Appendix:Czech Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Czech, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishCzech
čeština
edit (207)
1I (1sg)
2you (2sg)ty
3he, she, it (3sg)on, ona, ono
4we (1pl)my
5you (2pl)vy
6they (3pl)oni, ony, ona
7thistento, tato, toto
8thattamten, tamta, tamto
9herezde, tady, tu, sem
10theretam
11whokdo
12whatco
13wherekde
14whenkdy
15howjak
16notne, ne-
17allvše, všechno
18manymnoho, hodně
19someněkolik, pár, trocha
20fewmálo, nemnoho
21otherdruhý, jiný
22onejeden
23twodva
24threetři
25fourčtyři
26fivepět
27bigvelký
28longdlouhý
29wideširoký
30thicktlustý, hrubý
31heavytěžký
32smallmalý
33shortkrátký
34narrowúzký
35thintenký
36womanžena
37man (adult male)muž
38man (human being)člověk
39childdítě
40wifežena, manželka, choť
41husbandmuž, manžel, choť
42mothermatka, máti (dated)
43fatherotec
44animalzvíře
45fishryba
46birdpták
47dogpes
48louseveš
49snakehad, zmije (viper)
50wormčerv
51treestrom
52forestles
53stickhůl, klacek, prut, kůl, pálka, tyč
54fruitovoce, plod
55seedsemeno, sémě (archaic)
56leaflist
57rootkořen
58bark (of a tree)kůra
59flowerkvět
60grasstráva
61ropelano, provaz, šňůra
62skinkůže
63meatmaso
64bloodkrev
65bonekost
66fat (noun)tuk, sádlo, maz
67eggvejce
68hornroh
69tailocas, ohon, chvost
70featherpero
71hairvlasy
72headhlava
73earucho
74eyeoko
75nosenos
76mouthústa, pusa, huba
77toothzub
78tongue (organ)jazyk
79fingernailnehet
80footnoha, chodidlo, stopa
81legnoha
82kneekoleno
83handruka
84wingkřídlo
85bellybřicho
86gutsvnitřnosti, útroby
87neckkrk, šíje
88backzáda, hřbet
89breastprs, ňadro, hruď
90heartsrdce
91liverjátra
92to drinkpít
93to eatjíst
94to bitekousat, hryzat
95to sucksát, srkat, cucat
96to spitplivat
97to vomitzvracet, blít, dávit
98to blowfoukat, vanout, vít
99to breathedýchat
100to laughsmát se
101to seevidět
102to hearslyšet
103to knowvědět, znát
104to thinkmyslet, dumat
105to smellčichat, cítit
106to fearbát se, strachovat se
107to sleepspát
108to livežít
109to dieumírat, umřít, zemřít
110to killzabít, usmrtit
111to fightbojovat, válčit
112to huntlovit
113to hitudeřit
114to cutřezat, tít, tnout, sekat
115to splitrozdělit
116to stabbodnout, píchnout
117to scratchškrábat, drápat
118to digkopat, rýt
119to swimplavat
120to flyletět
121to walkjít, chodit, kráčet
122to comepřijít
123to lie (as in a bed)ležet
124to sitsedět
125to standstát
126to turn (intransitive)obrátit
127to fallpadat, upadnout
128to givedát
129to holddržet
130to squeezestlačit, zmáčknout, stisknout
131to rubtřít
132to washmýt, umývat
133to wipeutírat
134to pulltahat, vléci
135to pushtlačit
136to throwházet
137to tievázat
138to sewšít
139to countpočítat
140to saymluvit, říkat
141to singzpívat, pět
142to playhrát
143to floatplout
144to flowtéct, téci
145to freezemrznout, zmrznout
146to swellotéci, opuchnout
147sunslunce
148moonměsíc, luna
149starhvězda
150watervoda
151raindéšť
152riverřeka
153lakejezero
154seamoře
155saltsůl
156stonekámen
157sandpísek
158dustprach
159earthzemě
160cloudmrak, oblak
161fogmlha
162skynebe
163windvítr
164snowsníh
165iceled
166smokekouř, dým
167fireoheň
168ashpopel
169to burnhořet
170roadsilnice, cesta, pouť (journey)
171mountainhora
172redčervený, rudý
173greenzelený
174yellowžlutý
175whitebílý
176blackčerný
177nightnoc
178dayden
179yearrok, léto (summer)
180warmteplý
181coldstudený, chladný
182fullplný
183newnový
184oldstarý
185gooddobrý
186badšpatný, zlý
187rottenshnilý
188dirtyšpinavý
189straightpřímý, rovný
190roundkulatý
191sharp (as a knife)ostrý
192dull (as a knife)tupý
193smoothhladký
194wetmokrý, vlhký
195drysuchý
196correctsprávný
197nearblízký, nedaleký
198fardaleký
199rightpravý
200leftlevý
201atu, při
202inv, ve
203withs, se
204anda, i
205ifjestliže, jestli
206becauseprotože, jelikož, poněvadž
207namejméno
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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