Appendix:Moroccan Arabic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Moroccan Arabic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishMoroccan Arabic
الدارجة المغربية
edit (207)
IPA
1I (1sg)أنا (ʔana), آنا (ʔāna)/ʔa.na/, /ʔaː.na/
2you (2sg)انتَ (nta) (masculine), انتِ‎ (nti) (feminine), نتينا (ntīna) (masculine and feminine), نتين (ntīn) (masculine and feminine)/nta/, /nti/, /ntiː.na/, /ntiːn/
3he, she, it (3sg)هو (huwwa) (masculine), هِيَ (hiyya) (feminine)/huw.wa/, /hij.ja/
4we (1pl)حنا (ḥna)/ħna/
5you (2pl)انتما (ntūma), انتم (ntūm)/ntuː.ma/, /ntuːm/
6they (3pl)هما (hūma), هم (hūm)/huː.ma/, /huːm/
7thisهدا (hāda) (masculine), هدي (hādi) (feminine)/haː.da/, /haː.di/
8thatهداك (hadāk) (masculine), هديك (hadīk) (feminine), داك (dāk) (masculine), ديك (dīk) (feminine)/ha.daːk/, /ha.diːk/, /daːk/, /diːk/
9hereهنا (hna)/hna/
10thereتمة (temma), تم (temma, temm), الهيه (el-hīh)/tem.ma/, /temm/, /ɪl.hiːh/
11whoشكون (škūn) (nominative), من (man) (oblique)/ʃkuːn/, /man/
12whatشنو (šnu), أشنو (ʔašnu), آش (ʔāš), أش (ʔaš), شني (šni), شني (šanni), شـ (š-)/ʃnu/, /ʔaʃ.nu/, /ʔaːʃ/, /ʔaʃ/, /ʃni/, /ʃan.ni/, /ʃ-/
13whereفين (fīn), فاين (fāyen), وين (wīn)/fiːn/, /faː.jɪn/, /wiːn/
14whenامتى (imta), فوقاش‎ (fawqāš, fūqāš), وقتاش‎ (waqtāš), فوقتاش‎ (fwaqtāš), فوقاه (fūqāh, fawqāh), معاش‎ (mʕāš), وقتاه‎ (waqtāh)/imta/, /faw.qaːʃ/, /fuː.qaːʃ/, /waq.taːʃ/, /fwaq.taːʃ/, /fuːq.taːʃ/, /faw.qaːh/, /fuː.qaːh/, /mʕaːʃ/, /waq.taːh/
15howكيف (kīf), كيفاش (kīfāš)/kiːf/, /kiː.faːʃ/
16notماشي (māši), ما ش (ma ... ši)/maː.ʃi/, /ma ... ʃi/
17allكامل‎ (kāmel), ڭاع (gāʕ), كل (kull)/kaː.mɪl/, /ɡaːʕ/, /kull/
18manyبالزاف (b-ez-zāf), كتير (ktīr)/b‿ɪz.zaːf/, /ktiːr/
19someشي (ši)/baʕdˤ/
20fewشوية (šwiyya), شواي (šwāy), شويش (šwiyyiš, šwiyyaš), فتيت (ftīt), فتيتة (ftīta)/ʃwij.ja/, /ʃwaːj//, /ʃwij.jiʃ/, /ʃwij.jaʃ/, /ftiːt/, /ftiː.ta/
21otherآخَر (ʔāḵur) (masculine singular), أخرى (ʔuḵra) (feminine singular), آخرة (ʔāḵra) (feminine singular), أخرين (ʔuḵrīn) (masculine plural), آخرين (ʔāḵrīn) (masculine plural), أخرات (ʔuḵrāt) (feminine plural), آخرات (ʔāḵrāt) (feminine plural)/ʔaː.xur/, /ʔux.ra/, /ʔaːx.ra/, /ʔux.riːn/, /ʔaːx.riːn/, /ʔux.raːt/, /ʔaːx.raːt/
22oneواحد (wāḥid)/waː.ħid/
23twoجوج‎ (jūj), زوج‎ (zūj), تنين (tnīn), تنين (tnayn)/ʒuːʒ/, /zuːʒ/, /tniːn/, /tnajn/
