Appendix:Min Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Min, specifically Hokkien and Eastern Min, compared with that of English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

Romanisation scheme used for Hokkien is POJ. Vocabulary and pronunciation based on Hokkien and Hokchiu. Note that the listed names are those of the local varieties only. The collective name of Min is 閩語闽语.

EnglishHokkien
閩南語闽南语
edit (207)
Eastern Min
閩東語闽东语 (mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄)
edit (207)
1I (1sg) (góa) (nguāi)
2you (2sg) () (nṳ̄)
3he, she, it (3sg) (i) (ĭ)
4we (1pl) (gún)*, (lán)*我各儂我各侬 (nguāi gáuk→gó̤k-nè̤ng)
5you (2pl) (lín)汝各儂汝各侬 (nṳ̄ gáuk→gó̤k-nè̤ng)
6they (3pl)𪜶 (in)伊各儂伊各侬 (ĭ gáuk→gó̤k-nè̤)
7this (che), 即個即个 (chit-ê)𪢕 (cuòi), 茲隻兹只
8that (he), 彼個彼个 (hit-ê) (huòi), 許隻许只 (hī-ciáh→ciéh)
9here, (chia)嚽塊𪢕块 (cŭ-uái), 嚽所𪢕所
10there, (hia)夫塊夫块, 夫所
11who啥人 (siáⁿ-lâng), (siáng)*底儂底侬 (diē→dié-nè̤ng, dē̤→dé̤-nè̤ng)
12what啥物 (siáⁿ-mih), 甚麼甚么 (sīm-mi̍h), 佗一個佗一个, 叨一個叨一个 (tó-chi̍t-ê)*什乇 (sié-nó̤h, siéh-nó̤h)
13where佗位, 叨位 (tó-ūi)底所 (diē-nē̤, dē̤-nē̤)
14when甚麼時陣甚么时阵 (sīm-mi̍h-sî-chūn)*, 當時当时 (tang-sî)什乇辰候
15how如何 (jû-hô)*, 按怎 (án-chóaⁿ)*, 怎樣怎样 (chóanⁿ-iūⁿ)* (ciōng)
16not (put)*, ()*, , 𣍐𫧃 ()*, , , 勿愛勿爱 (mài)*, () (îng), 伓是 (îng-sê)
17all全部 (chôan-pō͘), , (kui), 所有 (só͘-ū)*, (lóng)*, 攏總拢总 (lóng-chóng)*全部 (ciòng-buô), 所有 (sū-iū), 一切
18many, 多支 (chōe) (cá̤)
19some一寡 (chi̍t-kóa), 幾若個几若个 (kúi-nā-ê)仂囝 (nék→ník-giāng)
20few (chió) (ciēu)
21other其他 (kî-thaⁿ), 別的别的 (pa̍t-ê)其他 (gì-tă)
22one (it, chi̍t) (siŏh), (ék)
23two (nn̄g), () (lâng), ()
24three (saⁿ) (săng)
25four () ()
26five (ngō) (ngô)
27big (tōa) (duâi)
28long (tn̂g) (dòng)
29wide (khoah) (kuăng)
30thick (kāu) (gâu)
31heavy (tāng) (dâe̤ng)
32small (sòe) (nâung)
33short () (dōi)
34narrow (o̍eh) (cáh)
35thin (po̍h) (bŏk)
36woman女人 (lú-jîn)*, 查某 (cha-bó͘)*女界 (nṳ̄-gái)
37man (adult male)男人 (lâm-jîn)*, 查埔 (cha-po͘)*男界 (nàng-gái)
38man (human being), (lâng) (nè̤ng)
39child囝仔, 囡仔 (gín-á)*, 兒童儿童 (jî-tông)*伲囝 (niê-giāng)
40wife (bó͘)老媽老妈 (lâu-mā)
41husband (ang)唐餔唐𫗦 (dòng-buŏ)
42mother母親母亲 (bú-chhin)*, 老母 (lāu-bú), 媽媽妈妈 (ma-ma), 阿母 (a-bú)娘奶 (nòng-nā̤)
43father父親父亲 (hū-chhin)*, 老爸 (lāu-pē), 爸爸 (pa-pa), 阿爸 (a-pa)郎爸
44animal動物动物 (tōng-bu̍t)動物动物 (dông-ŭk)
45fish () (ngṳ̀)
46bird (chiáu), 鳥仔鸟仔 (chiáu-á)鳥囝鸟囝
47dog (káu), 狗仔 (káu-á)犬囝 (kēng-giāng)
48louse (sat), 虱母 (sat-bú)蝨母虱母 (sáik-mō̤)
49snake (chôa)老蛇 (lâu-siè)
