This is a Swadesh list of words in Hittite, compared with definitions in English.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
โ | English | Hittite ๐ท๐๐ ๐ท edit (81) |
---|---|---|
1 | I (1sg) | ๐๐ (รบ-uk) |
2 | you (2sg) | ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ (zi-i-ik) |
3 | he, she, it (3sg) | -๐ธ (-aลก) |
4 | we (1pl) | |
5 | you (2pl) | |
6 | they (3pl) | |
7 | this | |
8 | that | |
9 | here | |
10 | there | |
11 | who | ๐ช๐ (ku-iลก) |
12 | what | ๐ช๐ (ku-it) |
13 | where | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ (ku-wa-pรญ) |
14 | when | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ (ku-wa-pรญ) |
15 | how | |
16 | not | ๐พ๐๐ซ (natta) |
17 | all | ๐บ๐ญ๐ช๐ (pa-an-ku-uลก), ๐๐ธ๐๐ (da-aลก-ลกu-uลก), ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ๐ (แธซu-u-ma-an-za) |
18 | many | |
19 | some | |
20 | few | ๐ผ๐๐ (te-pu-uลก) |
21 | other | |
22 | one | |
23 | two | |
24 | three | |
25 | four | |
26 | five | |
27 | big | ๐ฉ๐ท๐ (sallis) |
28 | long | |
29 | wide | ๐๐ญ๐ (palแธซis) |
30 | thick | |
31 | heavy | ๐พ๐๐ ๐ (nakkis) |
32 | small | ๐ ๐ช๐ ๐ญ๐ (amiyanz(a)), ๐ผ๐๐ (te-pu-uลก) |
33 | short | |
34 | narrow | ๐ฉ๐๐ช๐ (แธซa-at-ku-uลก) |
35 | thin | |
36 | woman | |
37 | man (adult male) | ๐ฝ๐ธ (Lร-aลก) |
38 | man (human being) | ๐ญ๐ ๐ฟ๐ด๐ฉ๐ธ (an-tu-wa-aแธซ-แธซa-aลก) |
39 | child | |
40 | wife | |
41 | husband | ๐ฝ๐ธ (Lร-aลก) |
42 | mother | ๐ญ๐พ๐ธ (annaลก) |
43 | father | ๐๐ซ๐ธ (at-ta-aลก), ๐๐๐ธ (ad-da-aลก) |
44 | animal | |
45 | fish | ๐ฆ๐ท๐๐ฟ๐ ๐ธ (parแธซลซwayaลก) (gen. sg.; hapax legomenon - speculated meaning) |
46 | bird | |
47 | dog | |
48 | louse | |
49 | snake | |
50 | worm | |
51 | tree | ๐ซ๐๐ (ta-a-ru), ๐ซ๐ (taru) |
52 | forest | |
53 | stick | ๐บ๐ด๐ญ๐ (paแธซแธซin) (speculated meaning) |
54 | fruit | |
55 | seed | |
56 | leaf | |
57 | root | |
58 | bark (of a tree) | |
59 | flower | ๐๐ท๐ (a-le-el) |
60 | grass | ๐๐๐ช (รบ-el-ku) |
61 | rope | ๐ ๐ญ๐ ๐๐ธ (iลก-แธซi-ma-a-aลก) |
62 | skin | ๐ณ๐ญ๐ธ (kur-sa-as) |
63 | meat | |
64 | blood | ๐๐๐ฏ (e-eลก-แธซar) |
65 | bone | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ซ๐ฟ (แธซa-aลก-ta-i) |
66 | fat (noun) | ๐ญ๐ต๐ญ (ลกa-ga-an) |
67 | egg | |
68 | horn | |
69 | tail | |
70 | feather | |
71 | hair | |
72 | head | |
73 | ear | |
74 | eye | ๐ฒ๐ญ๐๐ (IGI.แธชI.A.-iลก /ลกakawiลก/) |
75 | nose | |
76 | mouth | ๐๐ฟ๐ (a-i-iลก) |
77 | tooth | |
78 | tongue (organ) | ๐ท๐๐ท๐ธ (la-a-la-aลก) |
79 | fingernail | |
80 | foot | ๐๐ธ (GรR-aลก /*patas/) |
81 | leg | |
82 | knee | ๐๐ก (ge-nu) |
83 | hand | ๐ ๐๐ฌ (ke-eลก-ลกar) |
84 | wing | ๐ฆ๐ซ๐๐ฟ๐ (pรกrtauwar), ๐๐ป (pรกt-tar) |
85 | belly | |
86 | guts | |
87 | neck | |
88 | back | |
89 | breast | ๐ผ๐๐ซ๐ญ (te-e-ta-an) |
90 | heart | ๐ ๐ (ker), ๐ฎ๐ (ล ร-er) |
91 | liver | |
92 | to drink | ๐๐ช๐ฃ (e-ku-zi) |
93 | to eat | ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ (ฤzz(a)zzi) |
94 | to bite | ๐ฟ๐๐ (wa-a-ki) |
95 | to suck | |
96 | to spit | |
97 | to vomit | |
98 | to blow | ๐บ๐๐๐ฟ (pa-ra-a-i) |
99 | to breathe | |
100 | to laugh | |
101 | to see | ๐๐ด๐ญ (u-uแธซ-แธซi) (first-person singular present active) |
