風

Stroke order

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Radical 182 風

風 (Kangxi radical 182, 風+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓竹中戈 (HNHLI) or 竹弓一中戈 (HNMLI), four-corner 7721₀, composition ⿵𠘨䖝)

• Appendix:Chinese radical/風
• 偑, 𭂖, 𠷕, 堸, 㜄, 𡺤, 𢞁, 𢱚, 渢, 猦, 𨺢, 𣈼, 楓(枫), 煈, 𤧑, 碸, 𦂱, 䑺, 𧍯, 𣽝, 諷(讽), 𨐦, 𩹥, 𬷣, 𪋖, 𪕴
• 𩖰, 嵐(岚), 葻, 𬕜, 檒, 𩄏, 瘋(疯), 闏, 𣄖, 𬬣

• 风 (Simplified Chinese)

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1411, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43756
• Dae Jaweon: page 1930, character 20
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4480, character 1
• Unihan data for U+98A8

Historical forms of the character 風
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum, *plums) : phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”); the point inside 凡 is still visible above the insect, hence this component appears as 䖝. Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)).

In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012)

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung.

Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ.

Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i).

Cognate with:

• 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”)
• 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm))
• 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”)
• 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”)
• 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”)

The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

風

1. wind (Classifier: 陣／阵 m; 股 m)

   風雨／风雨  ―  fēngyǔ  ―  wind and rain; hardships

   狂風／狂风  ―  kuángfēng  ―  gale

   外面風很大／外面风很大  ―  wàimiàn fēng hěn dà  ―  It's very windy outside.

   • 蘀兮蘀兮，風其吹女。叔兮伯兮，倡予和女。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     萚兮萚兮，风其吹女。叔兮伯兮，倡予和女。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Tuò xī tuò xī, fēng qí chuī nǚ. Shū xī bó xī, chàng yǔ hé nǚ.

     Ye withered leaves! Ye withered leaves! How the wind is blowing you away! O ye uncles, Give us the first note, and we will join in with you.

2. to air-dry
3. (in compounds) air-dried

   風雞／风鸡  ―  fēngjī  ―  air-dried chicken

4. general mood; custom

   風俗／风俗  ―  fēngsú  ―  customs

   歪風／歪风  ―  wāifēng  ―  unhealthy trend

   • 天子省風以作樂，器以鐘之，輿以行之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     天子省风以作乐，器以钟之，舆以行之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Tiānzǐ xǐnɡfēng yǐ zuòyuè, qì yǐ zhōng zhī, yú yǐ xíng zhī.

     The son of Heaven examines the manners , to guide him in making his music. In his instruments he collects the notes, and by those notes the music goes forth.

5. demeanour

   風範／风范  ―  fēngfàn  ―  manner

   風度／风度  ―  fēngdù  ―  elegance

   • 故聞伯夷之風者，頑夫廉，懦夫有立志。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     故闻伯夷之风者，顽夫廉，懦夫有立志。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Gù wén Bóyí zhī fēng zhě, wánfū lián, nuòfū yǒu lìzhì.

     Therefore when men now hear the character of Bo Yi, the corrupt become pure, and the weak acquire determination.

6. cultivation; moralisation

   風教／风教  ―  fēngjiào  ―  cultivation

   • 王曰：「嗚呼！說，四海之內，咸仰朕德，時乃風。股肱惟人，良臣惟聖。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     王曰：「呜呼！说，四海之内，咸仰朕德，时乃风。股肱惟人，良臣惟圣。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Forged Old Text of the Book of Documents, circa 3^rd – 4^th century CE

     Wáng yuē: “Wūhū! Shuō, sìhǎi zhī nèi, xián yǎng zhèn dé, shí nǎi fēng. Gǔgōng wéi rén, liáng chén wéi shèng.”

     The king said, "Oh! Yue, that all within the four seas look up to my virtue is owing to you. As his legs and arms form the man, so does a good minister form the sage (king)."

