Appendix:Kangeanic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Kangean, compared with definitions in English. The Kangean language has the ISO 639-3 language code: .

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Kangean
besa Kangayan
1 I ako, nira, kaula
2 you (singular) kao, nae, panjenengan
3 he, she, it rea, direkna
4 we abekna (exclusive), keta (inclusive)
5 you (plural) kao hakalean
6 they
7 this ena
8 that ento
9 here dina
10 there diye, dito
11 who hapa, pasera
12 what apa
13 where dimma
14 when pabila
15 how mamma
16 not beni, endek, tak
17 all kabih
18 many manyak
19 some ha
20 few halik, haling
21 other aseng, laen
22 one hetong, sekok
23 two due
24 three telo
25 four empa
26 five lema
27 big raje
28 long lanjeng
29 wide ambe
30 thick kandel
31 heavy berak
32 small dumik, dumit, cimit
33 short pandek
34 narrow selak, cekak
35 thin tepes
36 woman bibini, bibinian, bebinian
37 man (adult male) lalake, lalakean
38 man (human being) reng, to, manongsa
39 child anak, nanak
40 wife bini
41 husband lakean
42 mother ebu, mak, mamak, ummik
43 father pak, mpak, rama, abah
44 animal keben, eban
45 fish jukok, laok
46 bird manok, jangang
47 dog patek
48 louse koto, tumo
49 snake olar
50 worm caceng
51 tree pokok, poon
52 forest rembe, alas
53 stick betang, tongkat
54 fruit bua
55 seed bigi
56 leaf deon
57 root akar
58 bark (of a tree) bebegan
59 flower kembeng
60 grass rompot
61 rope tale
62 skin kolek
63 meat deging
64 blood dera
65 bone tolang
66 fat (noun) gejih
67 egg telor
68 horn
69 tail buntot, buntek
70 feather bulu
71 hair obu
72 head olo
73 ear kopeng, talenga
74 eye mata
75 nose elong
76 mouth colok, congor
77 tooth onto, gigi
78 tongue (organ) ila
79 fingernail koko
80 foot soko
81 leg
82 knee toot
83 hand tanang
84 wing jangjang, sajep, swiwi
85 belly tabuk
86 guts osos
87 neck gulu, leer
88 back geger
89 breast soso, tetek
90 heart jentong
91 liver ate
92 to drink enom (ngenom)
93 to eat kakan (ngakan)
94 to bite kekek (ngekek)
95 to suck esep (ngesep)
96 to spit copa (ngacopa)
97 to vomit ngota
98 to blow sebul (nyebul)
99 to breathe napas (anapas)
100 to laugh gelak (agelak, agelakan)
101 to see abes (ngabes)
102 to hear nenger (anenger, nengeragen)
103 to know tao (ngataoe)
104 to think peker (apeker)
105 to smell seom (nyeom)
106 to fear takok
107 to sleep tedung
108 to live odik
109 to die mate
110 to kill pate (patee)
111 to fight kalae (akalae)
112 to hunt buro (aburo, ngaburo)
113 to hit antep (ngantep)
114 to cut pangkak (aranggek), ketok (ngetok)
115 to split belah (abelah)
116 to stab tojeb (nojeb), tojes (nojes), tosok (nosok)
117 to scratch cakar (nyakar)
118 to dig gele (agele)
119 to swim langoy (alangoy)
120 to fly meber, ngeber
121 to walk jelan (ajelanan)
122 to come deteng
123 to lie (as in a bed) goler (agoleran), alotsot (ngalotsot)
124 to sit tojuk
125 to stand manjeng (mamanjeng)
126 to turn (intransitive) poter (moter), belok (abelok)
127 to fall geger
128 to give berek (eberek)
129 to hold tegik (negik), tegit (ategitan) (hold on to something)
130 to squeeze peres (meres)
131 to rub kosok (ngosok)
132 to wash sasa (nyasa), gira (agirae)
133 to wipe elos (ngelos)
134 to pull tarek (narek)
135 to push sorong (nyorong)
136 to throw oncal (ngoncal), sawat (nyawat)
137 to tie tale (nalee)
138 to sew jeek (ajeek)
139 to count etong (ngetong)
140 to say ocak (ngocak), caca (acaca)
141 to sing kedong (ngedong), tembang (nembang)
142 to play maen (maen)
143 to float apong (ngapong)
144 to flow mili (amili), aler (ngaler)
145 to freeze beko (abeko)
146 to swell kembeng (ngembeng)
147 sun mataare, sorje
148 moon bulan, buwan
149 star lentang
150 water aeng, terta, banyu
151 rain ojen
152 river songay, kang
153 lake talage
154 sea tasek
155 salt buje
156 stone beto
157 sand bedi
158 dust debu
159 earth tanah, bome
160 cloud ondem
161 fog arbut
162 sky langet
163 wind angen
164 snow saljo, kembeng es
165 ice es
166 smoke asep
167 fire apoy
168 ash abu
169 to burn tunu (nunu), bekar (abekar)
170 road jelan
171 mountain gunong
172 red mirah
173 green biru
174 yellow koneng
175 white poteh
176 black celeng
177 night malem
178 day are
179 year taon
180 warm angak
181 cold celep
182 full posak
183 new anyar
184 old toa, lawas
185 good becek, lebur, begos
186 bad jubek
187 rotten bucok
188 dirty kotor, ngeres
189 straight loros
190 round bungkol
191 sharp (as a knife) tajem
192 dull (as a knife) tompol
193 smooth lecen, lunyu
194 wet beca
195 dry kereng
196 correct bener
197 near semak, celak, dek
198 far jeoh
199 right kanan
200 left kere
201 at e
202 in delem
203 with ben
204 and ben
205 if mon
206 because polana, lakar
207 name nyama, asma

Bibliography

  • Dialectal Variation of Kangean: An Intonation and Lexical Study (in Indonesian), Malang: Institutional Repository of the State University of Malang, 2016

See also

  • Bahasa Kangean (article about Kangean language in Indonesian Wikipedia)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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