Appendix:Komi-Zyrian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Komi-Zyrian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishKomi-Zyrian
Коми кыв (Komi kyv)
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ме (me)
2you (2sg)тэ (te)
3he, she, it (3sg)сійӧ (sijö)
4we (1pl)ми (mi)
5you (2pl)ті (ti)
6they (3pl)найӧ (najö)
7thisтайӧ (tajö)
8thatсійӧ (sijö)
9hereтані (tani), татӧн (tatön)
10thereсэні (seni), сэтӧн (setön)
11whoкоді (kodi), код (kod)
12whatмый (myj)
13whereкӧні (köni), кытӧн (kytön)
14whenкор (kor), кодыр (kodyr)
15howкыдзи (kydźi)
16notабу (abu)
17allбыд (byd)
18manyуна (una)
19someнеуна (ńeuna)
20fewэтша (eča)
21otherмӧд (möd)
22oneӧти (öťi)
23twoкык (kyk)
24threeкуим (kuim)
25fourнёль (ńoľ)
26fiveвит (vit)
27bigыджыд (ydžyd)
28longкузь (kuź)
29wideпаськыд (paśkyd)
30thickкыз (kyz)
31heavyсьӧкыд (śökyd)
32smallдзолыд (dźolyd)
33shortдженьыд (džeńyd)
34narrowвекни (vekńi), векньыд (vekńyd)
35thinвӧсни (vösńi), вӧсньыд (vösńyd)
36womanань ()
37man (adult male)ай (aj)
38man (human being)морт (mort)
39childкага (kaga)
40wifeгӧтыр (götyr)
41husbandверӧс (verös)
42motherэнь ()
43fatherай (aj)
44animalпемӧс (pemös)
45fishчери (ćeri)
46birdлэбач (lebać), кай (kaj)
47dogпон (pon)
48louseтой (toj)
49snakeкый (kyj)
50wormвегыль (vegyľ), нидзув (ńidźuv)
51treeпу (pu)
52forestвӧр (vör)
53stickбедь (beď)
54fruitвотӧс (votös) (berry)
55seedкӧйдыс (köjdys)
56leafкор (kor)
57rootвуж (vuž)
58bark (of a tree)кырсь (kyrś)
59flowerдзоридз (dźoridź)
60grassтурун (turun)
61ropeгез (gez)
62skinку (ku)
63meatяй (jaj)
64bloodвир (vir)
65boneлы (ly)
66fat (noun)тшӧг (čög), гос (gos)
67eggкольк (koľk)
68hornсюр (śur)
69tailбӧж (böž)
70featherгӧн (gön)
71hairси (śi) (any hair), юрси (jurśi) (human hair, head hair)
72headюр (jur)
73earпель (peľ)
74eyeсин (śin)
75noseныр (nyr)
76mouthвом (vom)
77toothпинь (piń)
78tongue (organ)кыв (kyv)
79fingernailгыж (gyž)
80footкок пыдӧс (kok pydös) (lit. "leg bottom")
81legкок (kok)
82kneeпидзӧс (pidźös)
83handки (ki)
84wingборд (bord)
85bellyкынӧм (kynöm)
86gutsсюв (śuv)
87neckголя (goľa)
88backмыш (myš)
89breastморӧс (morös)
90heartсьӧлӧм (śölöm)
91liverмус (mus)
92to drinkюны (juny)
93to eatсёйны (śojny)
94to biteпурны (purny)
95to suckнёнявны (ńońavny)
96to spitсьӧлыштны (śölyštny), сьӧлавны (śölavny)
97to vomitувкйыны (uvkjyny)
98to blowпӧльтны (pöľtny)
99to breatheлолавны (lolavny)
100to laughсеравны (śeravny)
101to seeаддзыны (addźyny)
102to hearкывны (kyvny)
103to knowтӧдны (tödny)
104to thinkмӧвпавны (mövpavny)
105to smellисавны (isavny), кывны (kyvny)
106to fearповны (povny)
107to sleepузьны (uźny)
108to liveовны (ovny)
109to dieкувны (kuvny)
