Appendix:West Frisian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in West Frisian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishWest Frisian
frysk
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ik
2you (2sg)do, , jo
3he, she, it (3sg)hy, er
4we (1pl)wy
5you (2pl)jimme
6they (3pl)sy, hja
7thisdit, dizze
8thatdat
9herehjir
10theredêr
11whowa
12whatwat
13wherewêr
14whenwannear, hoenear
15howhoe
16notnet
17allalle, allegear
18manygâns, in protte, folle
19somewat, guon, sommige
20fewin, pear, inkele
21otheroar
22oneien
23twotwa
24threetrije
25fourfjouwer
26fivefiif
27biggrut
28longlang
29widewiid, breed
30thickdik, tsjok
31heavyswier
32smalllyts
33shortkoart
34narrownau, ing, smel
35thintin
36womanfrou, frommes
37man (adult male)man
38man (human being)minske
39childbern
40wifefrou, wiif
41husbandman
42mothermem
43fatherheit
44animalbist
45fishfisk
46birdfûgel
47doghûn
48louselús
49snakeslange
50wormwjirm
51treebeam
52forestwâld, bosk
53stickstok, stôk
54fruitfruit, frucht
55seedsied
56leafblêd, loaf
57rootwoartel
58bark (of a tree)bast
59flowerblom
60grassgers
61ropetou
62skinhûd
63meatfleis
64bloodbloed
65bonebonke
66fat (noun)fet
67eggaai
68hornhoarn
69tailsturt
70featherfear
71hairhier
72headholle
73earear
74eyeeach
75nosenoas
76mouthmûle
77toothtosk
78tongue (organ)tonge
79fingernailneille
80footfoet
81legskonk
82kneeknibbel
83handhân
84wingwjuk
85bellybúk
86gutstermen
87necknekke, hals
88backrêch
89breastboarst, bast
90hearthert
91liverlever
92to drinkdrinke
93to eatite
94to bitebite
95to sucksûge
96to spitspuie
97to vomitoerjaan, kotse
98to blowblaze
99to breathesykhelje, asemje
100to laughlaitsje
101to seesjen
102to hearhearre
103to knowwitte, kenne
104to thinktinke
105to smellrûke
106to fearbang, wêze
107to sleepsliepe
108to livelibje
109to diestjerre, deagean
110to killfermoardzje, deadzje
111to fightfjochtsje
112to huntjeie
113to hitslaan, reitsje
114to cutsnije
115to splitsplite
116to stabstekke
117to scratchskraabje
118to diggrave
119to swimswimme
120to flyfleane
121to walkrinne
122to comekomme
123to lie (as in a bed)lizze
124to sitsitte
125to standstean
126to turn (intransitive)draaie
127to fallfalle
128to givejaan
129to holdhâlde
130to squeezeknipe
131to rubwriuwe
132to washwaskje
133to wipefeie
134to pulllûke
135to pushtriuwe
136to throwgoaie, smite
137to tiefêstbine
138to sewnaaie
139to counttelle
140to saysizze
141to singsjonge
142to playboartsje, spylje
143to floatdriuwe
144to flowfloeie
145to freezefrieze
146to swellswolgje
147sunsinne
148moonmoanne
149starstjer
150waterwetter
151rainrein
152riverrivier
153lakemar
154seasee
155saltsâlt
156stonestien
157sandsân
158duststof
159earthierde
160cloudwolk
161fogdize
162skyloft, himel
163windwyn
164snowsnie
165iceiis
166smokereek
167firefjoer
168ashjiske
169to burnbaarne, brâne
170roaddyk, wei
171mountainberch
172redread
173greengrien
174yellowgiel
175whitewyt
176blackswart
177nightnacht
178daydei
179yearjier
180warmwaarm
181coldkâld
182fullfol
183newnij
184oldâld
185goodgoed
186badmin
187rottenferrotte
188dirtysmoarch
189straightrjocht
190roundrûn
191sharp (as a knife)skerp
192dull (as a knife)bot, stomp
193smoothflak, glêd
194wetwiet
195drydroech
196correctkrek, korrekt
197neartichtby
198farfier
199rightrjochts
200leftlinks, lofts
201atby, aon
202inyn
203withmei
204anden
205ifas
206becauseomdat
207namenamme
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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