24threeتلاتة (tlāta)/tlaː.ta/
25fourربعة (rabʕa)/rab.ʕa/
26fiveخمسة (ḵamsa)/xam.sa/
27bigكبير (kbīr)/kbiːr/
28longطويل (ṭwīl)/tˤwiːl/
29wideعريض (ʕrīḍ), واسع (wāsaʕ)/ʕriːdˤ/, /waː.saʕ/
30thickسميك (smīk), غليض (ḡlīḍ)/smiːk/, /ɣliːdˤ/
31heavyتقيل (tqīl)/tqiːl/
32smallصغير (ṣḡīr)/sˤɣiːr/
33shortقصير (qṣīr)/qsˤiːr/
34narrowضيق (ḍiyyaq)/dˤij.jaq/
35thinرقيق (rqīq), نحيف (nḥīf)/rqiːq/, /nħiːf/
36womanمراة (mra)/mra/
37man (adult male)راجل (rājel)/raː.ʒɪl/
38man (human being)إنسان (ʔinsān)/ʔin.saːn/
39childدري (darri)/dar.ri/
40wifeمراة (mra)/mra/
41husbandراجل (rājel), زوج (zawj)/raːʒɪl/, /zawʒ/
42motherأم‎ (ʔumm), يما (yemmā), ماما (māma), والدة (wālida)/ʔumm/, /jim.maː/, /maː.ma/, /waː.li.da/
43fatherبا (bbā), بو (), بابا (bāba), والد (wālid)/bːaː/, /buː/, /baː.ba/, /waː.lid/
44animalحيوان (ḥayawān)/ħa.ja.waːn/
45fishحوت (ḥūt)/ħuːt/
46birdطير (ṭīr), برطال (burṭāl)/tˤiːr/, /bur.tˤaːl/
47dogكلب (kalb)/kalb/
48louseقمل (qmal)/qmal/
49snakeحنش (ḥanš), فعى (fʕa), لفعة (lafʕa)/ħanʃ/, /fʕa/, /la.fʕa/
50wormدود (dūd)/duːd/
51treeشجرة (šajra)/ʃaʒ.ra/
52forestغابة (ḡāba)/ɣaː.ba/
53stickقطيب (qṭīb), عصا (ʕṣā), عود (ʕūd)/qtˤiːb/, /ʕsˤa/, /ʕuːd/
54fruitفاكهة (fākha)/faːk.ha/
55seedزريعة (zarriʕa)/zar.riː.ʕa/
56leafورقة (warqa)/war.qa/
57rootجدر (jdar)/ʒdar/
58bark (of a tree)قشرة (qašra), قشرة (qušra)/qaʃ.ra/, /quʃ.ra/
59flowerنوار (nuwwār), ورد (ward)/nuw.waːr/, /ward/
60grassربيع (rbīʕ), حشيش (ḥšiš)/rbiːʕ/, /ħʃiːʃ/
61ropeقنبة (qannba), حبل (ḥbal), كوردة (kūrda)/qan.nba/, /ħbal/, /kuːr.da/
62skinجلد (jald)/ʒald/
63meatلحم (lḥam)/lħam/
64bloodدم (damm)/damm/
65boneعضم (ʕḍam)/ʕdˤam/
66fat (noun)شحمة (šaḥma)/ʃaħ.ma/
67eggبيضة (bīḍa, bayḍa)/biː.dˤa/, /baj.dˤa/
68hornقرن (qarn)/qarn/
69tailشوال (šuwwāl), زنطيط (zanṭīṭ), قزيبة (qazzība)/ʃuw.waːl/, /zan.tˤiːtˤ/, /qaz.ziː.ba/
70featherريشة (rīša)/riː.ʃa/
71hairشعر (šʕar)/ʃʕar/
72headراس (rās)/raːs/
73earودن (wdan)/wdan/
74eyeعين (ʕīn, ʕayn)/ʕiːn/, /ʕajn/
75noseنيف (nīf), منخار (munḵār)/niːf/, /mun.xaːr/
76mouthفم (fumm), فا ()/fumm/, /faː/
77toothسنة (sanna)/san.na/
78tongue (organ)لسان (lsān)/lsaːn/
79fingernailضفر (ḍfar)/dˤfar/
80footرجل (rjal)/rʒal/
81legساق (sāq)/saːq/
82kneeركبة (rukba)/ruk.ba/
83handيد (yadd, yidd), ايد (ʔīd)/jadd/, /jidd/, /ʔiːd/
84wingجناح (jnāḥ)/ʒnaːħ/
