Appendix:Tooro Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tooro, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishTooro
Orutooro
edit (207)
IPA
1I (1sg)nyowe/ɲówe/
2you (2sg)iwe/íːwe/
3he, she, it (3sg)uwe (class 1 (for humans)), we (class 1 (for humans)), gwo (class 3), lyo (class 5), kyo (class 7), yo (class 9), rwo (class 11), ko (class 12), bwo (class 14), kwo (class 15), ho (class 16)/úːwe/, /we/, /ɡwo/, /ljo/, , /jo/, /ɾwo/, /ko/, /βwo/, /kwo/, /ho/
4we (1pl)itwe/íːtwe/
5you (2pl)inywe/íːɲwe/
6they (3pl)bo (class 2 (for humans)), yo (class 4), go (class 6), byo (class 8), zo (class 10), two (class 13), bwo (class 14)/βo/, /jo/, /ɡo/, /βjo/, /zo/, /two/, /βwo/
7this-nu/nu/
8that-li/li/
9herehanu/hánu/
10therehali/háli/
11whooha (singular), baha (plural)/óːha/, /βáha/
12whatki, kiki, -ha/ki/, /kíki/, /ha/
13wherenkaha, aha/ŋ̍káha/, /áːha/
14whendi/di/
15how-ta/ta/
16not-ta- (verbal prefix used in negative subjunctive forms, negative remote past forms and all relative forms), ti- (verbal prefix used in other cases)/-ta-/, /ti-/
17all-ona/óːna/
18many-ingi/íːŋɡi/
19some-mu (when used in plural forms)/mu/
20few-ke (when used in plural forms, also means small), -taito (when used in plural forms, also means small)/ke/,
21other-ndi/ndi/
22one-mu (when used in singular forms), emu (in abstract counting)/mu/, /éːmu/
23two-biri, ibiri (in abstract counting)/βíɾi/, /iːβíɾi/
24three-satu, isatu (in abstract counting)/sátu/, /iːsátu/
25four-na, ina (in abstract counting)/na/, /iːna/
26five-taano, itaano (in abstract counting)/táːno/, /iːtáːno/
27big-kooto/kóːto/
28long-raiha (verb)
29wide-gazi/ɡázi/
30thick-kooto/kóːto/
31heavy-lemeera (verb)
32small-ke, -taito/ke/,
33short-gufu/ɡúfu/
34narrow-funda (verb)/fúːnda/
35thin-ceke/t͡ʃéke/
36womanomukazi/omukázi/
37man (adult male)omusaija
38man (human being)omuntu/omúːntu/
39childomwana/omwáːna/
40wifemuka-, omukazi/múka-/, /omukázi/
41husbandiba (also means his husband), omusaija/íːba/,
42mothernyina (also means his mother)/ɲína/
43fatherise (also means his father)/íːse/
44animalekisoro/ekisóɾo/
45fishencu/éːnt͡ʃu/
46birdekinyonyi/ekiɲóɲi/
47dogembwa/éːmbwa/
48louseenda/éːnda/
49snakeenjoka/end͡ʒóka/
50wormomuniongorozi (earthworm)/omunjoŋɡoɾózi/
51treeomuti/omúti/
52forestekibira/ekiβíɾa/
53stickakati/akáti/
54fruitekijuma/ekid͡ʒuma/
55seedorujuma/oɾud͡ʒuma/
56leafibabi (green tree leaf), ekikoora (dry tree leaf)/iːβáβi/, /ekikóːɾa/
57rootomuhama, omuzi/omuháma/, /omúzi/
58bark (of a tree)ekisusu/ekisúsu/
59flowerekyakyo, ekimuli, /ekimúli/
60grassekinyansi/ekiɲáːnsi/
61ropeomuguha/omuɡúha/
62skinorususu (human skin), oruhu (animal skin)/oɾusúsu/, /oɾúhu/
63meatenyama/eɲáma/
