Appendix:Tooro Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tooro, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
| № | English | Tooro Orutooro edit (207) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | nyowe | /ɲówe/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | iwe | /íːwe/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | uwe (class 1 (for humans)), we (class 1 (for humans)), gwo (class 3), lyo (class 5), kyo (class 7), yo (class 9), rwo (class 11), ko (class 12), bwo (class 14), kwo (class 15), ho (class 16) | /úːwe/, /we/, /ɡwo/, /ljo/, , /jo/, /ɾwo/, /ko/, /βwo/, /kwo/, /ho/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | itwe | /íːtwe/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | inywe | /íːɲwe/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | bo (class 2 (for humans)), yo (class 4), go (class 6), byo (class 8), zo (class 10), two (class 13), bwo (class 14) | /βo/, /jo/, /ɡo/, /βjo/, /zo/, /two/, /βwo/ |
| 7 | this | -nu | /nu/ |
| 8 | that | -li | /li/ |
| 9 | here | hanu | /hánu/ |
| 10 | there | hali | /háli/ |
| 11 | who | oha (singular), baha (plural) | /óːha/, /βáha/ |
| 12 | what | ki, kiki, -ha | /ki/, /kíki/, /ha/ |
| 13 | where | nkaha, aha | /ŋ̍káha/, /áːha/ |
| 14 | when | di | /di/ |
| 15 | how | -ta | /ta/ |
| 16 | not | -ta- (verbal prefix used in negative subjunctive forms, negative remote past forms and all relative forms), ti- (verbal prefix used in other cases) | /-ta-/, /ti-/ |
| 17 | all | -ona | /óːna/ |
| 18 | many | -ingi | /íːŋɡi/ |
| 19 | some | -mu (when used in plural forms) | /mu/ |
| 20 | few | -ke (when used in plural forms, also means small), -taito (when used in plural forms, also means small) | /ke/, |
| 21 | other | -ndi | /ndi/ |
| 22 | one | -mu (when used in singular forms), emu (in abstract counting) | /mu/, /éːmu/ |
| 23 | two | -biri, ibiri (in abstract counting) | /βíɾi/, /iːβíɾi/ |
| 24 | three | -satu, isatu (in abstract counting) | /sátu/, /iːsátu/ |
| 25 | four | -na, ina (in abstract counting) | /na/, /iːna/ |
| 26 | five | -taano, itaano (in abstract counting) | /táːno/, /iːtáːno/ |
| 27 | big | -kooto | /kóːto/ |
| 28 | long | -raiha (verb) | |
| 29 | wide | -gazi | /ɡázi/ |
| 30 | thick | -kooto | /kóːto/ |
| 31 | heavy | -lemeera (verb) | |
| 32 | small | -ke, -taito | /ke/, |
| 33 | short | -gufu | /ɡúfu/ |
| 34 | narrow | -funda (verb) | /fúːnda/ |
| 35 | thin | -ceke | /t͡ʃéke/ |
| 36 | woman | omukazi | /omukázi/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | omusaija | |
| 38 | man (human being) | omuntu | /omúːntu/ |
| 39 | child | omwana | /omwáːna/ |
| 40 | wife | muka-, omukazi | /múka-/, /omukázi/ |
| 41 | husband | iba (also means his husband), omusaija | /íːba/, |
| 42 | mother | nyina (also means his mother) | /ɲína/ |
| 43 | father | ise (also means his father) | /íːse/ |
| 44 | animal | ekisoro | /ekisóɾo/ |
| 45 | fish | encu | /éːnt͡ʃu/ |
| 46 | bird | ekinyonyi | /ekiɲóɲi/ |
| 47 | dog | embwa | /éːmbwa/ |
| 48 | louse | enda | /éːnda/ |
| 49 | snake | enjoka | /end͡ʒóka/ |
| 50 | worm | omuniongorozi (earthworm) | /omunjoŋɡoɾózi/ |
| 51 | tree | omuti | /omúti/ |
| 52 | forest | ekibira | /ekiβíɾa/ |
| 53 | stick | akati | /akáti/ |
| 54 | fruit | ekijuma | /ekid͡ʒuma/ |
| 55 | seed | orujuma | /oɾud͡ʒuma/ |
| 56 | leaf | ibabi (green tree leaf), ekikoora (dry tree leaf) | /iːβáβi/, /ekikóːɾa/ |
| 57 | root | omuhama, omuzi | /omuháma/, /omúzi/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ekisusu | /ekisúsu/ |
| 59 | flower | ekyakyo, ekimuli | , /ekimúli/ |
| 60 | grass | ekinyansi | /ekiɲáːnsi/ |
| 61 | rope | omuguha | /omuɡúha/ |
