Appendix:Old Persian Swadesh list

Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word Appendix:Old Persian Swadesh list. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word Appendix:Old Persian Swadesh list, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say Appendix:Old Persian Swadesh list in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word Appendix:Old Persian Swadesh list you have here. The definition of the word Appendix:Old Persian Swadesh list will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition ofAppendix:Old Persian Swadesh list, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.

This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Persian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

โ„–EnglishOld Persian
๐Ž ๐Žผ๐Žน (a-r-y)
edit (46)
1I (1sg)๐Ž ๐Žญ๐Žถ (a-d-m /โ adamโ /)
2you (2sg)๐Žฌ๐Žบ๐Žถ (tu-v-m /โ tuvamโ /)
3he, she, it (3sg)๐ƒ๐Žข๐Žบ (h-u-v /โ hauvโ /)
4we (1pl)
5you (2pl)
6they (3pl)
7this๐Žก๐Žน๐Žถ (i-y-m /โ iyamโ /), ๐Ž ๐Žก๐Žซ (a-i-t /โ aitaโ /)
8that
9here๐Žก๐Žญ๐Ž  (i-d-a /โ idฤโ /)
10there๐Ž ๐Žบ๐Žญ๐Ž  (a-v-d-a /โ avadฤโ /)
11who๐ƒ๐Žน๐Ž  (h-y-a)
12what๐ƒ๐Žน๐Ž  (h-y-a)
13where
14when
15how
16not๐Žด๐Žก๐Žน (n-i-y /โ naiyโ /)
17all
18many๐Žฑ๐Žฝ๐Žข๐Žบ (p-ru-u-v)
19some
20few
21other๐Ž ๐Žด๐Žก๐Žน (a-n-i-y /โ aniyaโ /)
22one๐Ž ๐Žก๐Žบ (a-i-v /โ aivaโ /)
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big๐Žบ๐€๐Žผ๐Žฃ (v-z-r-k /โ vazแบกrkaโ /)
28long๐Žญ๐Žผ๐Žฅ (d-r-g /โ dargaโ /), ๐Žญ๐Žผ๐Žฅ๐Žถ (d-r-g-m /โ dargamโ /)
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)๐Žถ๐Žผ๐Žซ๐Žก๐Žน (m-r-t-i-y /โ martiyaสฐโ /), ๐€๐Žด (z-n /โ zanaโ /)
38man (human being)๐Žถ๐Žผ๐Žซ๐Žก๐Žน (m-r-t-i-y /โ martiyaสฐโ /)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother๐Žถ๐Ž ๐Žซ๐Ž  (m-a-t-a /โ mฤtฤโ /)
43father๐Žฑ๐Žก๐Žซ๐Ž  (p-i-t-a /โ pitฤโ /)
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark (of a tree)
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye๐Žจ๐๐Ž ๐Žถ๐Žด (c-ลก-a-m-n /โ caลกman-โ /)
75nose๐Žด๐Ž ๐ƒ๐Žถ (n-a-h-m /โ nฤhamโ /)
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue (organ)๐ƒ๐€๐Ž ๐Žด๐Žถ (h-z-a-n-m /โ hazฤnam, hizฤnamโ /) (acc. sg.)
79fingernail
80foot๐Žฑ๐Ž ๐Žญ (p-a-d /โ pฤdaสฐโ /)
81leg
82knee
83hand๐Žญ๐Žฟ๐Žซ (d-s-t /โ dastaโ /)
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92to drink
93to eat
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hear
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fear๐Žซ๐Žผ๐Žฟ๐Žซ๐Žก๐Žน (t-r-s-t-i-y /โ tแบกrsatiyโ /)
107to sleep
108to live๐Žช๐Žก๐Žบ๐Žซ๐Žก๐Žน (ji-i-v-t-i-y /โ jฤซvatiyโ /)
109to die
110to kill
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hit
114to cut
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk
122to come
123to lie (as in a bed)
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fall
128to give๐Žญ๐Žญ๐Ž ๐Žฌ๐Žข๐Žบ (d-d-a-tu-u-v) (3rd sg. pres. imp. of โˆšdฤ)
129to hold๐Žญ๐Ž ๐Žผ๐Žน๐Žซ๐Žก๐Žน (d-a-r-y-t-i-y /โ dฤrayatiyโ /)
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say๐Žฐ๐Ž ๐Žซ๐Žก๐Žน (ฮธ-a-t-i-y /โ ฮธฤtiyโ /)
141to sing
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun๐Žข๐Žบ๐Žผ (u-v-r /โ สฐuvarโ /)
148moon๐Žถ๐Ž ๐ƒ (m-a-h /โ mฤhโ /)
149star
150water๐Ž ๐Žฑ๐Žก๐Žน๐Ž  (a-p-i-y-a /โ apiyฤโ /) (loc. sg.)
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea๐Žญ๐Žผ๐Žน (d-r-y /โ drayaโ /)
155salt
156stone๐Ž ๐Žฐ๐Žฅ (a-ฮธ-g /โ aฮธaโฟgaสฐโ /), ๐Ž ๐Žฟ๐Žด (a-s-n /โ asanโ /)
157sand
158dust
159earth๐ (BU /โ bลซmiลกโ /)
160cloud
161fog
162sky๐Ž ๐Žฟ๐Žถ๐Žด (a-s-m-n /โ asmanโ /)
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire๐Ž ๐Žซ๐Žผ (a-t-r /โ ฤtarโ /)
168ash
169to burn
170road
171mountain๐Žฃ๐Žข๐Žณ (k-u-f /โ kaufaสฐโ /)
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night๐Žง๐๐Žฑ (x-ลก-p /โ xลกapaโ /)
178day๐Žผ๐Žข๐Žจ๐ƒ (r-u-c-h /โ raucahโ /)
179year๐Žฐ๐Žผ๐Žญ (ฮธ-r-d /โ ฮธardaโ /)
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct๐ƒ๐๐Žก๐Žน๐Žถ (h-ลก-i-y-m /โ haลกiyamโ /) (acc. sg.)
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in๐Ž ๐Žซ๐Žผ (a-t-r /โ aโฟtarโ /)
203with๐ƒ๐Žญ๐Ž  (h-d-a /โ hadฤโ /)
204and๐Žข๐Žซ๐Ž  (u-t-a /โ utฤโ /), -๐Žจ๐Ž  (-c-a /โ -cฤโ โ /)
205if
206because๐Žน๐Žฐ๐Ž  (y-ฮธ-a /โ yaฮธฤโ /)
207name๐Žด๐Ž ๐Žถ (n-a-m /โ nฤmaโ /) (usually after masculine), ๐Žด๐Ž ๐Žถ๐Ž  (n-a-m-a /โ nฤmฤโ /) (usually after feminine )
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)