Appendix:Rajasthani Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Rajasthani languages, specifically Marwari and Mewati, compared with that of English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishMarwari
मारवाड़ी (mārvāṛī)
edit (207)
Mewati
मेवाती (mevātī)
edit (112)
1I (1sg)mhũ, hū̃me
2you (2sg)the, thū̃, āp*t̪u*, t̪ũ*, ap*
3he, she, it (3sg)vai, vo, vau, bouh
4we (1pl)āmpā̃hɐm, apa
5you (2pl)the, āpt̪ɐm, t̪um log
6they (3pl)veʋe, uh
7this, āji
8thatvauuh
9hereaṭhe
10thereuṭhe, baṭhe
11whokuṇ, kūṇkoɳɨ
12whatkāĩ, kāīkaha
13wherekaṭhai, kaṇau, kaṇā̃kahã
14whenkadkɐd̪ɨ
15howkãiyā̃, kīkar, katrā, kaiṛau
16notkonī
17allsagaḷā, sabsaɾa, sɐb, gɐlla
18manyjādā, ghaṇāgʱɐɳɔ, bɐhɐt̪, dʒad̪a
19somethoṛā, kuchek
20fewkam, tanikt̪ʰɔɖɔ
21otherdūjau, bījau
22oneekek
23twodod̪ɔ
24threetīnt̪in
25fourcārtʃaɾ
26fivepāñcpaɲtʃ
27bigbaḍaubɐɖɔ
28longlambolɐmba
29widecauṛau
30thickgāṛhau
31heavybhārīt̪ɐgɐɖa, moʈɔ, bʱaɾi
32smallchoṭau, nenautʃʰoʈɔ
33shortṭhīṅgṇautʃʰoʈa, guʈɔ
34narrowpataḷau
35thinpataḷau
36womanlugāī, auratbɛher vani, beihɐr, dʒɐnani
37man (adult male)marad, ādmīad̪mi, maɳɐs
38man (human being)minak, minakh
39childṭābarbaɭɐk, tʃʰɔɾa, bətʃtʃa
40wifegharvāḷī, lugāībɛher vani, bɐhu, hɐrvaɭi, pət̪ni
41husbanddhaṇī, bhartārgʱɐɾɐjjɐ, gʱɐɾwɐlɐ, ad̪əmi, pət̪i, marɐd̪, bɛhɾa
42mother, mātāma, mat̪a
43fatherbāp, pitābap, pit̪a
44animaljināvar
45fishmacchīmɐtʃʰi
46birdciṛī
47dogkūtrau, kūtaukut̪t̪a, gɐɳɖɐk
48louselīkh
49snakesāmpɕjãp
50wormkīṛau
51treejhāṛ, peṛɾukʰ, d̪ɐɾkʰɐt̪, peɖ, pɔd̪e
52forestjaṅgaḷ
53stickḍaṇḍau
54fruitphal
55seedbīj
56leafpattaupɐt̪t̪a
57rootjaṛdʒɐɖ, sikɐr
58bark (of a tree)chāl
59flowerphūlpʰul
60grassghās
61roperassīnedʒu, ɾəssi, dʒeuɖi, ledʒu
62skincā̃mṛīkʰal
63meatmānsgos, mas
64bloodkhūnkʰun, suɾki
65bonehāḍī, hāḍhɐɖɖi
66fat (noun)carbītʃɐɾbi
67eggaṇḍauɐɳɖa
68hornsīṅgsiŋg
69tailpūñchpɔ̃tʃ
70featherpāṅkhṛau, pāṅkh
71hairbāl, bāḷbaɭ
72headmāthau, sismuɳɖ, sɪɾ, ʈɛ̃ɳʈi
73earkānkan
74eyeaṅkh, āṅkhãkʰ
75nosenāknakʰ
76mouthmuṇḍau, mūṇḍaumũh, mɐɳɖa
77toothdāntd̪ãt̪
78tongue (organ)jībhdʒibʱ
79fingernailnakhnũh, nɔhɔ
80footpag
81legṭāṅgʈaŋg, pãʋ, peɾ
82kneegoḍau
83handhath, hāth
84wingpaṅkh, pāṅkh
85bellypeṭpeʈ, pieʈ
86gutsantṛī
87neckgardan
88backpīṭh
89breastchātīsiɳa, tʃat̪i
90hearthivṛo, hiyau, dild̪il, gud̪d̪a, kaɭedʒa
91liverjigar, kāḷjau, ?*
92to drinkpīṇaupi
93to eatkhāṇaukʰa
94to bitekāṭṇaukaʈ, kaʈ kʰa
95to suckcūsṇau
96to spitthūkṇau
