Appendix:Hawaiian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Hawaiian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Hawaiian
ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
1 I au
2 you (singular) ʻoe
3 he, she, it ʻo ia, ʻoia, ia, ʻoia nei, ʻoia ala
4 we kāua (dual, incl.), kākou (pl., incl.), māua (dual, excl.), mākou (pl., excl.)
5 you (plural) ʻolua (dual), ʻoukou (pl.)
6 they lāua (dual), lākou (pl.)
7 this kēia, ia, ʻoia, nei, neia
8 that kēnā, ; kēlā, , ia
9 here maʻaneʻi, eia nei
10 there laila, malaila, i laila
11 who wai, ʻo wai, na wai
12 what aha, he aha, pehea
13 where aia i hea, ʻauhea, ai hea
14 when ināhea
15 how pehea
16 not ʻaʻole
17 all āpau, pauloa, pau, papau, like ʻole, puni, holoʻokoʻa, paunui
18 many nui, lau
19 some kākaʻikahi
20 few kākaʻikahi, wahi, kekahi, ʻuʻuku, liʻiliʻi
21 other kekāhi
22 one kahi
23 two lua
24 three kolu
25 four
26 five lima
27 big nui, nunui, hālala, māhuahua
28 long loa
29 wide ākea, laulā
30 thick mākolu
31 heavy kaumaha
32 small iki, liʻi
33 short pōkole
34 narrow lāʻiki
35 thin lahi
36 woman wahine
37 man (adult male) kāne
38 man (human being) kanaka
39 child keiki, kama
40 wife wahine
41 husband kāne
42 mother makuahine
43 father makua kāne
44 animal holoholona
45 fish iʻa
46 bird manu
47 dog ʻīlio
48 louse ʻuku
49 snake naheka
50 worm koʻe, ilo
51 tree lāʻau, kumulāʻau
52 forest ulu lāʻau
53 stick lāʻau
54 fruit hua
55 seed ʻanoʻano, hua
56 leaf lau
57 root aʻa, mole, weli
58 bark (of a tree) ʻili, ʻili lāʻau
59 flower pua
60 grass mauʻu
61 rope kaula, kāwelewele
62 skin ʻili, ʻaluʻalu
63 meat ʻiʻo
64 blood koko
65 bone iwi
66 fat (noun) ʻailakele
67 egg hua
68 horn kiwi, hau, pepeiaohao
69 tail huelo
70 feather hulu
71 hair oho, lauoho (on the head); hulu, huluhulu, huhulu (on the body)
72 head poʻo
73 ear pepeiao
74 eye maka
75 nose ihu
76 mouth waha
77 tooth niho
78 tongue (organ) alelo
79 fingernail mikiʻao
80 foot wāwae
81 leg wāwae
82 knee kuli
83 hand lima
84 wing ʻēheu
85 belly ʻōpū, hakualo
86 guts naʻau
87 neck ʻāʻī
88 back kua
89 breast ū, waiū
90 heart puʻuwai
91 liver ake
92 to drink inu, inumia,
93 to eat ʻai, ʻai iho, amu, hoʻopiha
94 to bite nahu, nanahu, ʻaki, ʻaʻaki, ʻakina
95 to suck omo, omoomo, mōmo, minoi, mīnoinoi, mūkī
96 to spit kuha, pupuhi
97 to vomit luaʻi, puaʻi
98 to blow pahi, , papā, pā makani, ulu, unu
99 to breathe hanu, aho
100 to laugh ʻaka, ʻakaʻaka, hōʻaka, hōʻakaʻaka
101 to see ʻike
102 to hear lohe, hoʻolono
103 to know ʻike
104 to think manaʻo, noʻonoʻo
105 to smell honi, honihoni
106 to fear makaʻu
107 to sleep moe, hiamoe
108 to live ola
109 to die make, make loa
110 to kill pepehi ā make, hoʻomake, make, hana make
111 to fight hakakā, paio, kaua
112 to hunt hanu holoholona