50worm (thâng), 土蚓 (tō͘-ún/tō͘-kún)*蟲囝虫囝 (tè̤ng-giāng)
51tree (chhiū), 樹仔树仔 (chhiū-á) (chéu)
52forest森林 (sim-lîm), 樹林树林 (chhiū-nâ)森林 (sĕng-lìng)
53stick樹枝树枝 (chhiū-ki)*, 枝仔 (ki-á)*樹椏树桠
54fruit水果 (chúi-kó), 果子 (kóe-chí)果實果实
55seed種子种子 (chéng-chí)子子 (cī-*cī)
56leaf (hio̍h), 葉仔叶仔 (hio̍h-á)箬箬 (niŏh-niŏh)
57root (kun)根根
58bark (of a tree)樹皮树皮 (chhiū-phê)樹皮树皮
59flower (hoe) (huă)
60grass (chháu) (chāu)
61rope (soh), 索仔 (soh-á) (só̤h)
62skin (phê), 皮膚皮肤 (phê-hu)皮膚皮肤 (puòi-hŭ)
63meat (bah) (nṳ̆k)
64blood (huih), 血液 (hiat-e̍k) (háik)
65bone (kut), 骨頭骨头 (kut-thâu)骨骨 (gáuk-gáuk)
66fat (noun)脂肪 (chi-hông)*, 膩瓤腻瓤 (jī-nn̂g)*脂肪 (ciĕ-huòng)
67egg (nn̄g), 雞卵鸡卵 (koe-nn̄g)* (lâung)
68horn (kak)角角 (gáe̤k-gáe̤k)
69tail (), 尾溜 (bé-liu)尾尾 (muōi-muōi)
70feather鳥毛鸟毛 (chiáu-mn̂g)羽毛 (ṳ̄-mò̤)
71hair頭毛头毛 (thâu-mn̄g)頭髮头发 (tàu-huók)
72head (thâu)*, 頭殼头壳 (thâu-khak) (tàu)
73ear (hīⁿ), 耳仔 (hīⁿ-á), 耳孔 (hīⁿ-khang) (ngê)
74eye目睭 (ba̍k-chiu)目睭 (mĕk-ciŭ)
75nose (phīⁿ), 鼻仔 (phīⁿ-á) ()
76mouth (chhùi) (chói)
77tooth嘴齒嘴齿 (chhùi-khí) (ngāi)
78tongue (organ) (chih), 嘴舌 (chhùi-chih)喙舌 (ché̤ṳ-siĕk)
79fingernail指甲 (chéng-kah)掌甲 (ciēng-gák)
80foot, (kha)
81leg (thúi)骹腿 (kă-tōi)
82knee腳頭窩脚头窝 (kha-thâu-u)骹屈頭骹屈头
83hand (chhiú) (chiū)
84wing (e̍k)*, , (si̍t), 翅仔, 翼仔 (si̍t-á), 翅股, 翼股 (si̍t-kó͘)翼翼 (sĭk-sĭk)
85belly腹肚 (pak-tó͘)腹老 (bók-lō̤)
86guts腸仔肠仔 (pak-tó͘) (dòng)
87neck頷頸颔颈 (ām-kún)脰骨 (dâu-gáuk)
88back尻脊骿 (kha-chiah-phiaⁿ)骿 (piăng)
89breast (hiong)*, 胸部 (hiong-pō͘)*, 胸坎 (heng-khám)*, 奶房 (leng-pông)*??
90heart心臟心脏 (sim-chōng)心臟心脏 (sĭng-câung)
91liver (koaⁿ)*, 肝臟肝脏 (koaⁿ-chōng)肝臟肝脏 (găng-câung)
92to drink (lim)
93to eat (chia̍h)
94to bite ()
95to suck (khip)*, (empty) (chi̍p)*, (suh)*,
96to spit (phùi)*, 呸瀾呸澜 (phùi-nōa)*, 呸嘴瀾呸嘴澜 (phùi-chhùi-nōa)*, 呸痰 (phùi-thâm)*,
97to vomit (áu)*, (thò͘)*, 嘔吐呕吐 (áu-thò͘)* (áe̤h→é̤h)
98to blow (chhe), 𬅫 (pûn) (chuŏi),
99to breathe呼吸 (ho͘-khip)*, 喘氣喘气 (chhóan-khùi)呼吸 (hù-ngék)
100to laugh (chhiò) (chiéu)
101to see (khòaⁿ) (ché̤ṳ)
102to hear (thiaⁿ)
103to know (chai), 知影 (chai-iáⁿ), (pat)* (báik)
104to think (siūⁿ) (siōng)
105to smell (phīⁿ) ()
106to fear (kiaⁿ)
107to sleep (khùn) (káung)
108to live (o̍ah)
109to die ()
110to kill (thâi) (tài)
111to fight冤家 (oan-ke)*, 相拍 (sio-phah)*, 相刣 (sio-thâi)*相拍 (siŏng-*páh)
112to hunt拍獵拍猎 (phah-la̍h) (tō̤)
113to hit (phah) (páh)
114to cut (koah)*, (chhiat)*, (ka)*, (siók)
115to split破開破开, 剖開剖开 (phòa-khui)*, 裂開裂开 (liʔ²¹ kʰui⁵⁵)*, 分開分开 (hun-khui)*
116to stab (chhì), 𰄞 (chân), (tu̍h)