64bloodesagama/esaɡáma/
65boneigufa/iːɡúfa/
66fat (noun)ekisajwa/ekisád͡ʒwa/
67eggihuli/iːhúli/
68hornihembe/iːhéːmbe/
69tailomukira/omukíɾa/
70featherekyoya
71hairisoke/iːsóke/
72headomutwe/omútwe/
73earokutu/okútu/
74eyeeriiso/eɾíːso/
75noseenyindo/eɲiːndo/
76mouthakanwa/akáːnwa/
77tootheriino/eɾíːno/
78tongue (organ)orulimi/oɾulími/
79fingernailenono (nail)/enóno/
80footekigere/ekiɡêɾe/
81legokuguru/okuɡúɾu/
82kneeokuju/okúd͡ʒu/
83handengaro/eŋɡâɾo/
84wingipapa/iːpápa/
85bellyenda/éːnda/
86gutsekyenda
87neckebikya
88backomugongo/omuɡóːŋɡo/
89breastibeere/iːβéːɾe/
90heartomutima/omutíma/
91liverobune/oβúne/
92to drink-nywa/ɲwa/
93to eat-lya/lja/
94to bite-ruma (to bite deep with teeth), -tema (to bite instantly, also means to cut)/ɾúma/, /téma/
95to suck-nyuunya/ɲúːɲa/
96to spit-cwa amacwanta (-cwa means to break)/t͡ʃwa amat͡ʃwáːnta/
97to vomit-tanaka, -sesema/tanáka/, /seséma/
98to blow-huuha/húːha/
99to breathe-ikya
100to laugh-seka/séka/
101to see-rora, -bona (rare)/ɾôɾa/, /βóna/
102to hear-hurra (also means to feel)/húra/
103to know-manya/máɲa/
104to think-teekereza/teːkeɾéza/
105to smell-nunka (intransitive, with negative connotations), -boya (intransitive, with positive connotations), -kaga (transitive)/núːnka/, /βója/, /káɡa/
106to fear-tiina/tíːna/
107to sleep-byama/βjáːma/
108to live-omeera/oméːɾa/
109to die-fa/fa/
110to kill-ita/íːta/
111to fight-rwana/rwáːna/
112to hunt-hiiga/híːɡa/
113to hit-teera/téːɾa/
114to cut-tema (to cut with a machete or axe), -sara (to cut with a knife, scissors, razor, etc.)/téma/, /sâɾa/
115to split-asa (transitive), -leremura (transitive), -leremuka (intransitive)/áːsa/, /leɾemúɾa/, /leɾemúka/
116to stab-cumita/t͡ʃumíta/
117to scratch-agura, -takura (to scratch the ground, of animals)/aɡúɾa/, /takúɾa/
118to dig-lima/líma/
119to swim-ziha/zíha/
120to fly-hurruka, -maga (of insects)/hurúka/, /máɡa/
121to walk-rubata/ɾuβáta/
122to come-ija/íːd͡ʒa/
123to lie (as in a bed)-byama, -garama (to lie flat on one's back)/βjáːma/, /ɡaɾáma/
124to sit-ikarra/ikára/
125to stand-emerra, -matuka/eméra/, /matúka/
126to turn (intransitive)-hinduka/hiˑndúka/
127to fall-gwa/ɡwa/
128to give-ha, -gaba (implies transfer of ownership)/ha/, /ɡáβa/
129to hold-kwata/kwáːta/
130to squeeze-miga, -kamuura/míɡa/, /kamúːɾa/
131to rub-kuuba/kúːβa/
132to wash-ogya, -naaba (to wash body parts or the whole body)/óːɡya/, /náːβa/
133to wipe-ragaza (to wipe off dirt), -siimuura (to wipe up water)/ɾaɡáza/, /siːmúːɾa/
134to pull-sika, -kurra (to drag)/sika/, /kúra/
135to push-sindika/siˑndíka/
136to throw-hungura (to throw into a distance), -naga (to throw nearby)/huˑŋɡúɾa/, /náɡa/
137to tie-boha, -siba/βóha/, /síβa/