85bellyمعدة (maʕda, maʕida), بطن (bṭan)/maʕ.da/, /ma.ʕi.da/, /btˤan/
86gutsمصارن (mṣārin)/msˤaː.rin/
87neckعنق (ʕunq)/ʕunq/
88backضهر (ḍhar)/dˤhar/
89breastبزولة (bazzūla)/baz.zuːla/
90heartقلب (qalb)/qalb/
91liverكبدة (kabda)/kab.da/
92to drinkشرب (šrab)/ʃrab/
93to eatكال (kāl), كلى (kla)/kaːl/, /kla/
94to biteعض (ʕaḍḍ)/ʕadˤdˤ/
95to suckمص (maṣṣ)/masˤsˤ/
96to spitبزق (bzaq), تفل (tfal), دفل (dfal)/bzaq/, /tfal/, /dfal/
97to vomitتقيا (tqiyya), رد (radd)/tqij.ja/, /radd/
98to blowنفخ (nfaḵ)/nfax/
99to breatheتنفس (tnaffas)/tnaf.fas/
100to laughضحك (ḍḥak)/dˤħak/
101to seeشاف (šāf), را () (obsolete)/ʃaːf/, /raː/
102to hearسمع (smaʕ)/smaʕ/
103to knowعرف (ʕraf)/ʕraf/
104to thinkفكر (fakkar), خمم (ḵammam)/fak.kar/, /xam.mam/
105to smellشم (šamm)/ʃamm/
106to fearخاف (ḵāf)/xaːf/
107to sleepنعس (nʕas), رقد (rqad)/nʕas/, /rqad/
108to liveعاش (ʕāš)/ʕaːʃ/
109to dieمات (māt)/maːt/
110to killقتل (qtal)/qtal/
111to fightتقاتل (tqātil), تدابز (tdābiz), تضارب (tḍārab)/tqaː.til/, /tdaː.biz/, /tdˤaː.rab/
112to huntصيد (ṣiyyad)/sˤij.jad/
113to hitضرب (ḍrab)/dˤrab/
114to cutقطع (qṭaʕ)/qtˤaʕ/
115to splitقسم (qsam), قسم (qassam), فلح (fallaḥ), فرشخ (faršaḵ)/qsam/, /qas.sam/, /fal.laħ/, /far.ʃax/
116to stabتعز (tʕaz), طعن (ṭʕan)/tʕaz/, /tˤʕan/
117to scratchحك (ḥakk), سر (sarr)/ħakː/, /sarː/
118to digحفر (ḥfar)/ħfar/
119to swimعام (ʕām)/ʕaːm/
120to flyطار (ṭār)/tˤaːr/
121to walkتمشى (tmašša)/tmaʃ.ʃa/
122to comeجا ()/ʒaː/
123to lie (as in a bed)تمدى (tmadda)/tmad.da/
124to sitجلس (glas), جلس (qʕad)/ɡlas/, /qʕad/
125to standوقف (wqaf)/wqaf/
126to turn (intransitive)دار (dār)/daːr/
127to fallطاح (ṭāḥ)/tˤaːħ/
128to giveعطى (ʕṭa)/ʕtˤa/
129to holdشد (šadd), مسك (msak)/ʃadd/, /msak/
130to squeezeعصر (ʕṣar)/ʕsˤar/
131to rubفرك (frak), فرك (farrak)/frak/, /far.rak/
132to washغسل (ḡsal), نضف (naḍḍaf)/ɣsal/, /nadˤ.dˤaf/
133to wipeمسح (msaḥ)/msaħ/
134to pullجبد (jbad)/ʒbad
135to pushدفع (dfaʕ)/dfaʕ/
136to throwرمى (rma), لاح (lāḥ)/rma/, /laːħ/
137to tieربط (rbaṭ), عقد (ʕqad)/rbatˤ/, /ʕqad/
138to sewخيط (ḵiyyaṭ)/xij.jatˤ/
139to countحسب (ḥsab)/ħsab/
140to sayقال (qāl)/qaːl/
141to singغنى (ḡanna)/ɣan.na/
142to playلعب (lʕab)/lʕab/
143to floatعام (ʕām)/ʕaːm/
144to flowنبع (nbaʕ)/nbaʕ/
145to freezeجمد (jmad), اتلج (ettallaj)/ʒmad/, /(ɪ)t.tal.laʒ/
