Appendix:Hunsrik Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Hunsrik, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Hunsrik
1 I ich
2 you (singular) du
3 he, she, it er
4 we meer
5 you (plural) deer
6 they sie
7 this dieser
8 that där
9 here do, hier
10 there dart
11 who wer
12 what was
13 where wo
14 when wann
15 how wie
16 not net
17 all all
18 many fiele
19 some etliche, paar
20 few weniche
21 other anner
22 one eens
23 two zweu
24 three drei
25 four fier
26 five finnef
27 big gros
28 long lang
29 wide breid
30 thick dick
31 heavy schwäer
32 small kleen
33 short korz
34 narrow schmaal
35 thin dinn
36 woman Fraa
37 man (adult male) Mann
38 man (human being) Mensch
39 child Kind
40 wife Fraa
41 husband Mann
42 mother Mutter
43 father Fatter
44 animal Dier
45 fish Fisch
46 bird Foghel, Fohl
47 dog Hund
48 louse Laus
49 snake Schlang
50 worm Worrem
51 tree Baam
52 forest Wald
53 stick Stock
54 fruit Frucht
55 seed Some
56 leaf Blaat
57 root Worzel
58 bark (of a tree) Schaal
59 flower Blumm
60 grass Graas
61 rope Strick
62 skin Haut
63 meat Fleisch
64 blood Blud
65 bone Knoche
66 fat (noun) Fett
67 egg Ei, Eu
68 horn Horn
69 tail Schwanz
70 feather Fetter
71 hair Hoer
72 head Kopp
73 ear Oher
74 eye Au
75 nose Naas
76 mouth Mund
77 tooth Zaan
78 tongue (organ) Zung
79 fingernail Naal, Naaghel
80 foot Fus
81 leg Been
82 knee Knie
83 hand Hand
84 wing Flitt
85 belly Bauch, Panz
86 guts Däärem
87 neck Hals
88 back Buckel, Ricke
89 breast Brust
90 heart Herz
91 liver Lewer
92 to drink drinke
93 to eat esse
94 to bite beise
95 to suck lutsche
96 to spit spucke
97 to vomit breche, kotze
98 to blow blose
99 to breathe ochtme, Luft ziehe
100 to laugh lache
101 to see sihn
102 to hear heere
103 to know wisse
104 to think denke
105 to smell rieche
106 to fear Bang hon
107 to sleep schlofe
108 to live leve
109 to die sterrve
110 to kill dotmache, umbringe
111 to fight streide
112 to hunt jachte
113 to hit schlaan
114 to cut schneide
115 to split deele
116 to stab steche
117 to scratch kratze
118 to dig graave
119 to swim schwimme
120 to fly fliehe
121 to walk gehn
122 to come komme
123 to lie (as in a bed) leie
124 to sit sitze
125 to stand stehn
126 to turn (intransitive) drehe
127 to fall falle
128 to give genn, gewe
129 to hold halle
130 to squeeze dricke
131 to rub reiwe
132 to wash wesche
133 to wipe wische
134 to pull ziehe
135 to push schuppe
136 to throw schmeise, werrfe
137 to tie binne
138 to sew nehe
139 to count zehle
140 to say saan
141 to sing singe
142 to play spiele
143 to float schwimme
144 to flow fliese
145 to freeze ferfreere
146 to swell schwelle
147 sun Sonn, Sunn
148 moon Mond
149 star Stern
150 water Wasser
151 rain Rehn
152 river Fluss, Rio
153 lake See
154 sea Meer
155 salt Sals
156 stone Steen
157 sand Sand
158 dust Staab
159 earth Äerd
160 cloud Wollek
161 fog Newel
162 sky Himmel
163 wind Wind
164 snow Schnee
165 ice Eis
166 smoke Damp, Rauch
167 fire Feier
168 ash Esch
169 to burn brenne
170 road Stros
171 mountain Berrich
172 red rod
173 green grien
174 yellow gel, gelleb
175 white weis
176 black schwarz
177 night Nacht
178 day Daagh
179 year Joher
180 warm waarem
181 cold kald
182 full foll
183 new nei
184 old alt
185 good gud
186 bad schlecht
187 rotten faul
188 dirty dreckich
189 straight richt
190 round rund
191 sharp (as a knife) schaaref
192 dull (as a knife) stump
193 smooth glatt
194 wet nass
195 dry drock
196 correct richtich
197 near dicht
198 far weid
199 right rechts
200 left links
201 at aan
202 in in
203 with mit
204 and un
205 if wenn
206 because wal, wel
207 name Naame

Further reading

  • Piter Kehoma Boll (2021) “Hunsrik Swadesh list”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português (in Portuguese), 3rd edition, Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch
  • Piter Kehoma Boll (2021 August 10) “Lista de Swadesh em Hunsriqueano (Hunsrik)”, in Vocabulário em Hunsriqueano (Hunsrik) (in Portuguese), Piter Keo, via Youtube
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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