Appendix:Kurdish Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Kurdish languages, specifically Northern Kurdish and Central Kurdish, compared with that of English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishNorthern Kurdish
کورمانجی (kurmancî)
edit (207)
Central Kurdish
کوردیی ناوەندی (kurdîy nawendî)
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ezمن (min)
2you (2sg)tu, tiتۆ (to)
3he, she, it (3sg)ewئەو (ew)
4we (1pl)emئێمە (ême)
5you (2pl)hûn, hîn, win, engoئێوە (êwe)
6they (3pl)ew, ewanئەوان (ewan)
7thisevئەمە (eme)
8thatewئەوە (ewe)
9hereli vir, virئێرە (êre)
10therewê derê, wirئەوێ (ewê)
11who, کێ ()
12whatçi, çîچی (çî), چ (çi)
13where, kwê, kêrêکوێ (kwê)
14whenkengî, kî çax, keyکەی (key)
15howçawa, çito, çewan, çon, kuچۆن (çon)
16notna, neنا (na), نە (ne)
17all, gişt, hemûهەموو (hemû), گشت (gişt)
18manyzor, mişe, zaf, pirrزۆر (zor)
19somehinekهەندێک (hendêk), کەمێک (kemêk)
20fewpiçekکەم (kem)
21otherdin, , tir, keتر (tir), دیکە (dîke)
22oneyekیەک (yek)
23twodu, didoدوو ()
24three, sisêسێ ()
25fourçarچوار (çwar)
26fivepêncپێنج (pênc)
27bigmezin, girگەورە (gewre)
28longdirêjدرێژ (drêj)
29widepanپان (pan)
30thickstûrئەستوور (estûr)
31heavygiran, qursقورس (qurs)
32smallbiçûk, çikoleبچووک (bçûk)
33shortkurt, quleکورت (kurt)
34narrowtengتەسک (tesk)
35thinziravلەڕ (lerr)
36womanjinژن (jin)
37man (adult male)mêrپیاو (pyaw)
38man (human being)mirovمرۆڤ (mrov), پیاو (pyaw), ئینسان (însan)
39childzarok, zarrمنداڵ (mindall)
40wifejin, xêzanژن (jin)
41husbandmêrشوو (şû), مێرد (mêrd)
42mother, dayikدایک (dayk)
43fatherbav, babباوک (bawk)
44animalheywanئاژەڵ (ajell)
45fishmasîماسی (masî)
46birdteyrباڵندە (ballinde), پەلەوەر (pelewer)
47dogse, seg, kûçikسەگ (seg)
48louseqêç, spî, spihئەسپێ (espê)
49snakemarمار (mar)
50wormkirmکرم (kirm)
51treedarدار (dar), درەخت (drext)
52forestlêrr, daristanدارستان (daristan)
53stickgopal, ço, şivدار (dar), چێو (çêw)
54fruitfêkî, mêwe, terreمیوە (mîwe)
55seedtov, dan, tuxmتۆو (tow)
56leafpel, pelgگەڵا (gella)
57rootreh, kok, çîlڕەگ (reg), ڕیشە (rîşe)
58bark (of a tree)qelpتوێکڵ (twêkill)
59flowerkulîlk, gulگوڵ (gull)
60grassgîyaگیا (gya)
61ropewerîsگوریس (gurîs), پەت (pet), تەناف (tenaf)
62skinçermپێست (pêst)
63meatgoştگۆشت (goşt)
64bloodxûn, xwînخوێن (xwên)
65bonehestîئێسک (êsk), پێشە (pêşe)
66fat (noun)bezچەوری (çewrî), بەز (bez)
67egghêk, êgهێلکە (hêlke)
68hornstro, qoç, şaxشاخ (şax), قۆچ (qoç)
69tailkilk, boç, duvکلک (kilk)
70featherperr, perremuçپەڕ (perr)
71hairpirç, porقژ (qij), موو (), تووک (tûk)
72headserسەر (ser)
73earguhگوێ (gwê), گوێچکە (gwêçke)
74eyeçavچاو (çaw)
75nosedifin, pozلووت (lût)
76mouthdevدەم (dem)
77toothdiran, didanددان (ddan)
78tongue (organ)zimanزمان (zman)
79fingernailnînok, neynûkنینۆک (nînok)
80footپێ ()
81leglaq, qaçقاچ (qaç), لاق (laq)
82kneeçok, çongئەژنۆ (ejno), چۆک (çok)
83handdestدەست (dest)
84wingbask, perباڵ (ball)
85bellyzikسک (sik), ورگ (wirg)
86gutshinavڕیخۆڵە (rîxolle)
87neckhefik, milمل (mil)
88backpiştپشت (pişt)
89breastsîngمەمک (memk)
90heartdilدڵ (dill)
91livercîger, kezebجەرگ (cerg)
92to drinkvexwarinخواردنەوە (xwardnewe)
93to eatxwarinخواردن (xwardin)
94to bitegez kirinگەستن (gestin)
95to suckmijîn, mêtinمژین (mjîn)
96to spittif kirinتفین (tfîn), تفکردن (tifkirdin)
97to vomitvereşînڕشانەوە (rşanewe)
98to blowpif kirinدەمین (demîn), فووکردن (fûkirdin)
99to breathebêhn kişandinهەناسەدان (henasedan)
100to laughkenînپێکەنین (pêkenîn)
101to seedîtinدیتن (dîtin), بینین (bînîn)
102to hearbihîstin, bîstinبیستن (bîstin)
103to knowzanînزانین (zanîn), ناسین (nasîn)
104to thinkfikirînبیرکردنەوە (bîrkirdnewe)
105to smellbêhn kirinبۆنکردن (bonkirdin)