146to swellاتنفخ (ettanfaḵ)/(ɪ)t.tan.fax/
147sunشمش (šamš), شمس (šams)/ʃamʃ/, /ʃams/
148moonقمر (qamar)/qa.mar/
149starنجمة (najma)/naʒ.ma/
150waterما ()/maː/
151rainشتا (šta)/ʃta/
152riverواد (wād)/waːd/
153lakeضاية (ḍāja), بحيرة (bḥīra)/dˤaː.ja/, /bħiː.ra/
154seaبحر (bḥar)/bħar/
155saltملح (malḥ)/malħ/
156stoneحجرة (ḥajra)/ħaʒ.ra/
157sandرمل (raml)/raml/
158dustغبرة (ḡubra)/ɣub.ra/
159earthأرض (ʔarḍ)/ʔardˤ/
160cloudسحابة (sḥāba), غيمة (ḡīma)/sa.ħaː.ba/, /ɣiː.ma/
161fogضباب (ḍbāb)/dˤbaːb/
162skyسما (sma)/sma/
163windريح (riḥ)/riːħ/
164snowتلج (talj)/talʒ/
165iceتلج (talj)/talʒ/
166smokeدخان (duḵḵān)/dux.xaːn/
167fireعافية (ʕāfya), نار (nār)/ʕaːf.ja/, /naːr/
168ashرماد (rmād)/rmaːd/
169to burnحرق (حرق)/ħraq/
170roadطريق (ṭrīq)/tˤriːq/
171mountainجَبَل/d͡ʒa.bal/
172redحمر (ḥmar), حمرة (ḥamra)/ħmar/, /ħam.ra/
173greenخضر (ḵḍar), خضرة (ḵaḍra)/xdˤar/, /xadˤ.ra/
174yellowصفر (ṣfar), صفرة (ṣafra)/sˤ.far/, /sˤaf.ra/
175whiteبيض (byaḍ), بيضة (bayḍa)/bjadˤ/, /baj.dˤa/
176blackكحل (kḥal), كحلة (kaḥla)/kħal/, /kaħ.la/
177nightليل (līl)/liːl/
178dayيوم (yūm)/juːm/
179yearعام (ʕām), سنة (sana, sna)/ʕaːm/, /sa.na/, /sna/
180warmدافي (dāfi)/daː.fi
181coldبارد (bārid)/baː.rid/
182fullعامر (ʕāmar)/ʕaː.mar/
183newجديد (jdīd)/ʒdiːd/
184oldقديم (qdīm)/qdiːm/
185goodمزيان (mizyān)/miz.jaːn/
186badخايب (ḵāyib)xaː.jib/
187rottenخامج (ḵāmij)/xaː.miʒ/
188dirtyموسخ (mūssaḵ, mwassaḵ)/muːs.sax/, /mwas.sax/
189straightنيشان (nīšān)/niː.ʃaːn/
190roundمدور (mdawwar)/mdaw.war/
191sharp (as a knife)ماضى (māḍi)/maː.dˤi/
192dull (as a knife)حافي (ḥāfi)/ħaː.fi/
193smoothمالس (mālis), ناعم (nāʕim)/maː.lis/, /naː.ʕim/
194wetفازك (fāzig), مبلل (mballal)/faː.ziɡ/, /mbal.lal/
195dryيابس (yābis)/jaː.bis/
196correctصحيح (ṣḥīḥ)/sˤħiːħ/
197nearقريب (qrīb)/qriːb/
198farبعيد (bʕīd)/bʕiːd/
199rightليمن (līman, līmin)/liː.man/, /liː.min/
200leftليسار (līsār), شمال (šmāl)/liː.saːr/, /ʃmaːl/
201atعند (ʕand)/ʕand/
202inف (f)/f/
203withمع (mʕa), ب (b)/mʕa/, /b/
204andو (w)/w/
205ifإدا (ʔida), إلا (ʔila), لو ()/ʔi.da/, /ʔi.la/, /luː/
206becauseحيت (ḥīt), حيتاش (ḥītāš), على حقاش (ʕla ḥaqqāš), لنو (linnu), لحقاش (laḥaqqāš)/ħiːt/, /ħiː.taːʃ, /ʕla ħaq.qaːʃ/, /lin.nu/, /la.ħaq.qaːʃ/
207nameاسمية (smiyya), اسم (sim)/smij.ja/, /sim/
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