117to scratch () ()
118to dig (ó͘, óe, iah), (liú), (ku̍t) ()
119to swim泅水 (siû-chúi) (siù)
120to fly (pe)
121to walk (kiâⁿ)*, 行路 (kiâⁿ-lō͘)*, 步行 (pō͘-hêng)*, 步行 (pō͘-kiâⁿ)*, 步輦步辇 (pō͘-lián)*
122to come (lâi)
123to lie (as in a bed) ()*
124to sit (chē)
125to stand (chām)*, , (khiā) (kiê)
126to turn (intransitive) (oat)*
127to fall落落 (lak-lo̍h)𰺲 (dâung)
128to give, , (hō͘) (ké̤ṳk)
129to hold (the̍h) (dò̤)
130to squeeze𢯰 (lu̍t)
131to rub (loán)
132to wash (sóe) (sā̤)
133to wipe (chhit) (chék)
134to pull (khiú, giú)
135to push (sak) (tiāng)
136to throw (tàn)
137to tie (pa̍k) (buŏh)
138to sew (pâng), 𮉢 (thīⁿ)𬘜 (tiéng)
139to count (siàu)
140to say (kóŋ) (gōng)
141to sing (chhiùⁿ) (chióng)
142to play (sńg), 跮踱, 𨑨迌 (chhit-thô)*客佻 (káh-dièu)
143to float (phû)
144to flow (lâu)
145to freeze結冰结冰 (kiat-peng)結冰结冰
146to swell膨大 (phòng-tōa) (cṳ̄ng)
147sun太陽太阳 (thài-iông)*, 日頭日头 (ji̍t-thâu)*日頭日头 (nĭk-tàu)
148moon月亮 (ge̍h-niû) (nguŏk)
149star (chhiⁿ)星星 (sĭng sĭng)
150water (chùi)
151rain (hō͘)
152river () (ò̤)
153lake (ô͘) ()
154sea (hái) (hāi)
155salt (iâm)
156stone (chio̍h)*, 石頭石头 (chio̍h-thâu)
157sand (soa)
158dust土粉 (thô͘-hún)塕塵塕尘 (ŭng-dìng)
159earth地球 (tē-kiû)*
160cloud (hûn) (hùng)
161fog () (ô)
162sky (thiⁿ) (tiĕng)
163wind (hong) (hŭng)
164snow (seh) (siók)
165ice (peng) (bĭng)
166smoke (hun) (iĕng)
167fire ()
168ash (he)*, 火灰 (hé-hu) (huŏi)
169to burn (hiâⁿ) (siĕu)
170road (lō͘)𰉣 (diô)
171mountain (soaⁿ) (săng)
172red (âng)
173green绿 (le̍k), (chhiⁿ)绿
174yellow (n̂g) (uòng)
175white (pe̍h)
176black () (ŭ)
177night暗時暗时 (àm-sî)暝晡 (màng-buŏ)
178day日時日时 (ji̍t-sî)日中 (nĭk-dŏng)
179year () (nièng)
180warm燒烙烧烙 (sio-lō) (iĕk)
181cold (kôaⁿ) (chéng)
182full滿 (bóan/móa), , (tīⁿ)滿
183new (sin) (sĭng)
184old (lāu)*, ()*
185good ()
186bad (pháiⁿ) (ngài)
187rotten𮩝 (àu), 臭爛臭烂 (chhàu-nōa)飲腐饮腐
188dirty垃圾 (lah-sap)拉渣
189straight (tit) (dĭk)
190round (îⁿ), (kuàng)
191sharp (as a knife) (lāi)
192dull (as a knife) (tūn)𣍐利𫧃利
193smooth光滑 (kng-ku̍t)
194wet湿 (sip), (tâm), 潮濕潮湿, (lâng)
195dry (ta)
196correct (tio̍h)*, 正確正确 (chèng-khak)*正確正确 (ciáng-káuk), 無綻无绽
197near (kūn) (gê̤ṳng), 接近
198far (hn̄g)
199right (chiàⁿ) (iêu)
200left () (cō̤)
201at, (),
202in佇……裡伫……里 (tī… lāi)裡勢里势 (diē-sié)
203with (kap)
204and (kap)
205if若是 (nā-sī)若是 (iŏk-sê), 如果 (ṳ̀-guō)
206because因為因为 (in-ūi)因為因为 (ĭng-ôi)
207name (miâ)*名字 (miàng-cê)

See also

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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