Appendix:Gan Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Gan, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Gan
贛語
IPA
pronunciation
1 I ŋo
2 you (singular)
3 he t͡ɕiɛ
4 we 我俚 ŋo li
5 you (plural) 汝俚 n̩ li
6 they 渠俚 t͡ɕiɛ li
7 this ko
8 that he
9 here 箇首 ko ɕiu
10 there 許首 he ɕiu
11 who 何個 ho ko
12 what 什哩 ɕi li
13 where 何首 ho ɕiu
14 when 幾時 t͡ɕi sz̩
15 how lɔŋ
16 not , , put, mau, mok
17 all , 攏共 t͡ɕʰi, luŋ kʰuŋ
18 many 蠻多 man to
19 some 隻把子 t͡sak pa t͡sz̩
20 few 滴滴子 tiak tiak t͡sz̩
21 other 別嗰 pʰiɛt ko
22 one it
23 two o
24 three san
25 four sz̩
26 five ŋ̍
27 big tʰai
28 long maŋ
29 wide kʰuot
30 thick hɛu
31 heavy t͡sʰuŋ
32 small ɕi
33 short ton
34 narrow hat
35 thin pʰok
36 woman 女客 ɳi kʰak
37 man (male) 男客 lan kʰak
38 man (human) ɳin
39 child 細鬼 ɕi kui
40 wife 老婆 lau pʰo
41 husband 老公 lau kuŋ
42 mother ɳiɔŋ
43 father ia
44 animal 頭牲 tʰɛu saŋ
45 fish ɳiɛ
46 bird 雀子 t͡ɕʰiok t͡sz̩
47 dog kiɛu
48 louse sɛt
49 snake sa
50 worm 蟲蟻子 t͡sʰuŋ ɳi t͡sz̩
51 tree su
52 forest 林子 lin t͡sz̩
53 stick 樹杪子 su miɛu t͡sz̩
54 fruit 果子 kuo t͡sz̩
55 seed 種子 t͡suŋ t͡sz̩
56 leaf 葉子, iɛt t͡sz̩, iok
57 root tɛu
58 bark (of a tree) 樹皮 su pʰi
59 flower fa
60 grass t͡sʰau
61 rope 繩子, sz̩n t͡sz̩, sok
62 skin pʰi
63 meat ɳiuk
64 blood , ɕiot, uɔŋ
65 bone 骨頭 kut tʰɛu
66 fat (noun) 肥肉 fi ɳiuk
67 egg tʰan
68 horn kok
69 tail mi
70 feather 雀子毛 t͡ɕʰiok t͡sz̩ mau
71 hair 頭髮 tʰɛu fat
72 head 腦殼 lau kʰok
73 ear 耳刀 o tau
74 eye ŋan
75 nose 鼻公 pʰit kuŋ
76 mouth kʰiɛu
77 tooth ŋa
78 tongue 舌頭, 招財 sɛt tʰɛu, t͡sɛu t͡sʰai
79 fingernail 指甲子 t͡ɕiɛt kat t͡sz̩
80 foot 腳股 t͡ɕiok ku
81 leg 腳髈骨 t͡ɕiok pʰaŋ kut
82 knee 髂膝 kʰiɛt sɛt
83 hand ɕiu
84 wing 翼膀, 翅胛 iɛk pɔŋ, t͡sʰz̩ kat
85 belly 肚哩 tʰu li
86 guts t͡sʰɔŋ
87 neck t͡ɕiaŋ
88 back 背脊 pi t͡ɕiak
89 breast 胸脯 ɕiuŋ pʰu
90 heart ɕin
91 liver kon
92 to drink t͡ɕʰiak
93 to eat t͡ɕʰiak
94 to bite
95 to suck t͡ɕit
96 to spit pʰui
97 to vomit ŋiɛu
98 to blow t͡sʰui
99 to breathe 敨氣 tʰɛu t͡ɕʰi
100 to laugh ɕiɛu
101 to see mɔŋ
102 to hear tʰiaŋ
103 to know 曉得 ɕiɛu tɛt
104 to think ɕiɔŋ
105 to smell ɕiuŋ
106 to fear fɔt
107 to sleep kʰun
108 to live uot
109 to die sz̩
110 to kill sat
111 to fight 挭仗 kaŋ t͡sɔŋ
112 to hunt ta
113 to hit kʰok
114 to cut kiɛ
115 to split t͡sʰak
116 to stab tuk
117 to scratch ua
118 to dig 𠞭 lɛu
119 to swim 頑水 uan sui
120 to fly fi
121 to walk , haŋ, t͡sɛu
122 to come lai
123 to lie (as in a bed) kʰun
124 to sit t͡sʰo
125 to stand t͡ɕʰi
126 to turn (intransitive) tɛu
127 to fall tiɛt
128 to give lak
129 to hold kʰiɛn
130 to squeeze liɛt
131 to rub lo
132 to wash ɕi
133 to wipe mot
134 to pull
135 to push suŋ
136 to throw tiaŋ
137 to tie tʰiak
138 to sew liɛn
139 to count su
140 to say ua
141 to sing t͡sʰɔŋ
142 to play 𩑃 n̠ʲiɛk
143 to float pʰau
144 to flow liu
145 to freeze lɛn
146 to swell ɕiuŋ
147 sun 日頭 ɳit tʰɛu
148 moon 月光 ɳiot kuɔŋ
149 star 星子 ɕiaŋ t͡sz̩
150 water sui
151 rain i
152 river ho
153 lake u
154 sea hai
155 salt iɛn
156 stone sak
157 sand sa
158 dust fi
159 earth tʰi
160 cloud in
161 fog u
162 sky tʰiɛn
163 wind fuŋ
164 snow ɕiot
165 ice pin
166 smoke iɛn
167 fire fo
168 ash fi
169 to burn liɛu
170 road lu
171 mountain san
172 red fuŋ
173 green liuk
174 yellow uɔŋ
175 white pʰak
176 black u
177 night 夜裡 ia li
178 day 日上 ɳit sɔŋ
179 year ɳiɛn
180 warm 熱和 lɛt fo
181 cold , hon, laŋ
182 full 滿 mon
183 new ɕin
184 old t͡ɕʰiu
185 good t͡ɕiɛn
186 bad uan
187 rotten 餲爛 ŋok lan
188 dirty 厊厏 ŋa t͡sa
189 straight 筆直 pit t͡sʰz̩t
190 round 圞圓 lo yon
191 sharp (as a knife) 飛快 fi kʰuai
192 dull (as a knife) 寡淡 kuat tʰan
193 smooth 噠滑 tat uat
194 wet 辣濕 lat sz̩t
195 dry 燋乾 t͡ɕiɛu kon
196 correct 對頭 tui tʰɛu
197 near 團近 tʰon t͡ɕʰin
198 far 老遠 lau yon
199 right 右首 iu ɕiu
200 left 左首 t͡so ɕiu
201 at , tau, t͡sʰɛ
202 in 裡首 li ɕiu
203 with 同到 tʰuŋ tau
204 and kiɛn
205 if 要係 iɛu ɕi
206 because 因為 in ui
207 name miaŋ
  • Pronunciation :

The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation in Nanchang. Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the shown pronunciation.

Swadesh lists
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