113 to hit kuʻi, hoʻokuʻi, paʻi, hoʻopaʻi, hahau, , kuʻia, ,
114 to cut ʻoki, hōʻoki, moku, , mokumoku, momoku, mokuhia, kālai, kaha
115 to split wāhi
116 to stab hou, ʻō
117 to scratch walu, wawalu
118 to dig ʻeli
119 to swim ʻau, ʻaukai
120 to fly lele
121 to walk hele wāwae, hele
122 to come hele mai, mai
123 to lie (as in a bed) moe
124 to sit noho
125 to stand , kukū, kūlia
126 to turn (intransitive) huli
127 to fall hāʻule (from a height); hina (topple)
128 to give hāʻawi
129 to hold paʻa, hoʻopaʻa
130 to squeeze ʻuwī, ʻōpā, kaomi, lomi
131 to rub ʻānai, kuai, kuolo, hoana
132 to wash holoi
133 to wipe kāwele, holoi, hoʻokāwele
134 to pull huki
135 to push pahu
136 to throw nou, hoʻolei, kiola
137 to tie hīkiʻi, nīkiʻi, hākiʻi, nākiʻi, mūkiʻi, pūkiʻi, lawa, hele, hoʻopaʻa, hoa
138 to sew humuhumu
139 to count helu, heluhelu, heluna
140 to say ʻōlelo, haʻi, ʻī
141 to sing mele, hīmeni, memele, hea
142 to play pāʻani
143 to float lana, lanalana
144 to flow kahe
145 to freeze make anu, hoʻopaʻa i ka hau, makaʻeleʻele
146 to swell pehu,
147 sun
148 moon mahina, malama
149 star hōkū
150 water wai
151 rain ua
152 river kahawai, muliwai
153 lake loko, loko wai, loko paʻakai, moana, moana wai, moana paʻakai
154 sea kai, moana
155 salt paʻakai
156 stone pōhaku
157 sand one
158 dust ehu lepo, kuehu, ehu, ʻehu, uahi, lelehuna, lepo ʻaeʻae
159 earth ao, honua, ʻāina, paʻa-i-lalo (world); lepo (dirt)
160 cloud ao
161 fog ʻohu, noe, ua noe, uhiwai
162 sky lani, aouli, lewa
163 wind makani
164 snow hau, hau kea
165 ice hau, kēhaupaʻa
166 smoke uahi
167 fire ahi
168 ash lehu, paʻu ahi
169 to burn ʻā, ʻaʻā, hōʻā, puhi, kuni, puhi ahi
170 road ala, alanui, ala hele
171 mountain mauna, kuahiwi
172 red ʻulaʻula, ʻula
173 green ʻōmaʻomaʻo, maʻomaʻo
174 yellow melemele, lena
175 white keʻokeʻo, keʻo, kea
176 black ʻeleʻele, ʻele, pōʻele, pāʻele, ʻeneʻene
177 night
178 day , ao
179 year makahiki
180 warm mahana, pumehana
181 cold anu, anuanu
182 full piha
183 new hou
184 old kahiko (of objects); oʻo, ʻelemakule, luahine (of people)
185 good maikaʻi
186 bad maikaʻiʻole, ʻino, kohole
187 rotten pilau, palahū, ʻinoʻino, palahō
188 dirty lepo
189 straight pololei
190 round poepoe, popohe, kūpoepoe
191 sharp (as a knife) ʻoi, ʻāwini
192 dull (as a knife) kūmūmū, mūmū, ʻoi ʻole
193 smooth malino
194 wet pulu, pulu pē, maʻū, ʻelo, paʻū
195 dry maloʻo
196 correct pololei, pono
197 near kokoke, hiʻialo
198 far mamao
199 right ʻākau
200 left hema
201 at ma, i,
202 in i, ma
203 with me
204 and ā, a me, eia hoʻi
205 if inā,
206 because no, no ka mea, ma, i, ma o, muli, mamuli
207 name inoa
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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