97to vomitulṭī karṇau
98to blowphūṅkṇau
99to breathesāns leṇau
100to laughhasṇau
101to seedekhṇaud̪ekʰ
102to hearsunṇausʊɳ
103to knowjānṇau
104to thinksocṇau
105to smellsūṅghṇau
106to fearḍarṇau
107to sleepsovṇauso
108to livejīṇau
109to diemarṇaumɐɾ
110to killmārṇaumaɾ, piʈ
111to fightlaṛṇau
112to huntśikār karṇau
113to hitmārṇau
114to cutkāṭṇau
115to splitbāṇṭṇau
116to stabkhobhṇau
117to scratchkharõcṇau
118to digkhodṇau
119to swimtairṇau
120to flyuṛṇau
121to walkcalṇautʃɐl
122to comeāvṇaua dʒa
123to lie (as in a bed)leṭṇauluɐʈ
124to sitbaiṭhṇaubeʈʰ
125to standkhaṛo hovṇau
126to turn (intransitive)muṛṇau
127to fallgirṇau
128to givedevṇaud̪e
129to holdpakaṛṇau
130to squeezenacoṛṇau
131to rubmalṇau
132to washdhovṇau
133to wipepõchṇau
134to pullkhī̃cṇau
135to pushdhakelṇau
136to throwphẽkṇau
137to tiebāndhṇau
138to sewsīvṇau
139to countginṇau
140to saykahṇau, bolṇaubol
141to singgāvṇau
142to playkhelṇau
143to floattairṇau, tirṇau
144to flowbahṇau
145to freezejamṇau
146to swellsūjṇau
147sunsūrajsuɾɐdʒ
148mooncāndtʃan̪d̪
149startārāt̪aɾa
150waterpāṇīpaɳi
151rainmehmije, bɐɾsat̪, baɾiʃ
152rivernadī
153lakejhīl
154seasamundar
155saltnamak, lūṇnuɳ, nɐmɐk
156stonepatthar, bhāṭaupʰɐt̪t̪ɐɾ, baʈa, ʈoɭa*
157sandbālūbaɭu, ɾɛt̪, bʱuɖ, bɐdʒəɾi
158dustgardād̪ʱuɭ
159earthjamīn, dhartī
160cloudbādaḷbad̪ɐɭ, ghaʈa
161fogdhundh, kuhā
162skyasmān, ābauasman, akaʃ, ɐmbɐr
163windhavāhaʋa, pɔn
164snowbaraph
165icebaraf
166smokedhumvaud̪ʱuã
167fireāgãdʒɨ, ag, ãtʃ
168ashrākhrakʰ
169to burnbāḷṇaudʒɐɭ, ag lag
170roadsaṛak, mārag, rastād̪ɐgɐdɔ, gɛjel, saɖɐk, rahi
171mountainpahāṛ, bhākar
172redlāllal
173greenharau
174yellowpīḷau
175whitethoḷaud̪ʱoɭa, səɸed̪
176blackkāḷaukaɭɔ
177nightrātɾat̪
178daydind̪ɪn
179yearsālsal, ʋɐɾɐʃ
180warmgaramt̪at̪ɔ, gɐɾɐm
181coldṭhaṇḍausiɭɔ, tʰɐɳɖɔ
182fullpūrā
183newnavaunɐja
184oldpurāṇaupuɾaɳa
185goodcokhaumɐluk, ɐtʃʰa, bɐɽɪja
186badkharābbekaɾ, buɾɔ, kʰəɾab
187rottensaṛiyau
188dirtygandau
189straightsīdhau
190roundgol
191sharp (as a knife)tikhau
192dull (as a knife)bauthau
193smoothcikṇau
194wetbhīgoṛaubʱidʒɔ, aɭɔ
195drysūkhausukʰa
196correctsahī
197nearkhanainɐdʒik, pie, pas
198faraḷgaud̪uɾ
199rightjimṇausidʱɐ, d̪aja
200leftḍāvaukʰebɖɔ, ulʈa, ɔɭbɔ, bãja
201atpe
202inmā̃y
203withre sāthe
204andar
205ifagar
206becausekyūṅki
207namenāmnam
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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