɒːɾe
150waterآب (âb)ɒːb
151rainباران (bârân)bɒːɾɒːn
152riverرودخانه (rudxâne), رود (rud)ɾuːdxɒːne, ɾuːd
153lakeدریاچه (daryâče)dæɾjɒːtʃe
154seaدریا (daryâ)dæɾjɒː
155saltنمک (namak)næmæk
156stoneسنگ (sang)sæng
157sandشن (šen), ریگ (rig)ʃen, ɾiːɡ
158dustگرد (gard)gæɾd
159earthزمین (zamin), خاک (xâk)zæmiːn, xɒːk
160cloudابر (abr)æbɾ
161fogمه (meh)meh
162skyآسمان (âsmân)ˈɒːsmɒːn
163windباد (bâd)bɒːd
164snowبرف (barf)bæɾf
165iceیخ (yax)jæx
166smokeدود (dud)duːd
167fireآتش (âtaš)ɒːtæʃ
168ashخاکستر (xâkestar)xɒːkestæɾ
169to burnسوختن (suxtan)suːxtæn
170roadراه (râh)ɾɒːh
171mountainکوه (kuh)kuːh
172redسرخ (sorx), قرمز (qermez)soɾx, ɢeɾmez
173greenسبز (sabz)sæbz
174yellowزرد (zard)zæɾd
175whiteسفید (sefid)sefid
176blackسیاه (siyâh)siːyɒːh
177nightشب (šab)ʃæb
178dayروز (ruz)ɾuːz
179yearسال (sâl)sɒːl
180warmگرم (garm)gæɾm
181coldسرد (sard)sæɾd
182fullپر (por)poɾ
183newنو (now), جدید (jadid)now, dʒædiːd
184oldقدیمی (qadimi) (of things, ideas), پیر (pir) (of age)ɢædiːmiː, piːɾ
185goodخوب (xub)xuːb
186badبد (bad), زشت (zešt)bæd, zeʃt
187rottenفاسد (fâsed), پوسیده (puside)fɒːsed, puːsiːde
188dirtyکثیف (kasif)kæsiːf
189straightراست (râst)ɾɒːst
190roundگرد (gerd)geɾd
191sharp (as a knife)تیز (tiz)tiːz
192dull (as a knife)کند (kond)kond
193smoothصاف (sâf)sɒːf
194wetتر (tar), نم (nam)tæɾ, næm
195dryخشک (xošk)xoʃk
196correctدرست (dorost), راست (râst)doɾost, ɾɒːst
197nearنزدیک (nazdik)næzdiːk
198farدور (dur)duːɾ
199rightراست (râst)ɾɒːst
200leftچپ (čap)tʃæp
201atبه (be) (closest to English 'to')be
202inدر (dar)dæɾ
203withبا ()bɒː
204andو (o, va)o~væ
205ifاگر (agar)ægæɾ
206becauseچون (čon)tʃon
207nameاسم (esm), نام (nâm)esm, nɒːm
Swadesh lists
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