Appendix:Pirahã Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Pirahã, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishPirahã
xapaitíiso
edit (149)
1I (1sg)ti
2you (2sg)gi, gíxai
3he, she, it (3sg)hi
4we (1pl)ti gíxai, ti hi, ti xogiáagaó
5you (2pl)gíxai hi, gi xogiáagaó, gíxai xogiáagaó
6they (3pl)hi xogiáagaó
7thisgíiso
8that
9heregái
10thereaaxái
11whokáóí
12what
13wheregóó
14when
15howgó-gíís-ó
16notkaba
17allxógió, ogiáogao
18manybáagi, hoí
19some
20fewhói
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27bigxogiái
28longpiixi
29wide
30thickxíbigái
31heavyitaí
32smallxóóí
33short
34narrow
35thinhioxoi
36womanxipóihií, ipóihi
37man (adult male)xigihí, higihí
38man (human being)
39childtioáaxai
40wifehibaítihi
41husbandhibaítihi
42motherbáixi ípoihi
43fatherbáixi hígihi
44animalxísi
45fishtaoíxihiai
46birdhoasaisí
47doggiopai, giopaí, giopaixi
48lousetihiíhi
49snakebaítoi, baítogi, tigaíti
50wormiobíxi
51tree
52forestxóoí, xóóí
53stick
54fruittioíhi
55seedxoosí, aísi
56leafxitaí,
57rootsáai
58bark (of a tree)íoi
59floweriihoáóbai
60grasspiixíhi
61ropebáaigihi
62skinxaoí, xawí, ói
63meatxísi
64bloodbii, ibíi
65bonesáai
66fat (noun)xísiisí
67eggxísitoí
68hornkábati, sápaii
69tailigátoi
70featherxísiitai
71hairxáápá-itai
72headxaapaí, xísapaí
73earxáoói, aópai
74eyekosi, aópai
75noseitaópai
76mouthxíkao, kaópai
77toothaítopai
78tongue (organ)ípopai
79fingernail
80footáapai
81legápopai
82kneeaópai
83handxoi, ópai
84wingxísipóaí
85bellykóxopai
86gutskoxohóisi
87neckboítopai
88backígapai
89breastbópai
90heartaióopai
91liveribíopai
92to drinkxit-áipí
93to eatkohóaipí
94to bitekaab-áobí
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blowhoapiigí, xob-opi
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to seekobai
102to hear
103to knowkos-aagá
104to think
105to smell
106to fearbaiai
107to sleepxait-áhóí
108to live
109to die
110to killkoabáipí
111to fightxotí
112to huntxoho-áopí
113to hitxibí
114to cutxib-óít-áipí
115to split
116to stabxib-áboí
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swimpi-ó kaobíi
120to flykahápi
121to walkxááhaí
122to comehoagái
123to lie (as in a bed)
124to sitxáb-áipí
125to standxísitoi
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fallkaobí
128to givehoi, ho-áboí
129to holdxóí
130to squeezekaap-ábogí
131to rubbáopi
132to washxib-áit-ópí
133to wipexo-áop-ápí
134to pullkaábi
135to pushxob-opi
136to throw
137to tiegáigí
138to sew
139to count
140to saygái
141to singxisa-áipí
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sunhísi
148moonkáhaixaii
149starpogoisái
150water
151rain
152river
153lakeaáboi
154sea
155saltsígihi
156stoneáxati
157sandtáhoasi
158dustnihóaai
159earthbígi
160cloudhoáaxai
161fogpihoa áxai
162skybígi
163windióhoi
164snow
165ice
166smoketíhi
167firehoaí, hoaxaí
168ashhoatíi
169to burn
170road
171mountain
172redbiisai
173greenahoasaaga
174yellowbiisai
175whitekobiai
176blackbiopaiai
177nightáhoai
178daykíbigáopi
179yearpíhoihiai
180warm
181coldagíxi
182fullkaábi
183newxáási
184old
185goodibáaai
186bad
187rotten
188dirtyxoígi
189straight
190round
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smoothó oxoi
194wetíhoa
195dryhiaíxi
196correctxaió
197nearígiaigo
198farkáoxaága
199right
200left
201at
202in
203withxáo, kao
204andpió
205if
206because
207namehigóokasigiaixi
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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