| 62 | skin | orususu (human skin), oruhu (animal skin) | /oɾusúsu/, /oɾúhu/ |
| 63 | meat | enyama | /eɲáma/ |
| 64 | blood | esagama | /esaɡáma/ |
| 65 | bone | igufa | /iːɡúfa/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | ekisajwa | /ekisád͡ʒwa/ |
| 67 | egg | ihuli | /iːhúli/ |
| 68 | horn | ihembe | /iːhéːmbe/ |
| 69 | tail | omukira | /omukíɾa/ |
| 70 | feather | ekyoya | |
| 71 | hair | isoke | /iːsóke/ |
| 72 | head | omutwe | /omútwe/ |
| 73 | ear | okutu | /okútu/ |
| 74 | eye | eriiso | /eɾíːso/ |
| 75 | nose | enyindo | /eɲiːndo/ |
| 76 | mouth | akanwa | /akáːnwa/ |
| 77 | tooth | eriino | /eɾíːno/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | orulimi | /oɾulími/ |
| 79 | fingernail | enono (nail) | /enóno/ |
| 80 | foot | ekigere | /ekiɡêɾe/ |
| 81 | leg | okuguru | /okuɡúɾu/ |
| 82 | knee | okuju | /okúd͡ʒu/ |
| 83 | hand | engaro | /eŋɡâɾo/ |
| 84 | wing | ipapa | /iːpápa/ |
| 85 | belly | enda | /éːnda/ |
| 86 | guts | ekyenda | |
| 87 | neck | ebikya | |
| 88 | back | omugongo | /omuɡóːŋɡo/ |
| 89 | breast | ibeere | /iːβéːɾe/ |
| 90 | heart | omutima | /omutíma/ |
| 91 | liver | obune | /oβúne/ |
| 92 | to drink | -nywa | /ɲwa/ |
| 93 | to eat | -lya | /lja/ |
| 94 | to bite | -ruma (to bite deep with teeth), -tema (to bite instantly, also means to cut) | /ɾúma/, /téma/ |
| 95 | to suck | -nyuunya | /ɲúːɲa/ |
| 96 | to spit | -cwa amacwanta (-cwa means to break) | /t͡ʃwa amat͡ʃwáːnta/ |
| 97 | to vomit | -tanaka, -sesema | /tanáka/, /seséma/ |
| 98 | to blow | -huuha | /húːha/ |
| 99 | to breathe | -ikya | |
| 100 | to laugh | -seka | /séka/ |
| 101 | to see | -rora, -bona (rare) | /ɾôɾa/, /βóna/ |
| 102 | to hear | -hurra (also means to feel) | /húra/ |
| 103 | to know | -manya | /máɲa/ |
| 104 | to think | -teekereza | /teːkeɾéza/ |
| 105 | to smell | -nunka (intransitive, with negative connotations), -boya (intransitive, with positive connotations), -kaga (transitive) | /núːnka/, /βója/, /káɡa/ |
| 106 | to fear | -tiina | /tíːna/ |
| 107 | to sleep | -byama | /βjáːma/ |
| 108 | to live | -omeera | /oméːɾa/ |
| 109 | to die | -fa | /fa/ |
| 110 | to kill | -ita | /íːta/ |
| 111 | to fight | -rwana | /rwáːna/ |
| 112 | to hunt | -hiiga | /híːɡa/ |
| 113 | to hit | -teera | /téːɾa/ |
| 114 | to cut | -tema (to cut with a machete or axe), -sara (to cut with a knife, scissors, razor, etc.) | /téma/, /sâɾa/ |
| 115 | to split | -asa (transitive), -leremura (transitive), -leremuka (intransitive) | /áːsa/, /leɾemúɾa/, /leɾemúka/ |
| 116 | to stab | -cumita | /t͡ʃumíta/ |
| 117 | to scratch | -agura, -takura (to scratch the ground, of animals) | /aɡúɾa/, /takúɾa/ |
| 118 | to dig | -lima | /líma/ |
| 119 | to swim | -ziha | /zíha/ |
| 120 | to fly | -hurruka, -maga (of insects) | /hurúka/, /máɡa/ |
| 121 | to walk | -rubata | /ɾuβáta/ |
| 122 | to come | -ija | /íːd͡ʒa/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | -byama, -garama (to lie flat on one's back) | /βjáːma/, /ɡaɾáma/ |
| 124 | to sit | -ikarra | /ikára/ |
| 125 | to stand | -emerra, -matuka | /eméra/, /matúka/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | -hinduka | /hiˑndúka/ |
| 127 | to fall | -gwa | /ɡwa/ |
| 128 | to give | -ha, -gaba (implies transfer of ownership) | /ha/, /ɡáβa/ |
| 129 | to hold | -kwata | /kwáːta/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | -miga, -kamuura | /míɡa/, /kamúːɾa/ |
| 131 | to rub | -kuuba | /kúːβa/ |
| 132 | to wash | -ogya, -naaba (to wash body parts or the whole body) | /óːɡya/, /náːβa/ |
| 133 | to wipe | -ragaza (to wipe off dirt), -siimuura (to wipe up water) | /ɾaɡáza/, /siːmúːɾa/ |
| 134 | to pull | -sika, -kurra (to drag) | /sika/, /kúra/ |
