Appendix:Big Nambas Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Big Nambas, compared with definitions in English. The Big Nambas language has the ISO 639-3 language code: .

Introduction

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Words

No. English Big Nambas
V'ənen Taut
1 I kana
2 you (singular) nakəm
3 he, she, it hin
4 we inclusive: nakəd exclusive: kam'em'
5 you (plural) kam'i
6 they hir
7 this laha
8 that lara
9 here atka
10 there lera
11 who ak
12 what v'ata
13 where ip'i
14 when v'aran
15 how
16 not -a-, -ah- (negative prefix)
17 all ar-, udlani
18 many nelnal
19 some kinkin
20 few
21 other uraur
22 one isət (counting form), iamək
23 two iru
24 three itl
25 four iv'a
26 five iləm'
27 big lil, ilil
28 long ip'arei (to be long)
29 wide
30 thick
31 heavy idəv (to be heavy)
32 small pa
33 short imilmil (to be short)
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman tav'et
37 man (adult male) dui
38 man (human being) m'rtu, au
39 child nat
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother unei
43 father tatei
44 animal
45 fish tilau
46 bird m'anəh
47 dog lip'ah
48 louse nahət
49 snake nəmat
50 worm
51 tree nai
52 forest
53 stick nai
54 fruit
55 seed
56 leaf ru
57 root uar
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower
60 grass nina
61 rope nahau
62 skin
63 meat m'it
64 blood di
65 bone su
66 fat (noun)
67 egg nahadrl
68 horn
69 tail vli
70 feather
71 hair nil
72 head pət
73 ear drəlna
74 eye m'ata
75 nose
76 mouth pən, nava
77 tooth lu
78 tongue (organ) nəm'
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand lm'a (hand), m'əldau (right hand), m'ir (left hand)
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts e
87 neck
88 back
89 breast nunu
90 heart nl
91 liver
92 to drink im'ən
93 to eat ihan
94 to bite iha
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit ilu
98 to blow
99 to breathe im'im'in
100 to laugh ivətəma
101 to see ila
102 to hear irn
103 to know irn
104 to think iv'ah
105 to smell
106 to fear idedrn
107 to sleep im'atr
108 to live ilak
109 to die im'a
110 to kill irp
111 to fight
112 to hunt ipi
113 to hit irp
114 to cut itr
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig ihəl
119 to swim isuim
120 to fly itetəv
121 to walk
122 to come ima
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit ilak
125 to stand ip'tir
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall irs
128 to give itu
129 to hold iuada
130 to squeeze ipəhs
131 to rub
132 to wash isila
133 to wipe iva
134 to pull
135 to push itəp'
136 to throw isran
137 to tie ili (to tie up), ihu (to bind, to fasten),
138 to sew idr
139 to count
140 to say ivr
141 to sing ihai
142 to play iduduvah
143 to float
144 to flow irarəv'
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon nal
149 star
150 water nauei, tarah (avoidance term)
151 rain nu
152 river nauei
153 lake
154 sea nata
155 salt
156 stone nav'et
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth dep'
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind nalen
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire nap'
168 ash tih nap'
169 to burn iel, iv'en
170 road navanel
171 mountain pitha
172 red im'iel (to be red)
173 green
174 yellow iuas (to be yellow)
175 white
176 black im'ət (to be black)
177 night lihat
178 day napn
179 year pai
180 warm
181 cold ihahə (to be cold)
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good ip'as (to be good)
186 bad istu (to be bad)
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife) ihan (to be sharp)
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet iuir (to be wet)
195 dry im'am'a (to be dry)
196 correct ivivilən (to be in the right)
197 near asən, imima (to be close)
198 far aau
199 right
200 left
201 at a
202 in al
203 with m'a (comitative), a (instrumental)
204 and ka-
205 if
206 because sena (because of), sena ti (because)
207 name naha
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