138to sew-baziira, -sona (loanword from Swahili)/βazíːɾa/, /sóna/
139to count-bara/βâɾa/
140to say-gamba, -baza/ɡáːmba/, /βáza/
141to sing-zina/zína/
142to play-zaana/záːna/
143to float-seereera/seːɾéːɾa/
144to flow-gera/ɡêɾa/
145to freeze-huliza obufuki (transitive), -hurra obufuki (intransitive),
146to swell-zimba/zíːmba/
147sunizooba/izóːβa/
148moonokwezi/okwéːzi/
149starenyunyuuzi/eɲuɲúːzi/
150wateramaizi/amáí̯zi/
151rainenjura/end͡ʒúra/
152riverekisaaru/ekisáːɾu/
153lakeenyanja (also means sea)/eɲáːnd͡ʒa/
154seaenyanja/eɲáːnd͡ʒa/
155saltekisura/ekisúɾa/
156stoneibaale/iːβáːle/
157sandomusenyi/omuséɲi/
158dustecuucu/et͡ʃúːt͡ʃu/
159earthensi/éːnsi/
160cloudekicu/ekít͡ʃu/
161fogekiho/ekího/
162skyiguru/iːɡúɾu/
163windomuyaga, embeho (cold wind)/omujáɡa/, /embého/
164snowebirika/eβiɾíka/
165ice
166smokeomwika/omwíːka/
167fireomurro/omúro/
168ashiju/íːd͡ʒu/
169to burn-okya (transitive), -hya (intransitive),
170roadoruguudo/oɾuɡúːdo/
171mountainorusozi/oɾusózi/
172red-tukura (verb), -nanata (verb)/tukûɾa/, /nanáta/
173green-a kijubu, -a kinyansi/a kid͡ʒúβu/, /a kiɲáːnsi/
174yellow-a kyenju
175white-era (verb)/éːɾa/
176black-iragura (verb), -a kikara/iɾaɡúɾa/, /a kikâɾa/
177nightekiro/ekíɾo/
178dayekiro (24 hour day, also means night), izooba (24 hour day, also means sun), nyamusana (daytime)/ekíɾo/, /iːzóːβa/, /ɲamusána/
179yearomwaka/omwáːka/
180warm-tagata (verb)/taɡáta/
181cold-fuka (verb)/fúka/
182full-jura (verb)/d͡ʒúːɾa/
183new-hyaka
184old-kuru/kúɾu/
185good-rungi/ɾúːŋɡi/
186bad-bi/βi/
187rotten-junda (verb)/d͡ʒúːnda/
188dirty-rofu/ɾófu/
189straight-tereekerra (verb)/teɾeːkéra/
190round-ekulingirra (verb)/ekuliˑŋɡíra/
191sharp (as a knife)-toora (verb)/tóːɾa/
192dull (as a knife)-fa (verb, also means to die), -tagira bwogi (verb, lterally to not have an edge)/fa/, /taɡíɾa βwóːɡi/
193smooth-terra (verb, also means to be slippery)/téra/
194wet-juba (verb)/d͡ʒúβa/
195dry-oma (verb)/óːma/
196correct-hika (verb, also means to arrive)/híka/
197nearhaihi
198farhara/hâɾa/
199rightobulyo (also means justice or reason)/oβúljo/
200leftemoso/emóso/
201atha- (class 16 locative prefix)/ha-/
202inomu- (class 18 locative definite prefix), mu- (class 18 locative indefinite prefix)/omu-/, /mu-/
203withna, -ir- (applicative verb derivation suffix)/na/, /-iɾ-/
204andna/na/
205ifkakuba, kuba/kakúβa/, /kúβa/
206becausehabw'okuba/haβw‿oːkúβa/
207nameibara/iːβâɾa/
  • The words preceded by a hyphen (-) are radicals of a verb, adjective, determiner, etc. that may be inflected in the noun class system.

See also

 Tooro language on Wikipedia
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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