7. style; manner

   風格／风格  ―  fēnggé  ―  style

   文風／文风  ―  wénfēng  ―  writing style

8. (in compounds) scene; scenery

   風景／风景  ―  fēngjǐng  ―  scenery

   風光／风光  ―  fēngguāng  ―  scenery

   風物／风物  ―  fēngwù  ―  scenery

9. news; information

   風聲／风声  ―  fēngshēng  ―  news

   通風報信／通风报信  ―  tōngfēngbàoxìn  ―  to secretly pass on information to others

   聞風而動／闻风而动  ―  wénfēng'érdòng  ―  to act at once on hearing the news

10. love; affection; to become sexually attracted; to copulate

    風月／风月  ―  fēngyuè  ―  romance

    風情／风情  ―  fēngqíng  ―  amorous feelings

    風馬牛不相及／风马牛不相及  ―  fēng mǎ niú bù xiàngjí  ―  irrelevant

    • 馬牛其風，臣妾逋逃，勿敢越逐，祗復之，我商賚汝。乃越逐不復，汝則有常刑！無敢寇攘，逾垣牆，竊馬牛，誘臣妾，汝則有常刑！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      马牛其风，臣妾逋逃，勿敢越逐，祗复之，我商赉汝。乃越逐不复，汝则有常刑！无敢寇攘，逾垣墙，窃马牛，诱臣妾，汝则有常刑！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

      From: The Book of Documents, circa 7^th – 4^th centuries BCE

      Mǎ niú qí fēng, chénqiè būtáo, wù gǎn yuè zhú, zhī fù zhī, wǒ shāng lài rǔ. Nǎi yuè zhú bù fù, rǔ zé yǒu chángxíng! Wúgǎn kòurǎng, yú yuánqiáng, qiè mǎ niú, yòu chénqiè, rǔ zé yǒu chángxíng!

      When the horses or cattle are seeking one another, or when your followers, male or female, abscond, presume not to leave the ranks to pursue them. But let them be carefully returned. I will reward you (among the people) who return them according to their value. But if you leave your places to pursue them, or if you who find them do not restore them, you shall be dealt with according to the regular punishments. And let none of you presume to commit any robbery or detain any creature that comes in your way, to jump over enclosures and walls to steal (people's) horses or oxen, or to decoy away their servants or female attendants. If you do so, you shall be dealt with according to the regular punishments.

11. dissolute; promiscuous

    風流／风流  ―  fēngliú  ―  dissolute

    風騷／风骚  ―  fēngsāo  ―  flirtatious behaviour

12. ungrounded; baseless

    風言風語／风言风语  ―  fēngyánfēngyǔ  ―  slanderous gossip

13. one of the three sections of Shijing, consisting of ballads

    • 風有采蘩、采蘋，雅有行葦、泂酌，昭忠信也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      风有采蘩、采苹，雅有行苇、泂酌，昭忠信也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

      From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

      Fēng yǒu Cǎifán, Cǎipíng, yǎ yǒu Xíngwěi, Jiǒngzhuó, zhāo zhōngxìn yě.

      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

14. (in general) folk song; ballad

    采風／采风  ―  cǎifēng  ―  to collect folk songs

15. (obsolete) Alternative form of 瘋／疯 (fēng, “mad; insane”)

    風病／风病  ―  fēngbìng  ―  psychiatric illness

    • 樵子聞言，仰天大笑道：「你原來是個風和尚。」行者道：「我不風啊，這是老實話。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
      樵子闻言，仰天大笑道：「你原来是个风和尚。」行者道：「我不风啊，这是老实话。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

      From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16^th century CE

      Qiáozǐ wén yán, yǎngtiān dàxiào dào: “Nǐ yuánlái shì ge fēng héshàng.” Xíngzhě dào: “Wǒ bù fēng a, zhè shì lǎoshí huà.”

      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

16. (traditional Chinese medicine) one of the "Six Excesses" (六淫) that cause diseases in traditional Chinese medicine

    風寒／风寒  ―  fēnghán  ―  wind chill

    風濕／风湿  ―  fēngshī  ―  rheumatic

17. (traditional Chinese medicine) a type of diseases that are typically acute

    痛風／痛风  ―  tòngfēng  ―  gout

    中風／中风  ―  zhòngfēng  ―  stroke

18. (Cantonese) rumour
19. (Cantonese) Short for 颱風／台风 (“typhoon”). (Classifier: 個／个 c; 隻／只 c)
20. (Hokkien) minty
21. (Philippine Hokkien) spicy
22. (Magong Hokkien) fuel gas; gas
23. a surname. Feng; Fung

• (wind): (literary) 風禽／风禽 (fēngqín)

• (spicy):

• (typhoon):