106to feartirsînترسان (tirsan)
107to sleepnivistin, xewtin, raketin, razanخەوتن (xewtin), نووستن (nûstin)
108to livejîyanژیان (jyan)
109to diemirinمردن (mirdin)
110to killkuştinکوشتن (kuştin)
111to fightşer kirin, pêv çûnجەنگین (cengîn), شەڕکردن (şerrkirdin)
112to huntnêçîr kirin, seyd kirinڕاوکردن (rawkirdin)
113to hitlê dan, lê xistinلێدان (lêdan)
114to cutqut kirinبڕین (brrîn), قرتاندن (qirtandin)
115to splitparçe kirinلەتکردن (letkirdin)
116to stabdan bêr kêranچەقاندن (çeqandin)
117to scratchruçinandڕووشان (rûşan), کڕانەوە (krranewe), ڕنین (rnîn)
118to digkolî, kêlaکەندن (kendin), کۆڵین (kollîn)
119to swimajne kirinمەلەکردن (melekirdin)
120to flyfirrînفڕین (frrîn)
121to walkpîaseڕۆیشتن (royiştin), گەڕان (gerran), ڕێکردن (rêkirdin)
122to comehatinهاتن (hatin)
123to lie (as in a bed)razanڕاکشان (rakşan), پاڵکەوتن (pallkewtin)
124to sitdanîştدانیشتن (danîştin)
125to standhesta, westyîaوەستان (westan)
126to turn (intransitive)zivrrî, suraweسووڕانەوە (sûrranewe)
127to fallke(f)tinکەوتن (kewtin)
128to givedaدان (dan)
129to holdgirtinڕاگرتن (ragirtin)
130to squeezequşîگووشین (gûşîn)
131to rubglofî, firkand, perxand, germrandماڵین (mallîn), شێلان (şêlan)
132to washşord, şuştشتن (ştin)
133to wipemalî, sirrîeweسڕین (srrîn)
134to pullrakêşaڕاکێشان (rakêşan)
135to pushpal daپاڵنان (pallnan)
136to throwhelda, havêştخستن (xistin), هاوێشتن (hawêştin)
137to tieşetek da, bestبەستن (bestin), گرێدان (grêdan)
138to sewdurîدروون (drûn)
139to countjimartin, hejmartinژماردن (jmardin)
140to saygotin, bejî, wutگوتن (gutin)
141to singçirrî, sitranخوێندن (xwêndin)
142to playleîzî, yarî kirdلێدان (lêdan), یاریکردن (yarîkirdin), گەمەکردن (gemekirdin)
143to floatserav buسەرئاوکەوتن (ser'awkewtin)
144to flowrîjaڕژان (rjan)
145to freezetezî, sirr buبەستن (bestin)
146to swellbel bu, penmaئاوسان (awsan)
147sunroj, خۆر (xor)
148moonmah, heyvمانگ (mang)
149starstêre, estêreئەستێرە (estêre)
150waterav, awئاو (aw)
151rainbaran, şilîباران (baran)
152riverro, çem, rubarچەم (çem), ڕووبار (rûbar)
153lakegomگۆم (gom), دەریاچە (deryaçe)
154seazerîaدەریا (derya)
155saltxwêخوێ (xwê)
156stoneber, kevirبەرد (berd)
157sandzîx, limخۆڵ (xoll)
158dusttoz, xolتۆز (toz)
159eartherd, zevîزەوی (zewî)
160cloudewrهەور (hewr)
161fogmijتەم (tem)
162skyasmanئاسمان (asman)
163windbaبا (ba)
164snowbefr, berfبەفر (befr)
165iceseholسەهۆڵ (seholl)
166smokedukelدووکەڵ (dûkell)
167fireagir, arئاگر (agir)
168ashxolemêş, xoliخۆڵەمێش (xollemêş)
169to burnsuta, sotسووتان (sûtan)
170road, rêgeڕێگە (rêge)
171mountainçiyaکێو (kêw), چیا (çya), شاخ (şax)
172redsorسوور (sûr)
173greenkesk, heşînسەوز (sewz)
174yellowzerزەرد (zerd)
175whitespîسپی (spî)
176blackreşڕەش (reş)
177nightşevشەو (şew)
178dayrojڕۆژ (roj)
179yearsalساڵ (sall)
180warmgermگەرم (germ)
181coldsarسارد (sard)
182fulltije, tijîپڕ (pirr)
183newنوێ (nwê)
184oldkevnکۆن (kon), پیر (pîr)
185goodbaş, rindباش (baş), چاک (çak)
186badbedخراپ (xrap)
187rottenrizîگەنیو (genîw), ڕزیو (rzîw)
188dirtypîsپیس (pîs)
189straightrêkڕاست (rast)
190roundxirrخڕ (xirr)
191sharp (as a knife)tîjتیژ (tîj)
192dull (as a knife)kulکول (kul)
193smoothlusلووس (lûs)
194wetşil terrتەڕ (terr)
195dryzuha, hîşk, wuşkوشک (wişk)
196correctdrustڕاست (rast), دروست (drust)
197nearnizîkنزیک (nzîk)
198fardur, durدوور (dûr)
199rightand, rastڕاست (rast)
200leftçepچەپ (çep)
201atle, jiلە (le)
202indi ... de, diلە (le), لەناو (lenaw)
203withdigel, legel, wêrraiبە (be), لەگەڵ (legell)
204andu, weو (û)
205ifhekeئەگەر (eger)
206becauseji ber kuچون (çun)
207namenav, namناو (naw)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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