110to killвины (viny)
111to fightтышкасьны (tyškaśny)
112to huntвӧравны (vöravny)
113to hitвачкыны (vaćkyny), вартны (vartny), нӧйтны (nöjtny)
114to cutвундыны (vundyny)
115to splitторйӧдны (torjödny), юкны (jukny), поткӧдны (potködny)
116to stabбырскыны (byrskyny)
117to scratchгыжъявны (gyžjavny), парсавны (parsavny)
118to digкодйыны (kodjyny)
119to swimуйны (ujny)
120to flyлэбны (lebny)
121to walkветлыны (vetlyny)
122to comeлокны (lokny)
123to lie (as in a bed)куйлыны (kujlyny)
124to sitпукыны (pukyny)
125to standсулавны (sulavny)
126to turn (intransitive)бергавны (bergavny)
127to fallусьны (uśny)
128to giveсетны (śetny)
129to holdкутны (kutny)
130to squeezeтопӧдны (topödny)
131to rubниртны (ńirtny), тільны (tiľny), зыравны (zyravny)
132to washмыськыны (myśkyny) (someone), мыссьыны (mysśyny) (yourself)
133to wipeчышкыны (ćyškyny)
134to pullкыскыны (kyskyny), нуны (nuny)
135to pushйӧткыны (jötkyny), тойлыны (tojlyny)
136to throwчӧвтны (ćövtny), шыбитны (šybitny), лыйны (lyjny) (at someone)
137to tieкӧртавны (körtavny)
138to sewвурны (vurny)
139to countлыддьыны (lydďyny)
140to sayшуны (šuny)
141to singсьывны (śyvny)
142to playворсыны (vorsyny)
143to floatуйны (ujny), кывтны (kyvtny)
144to flowвиявны (vijavny), визувтны (vizuvtny)
145to freezeкынмыны (kynmyny)
146to swellпуктыны (puktyny), польдыны (poľdyny)
147sunшонді (šondi)
148moonтӧлысь (tölyś)
149starкодзув (kodźuv)
150waterва (va)
151rainзэрны (zerny)
152riverю (ju)
153lakeты (ty)
154seaсаридз (saridź)
155saltсов (sov)
156stoneиз (iz)
157sandлы (ly)
158dustбус (bus)
159earthму (mu), мусяр (muśar)
160cloudкымӧр (kymör)
161fogру (ru)
162skyенэж (jenež)
163windтӧв (töv)
164snowлым (lym)
165iceйи (ji)
166smokeтшын (čyn)
167fireби (bi)
168ashпӧим (pöim)
169to burnсотны (sotny)
170roadтуй (tuj)
171mountainкерӧс (kerös)
172redгӧрд (görd)
173greenтурунвиж (turunviž), веж (vež), виж (viž)
174yellowкольквиж (koľkviž), виж (viž), веж (vež)
175whiteеджыд (jedžyd)
176blackсьӧд (śöd)
177nightвой (voj)
178dayлун (lun)
179yearво (vo)
180warmшоныд (šonyd)
181coldкӧдзыд (ködźyd)
182fullтыр (tyr)
183newвыль (vyľ)
184oldваж (važ)
185goodбур (bur)
186badлёк (ľok)
187rottenсісь (siś)
188dirtyняйт (ńajt)
189straightвеськыд (veśkyd)
190roundгӧгрӧс (gögrös)
191sharp (as a knife)ёсь (joś)
192dull (as a knife)ныж (nyž)
193smoothшыльыд (šyľyd)
194wetуль ()
195dryкос (kos)
196correctвеськыд (veśkyd)
197nearматын (matyn)
198farулын (ulyn)
199rightвеськыд (veśkyd)
200leftшуйга (šujga)
201atвылӧ (vylö) (postposition)
202in-ын (-yn)
203with-кӧд (-köd)
204andда (da)
205ifкӧ ()
206becauseвӧсна (vösna), понда (ponda)
207nameним (ńim)
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