| 135 | to push | -sindika | /siˑndíka/ |
| 136 | to throw | -hungura (to throw into a distance), -naga (to throw nearby) | /huˑŋɡúɾa/, /náɡa/ |
| 137 | to tie | -boha, -siba | /βóha/, /síβa/ |
| 138 | to sew | -baziira, -sona (loanword from Swahili) | /βazíːɾa/, /sóna/ |
| 139 | to count | -bara | /βâɾa/ |
| 140 | to say | -gamba, -baza | /ɡáːmba/, /βáza/ |
| 141 | to sing | -zina | /zína/ |
| 142 | to play | -zaana | /záːna/ |
| 143 | to float | -seereera | /seːɾéːɾa/ |
| 144 | to flow | -gera | /ɡêɾa/ |
| 145 | to freeze | -huliza obufuki (transitive), -hurra obufuki (intransitive) | , |
| 146 | to swell | -zimba | /zíːmba/ |
| 147 | sun | izooba | /izóːβa/ |
| 148 | moon | okwezi | /okwéːzi/ |
| 149 | star | enyunyuuzi | /eɲuɲúːzi/ |
| 150 | water | amaizi | /amáí̯zi/ |
| 151 | rain | enjura | /end͡ʒúra/ |
| 152 | river | ekisaaru | /ekisáːɾu/ |
| 153 | lake | enyanja (also means sea) | /eɲáːnd͡ʒa/ |
| 154 | sea | enyanja | /eɲáːnd͡ʒa/ |
| 155 | salt | ekisura | /ekisúɾa/ |
| 156 | stone | ibaale | /iːβáːle/ |
| 157 | sand | omusenyi | /omuséɲi/ |
| 158 | dust | ecuucu | /et͡ʃúːt͡ʃu/ |
| 159 | earth | ensi | /éːnsi/ |
| 160 | cloud | ekicu | /ekít͡ʃu/ |
| 161 | fog | ekiho | /ekího/ |
| 162 | sky | iguru | /iːɡúɾu/ |
| 163 | wind | omuyaga, embeho (cold wind) | /omujáɡa/, /embého/ |
| 164 | snow | ebirika | /eβiɾíka/ |
| 165 | ice | ||
| 166 | smoke | omwika | /omwíːka/ |
| 167 | fire | omurro | /omúro/ |
| 168 | ash | iju | /íːd͡ʒu/ |
| 169 | to burn | -okya (transitive), -hya (intransitive) | , |
| 170 | road | oruguudo | /oɾuɡúːdo/ |
| 171 | mountain | orusozi | /oɾusózi/ |
| 172 | red | -tukura (verb), -nanata (verb) | /tukûɾa/, /nanáta/ |
| 173 | green | -a kijubu, -a kinyansi | /a kid͡ʒúβu/, /a kiɲáːnsi/ |
| 174 | yellow | -a kyenju | |
| 175 | white | -era (verb) | /éːɾa/ |
| 176 | black | -iragura (verb), -a kikara | /iɾaɡúɾa/, /a kikâɾa/ |
| 177 | night | ekiro | /ekíɾo/ |
| 178 | day | ekiro (24 hour day, also means night), izooba (24 hour day, also means sun), nyamusana (daytime) | /ekíɾo/, /iːzóːβa/, /ɲamusána/ |
| 179 | year | omwaka | /omwáːka/ |
| 180 | warm | -tagata (verb) | /taɡáta/ |
| 181 | cold | -fuka (verb) | /fúka/ |
| 182 | full | -jura (verb) | /d͡ʒúːɾa/ |
| 183 | new | -hyaka | |
| 184 | old | -kuru | /kúɾu/ |
| 185 | good | -rungi | /ɾúːŋɡi/ |
| 186 | bad | -bi | /βi/ |
| 187 | rotten | -junda (verb) | /d͡ʒúːnda/ |
| 188 | dirty | -rofu | /ɾófu/ |
| 189 | straight | -tereekerra (verb) | /teɾeːkéra/ |
| 190 | round | -ekulingirra (verb) | /ekuliˑŋɡíra/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | -toora (verb) | /tóːɾa/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | -fa (verb, also means to die), -tagira bwogi (verb, lterally to not have an edge) | /fa/, /taɡíɾa βwóːɡi/ |
| 193 | smooth | -terra (verb, also means to be slippery) | /téra/ |
| 194 | wet | -juba (verb) | /d͡ʒúβa/ |
| 195 | dry | -oma (verb) | /óːma/ |
| 196 | correct | -hika (verb, also means to arrive) | /híka/ |
| 197 | near | haihi | |
| 198 | far | hara | /hâɾa/ |
| 199 | right | obulyo (also means justice or reason) | /oβúljo/ |
| 200 | left | emoso | /emóso/ |
| 201 | at | ha- (class 16 locative prefix) | /ha-/ |
| 202 | in | omu- (class 18 locative definite prefix), mu- (class 18 locative indefinite prefix) | /omu-/, /mu-/ |
| 203 | with | na, -ir- (applicative verb derivation suffix) | /na/, /-iɾ-/ |
| 204 | and | na | /na/ |
| 205 | if | kakuba, kuba | /kakúβa/, /kúβa/ |
| 206 | because | habw'okuba | /haβw‿oːkúβa/ |
| 207 | name | ibara | /iːβâɾa/ |
- The words preceded by a hyphen (-) are radicals of a verb, adjective, determiner, etc. that may be inflected in the noun class system.