102 | to hear | |
103 | to know | ๐ญ๐๐๐ (ลกa-a-ak-ki) |
104 | to think | |
105 | to smell | |
106 | to fear | |
107 | to sleep | ๐๐๐บ๐ (ลกu-up-pa-ri), ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ (su-up-pรญ-ez-zi) |
108 | to live | ๐ท๐ (แธซu-uลก) |
109 | to die | |
110 | to kill | |
111 | to fight | |
112 | to hunt | |
113 | to hit | ๐ฟ๐ ๐ด๐ฃ (wa-al-aแธซ-zi) |
114 | to cut | |
115 | to split | |
116 | to stab | |
117 | to scratch | |
118 | to dig | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรกd-da-a-i) |
119 | to swim | |
120 | to fly | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรญd-da-a-i) |
121 | to walk | ๐ฟ๐ ๐๐ซ (i-ya-at-ta) |
122 | to come | |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
124 | to sit | |
125 | to stand | |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
127 | to fall | |
128 | to give | ๐บ๐๐ฟ (pฤi) |
129 | to hold | |
130 | to squeeze | ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ฃ (ลกi-i-ez-zi) |
131 | to rub | ๐๐๐ฃ (pรฉ-eลก-zi) |
132 | to wash | |
133 | to wipe | |
134 | to pull | |
135 | to push | |
136 | to throw | ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฃ (pรฉ-eลก-ลกi-ez-zi) |
137 | to tie | |
138 | to sew | |
139 | to count | |
140 | to say | |
141 | to sing | |
142 | to play | |
143 | to float | |
144 | to flow | ๐ ๐ธ๐ฃ (ar-aลก-zi), ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ฃ (ลกi-i-ez-zi) |
145 | to freeze | |
146 | to swell | |
147 | sun | |
148 | moon | |
149 | star | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ผ๐ ๐ (แธซa-as-te-er-za) |
150 | water | ๐ฟ๐๐ป (wa-a-tar) |
151 | rain | |
152 | river | ๐ฉ๐บ๐ (แธซa-pa-a) (towards the river) |
153 | lake | |
154 | sea | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (a-ru-na-aลก) |
155 | salt | |
156 | stone | ๐บ๐ธ๐ ๐ท๐ธ (passilas) |
157 | sand | |
158 | dust | |
159 | earth | ๐ผ๐๐ท (te-e-kรกn), ๐๐๐ (purut) |
160 | cloud | ๐ ๐บ๐ธ (alpas) |
161 | fog | |
162 | sky | ๐๐๐๐ (nฤpis) |
163 | wind | ๐ท๐๐ฟ๐ญ๐ (แธซu-u-wa-an-za), ๐ท๐ฟ๐ญ๐ (แธซu-wa-an-za) |
164 | snow | |
165 | ice | ๐๐ท (e-kรกn) |
166 | smoke | |
167 | fire | ๐บ๐ด๐ฏ (pa-aแธซ-แธซur) |
168 | ash | |
169 | to burn | ๐ฟ๐๐๐ (wa-ra-a-ni), ๐ป๐๐ ๐๐ฃ (lu-uk-ki-ez-zi), ๐ฟ๐ ๐ก๐ป๐ฃ (wa-ar-nu-uz-zi) |
170 | road | ๐๐ธ (KASKAL-aลก /pal(ลก)/) |
171 | mountain | |
172 | red | |
173 | green | |
174 | yellow | |
175 | white | ๐ฏ๐ ๐ (แธซar-ki-iลก) |
176 | black | |
177 | night | ๐ ๐บ๐ญ๐ (ispanza) |
178 | day | |
179 | year | |
180 | warm | |
181 | cold | ๐๐ช๐พ๐ธ (e-ku-na-aลก) |
182 | full | |
183 | new | ๐๐ธ (GIBIL-aลก /nฤwas/) |
184 | old | ๐ช๐ ๐ท๐ฟ๐ญ๐ (miyaแธซuwanz) |
185 | good | ๐๐ธ๐๐ (a-aลก-ลกu-uลก) |
186 | bad | ๐ฟ๐๐๐ป๐ (i-da-a-lu-uลก) |
187 | rotten | |
188 | dirty | |
189 | straight | |
190 | round | |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | ๐ ๐๐ (al-pu-uลก) |
192 | dull (as a knife) | |
193 | smooth | |
194 | wet | |
195 | dry | |
196 | correct | ๐๐๐ (a-a-ra) |
197 | near | |
198 | far | |
199 | right | |
200 | left | |
201 | at | |
202 | in | ๐ธ (aลก), ] [ (andan) |
203 | with | |
204 | and | |
205 | if | |
206 | because | ๐ธ (aลก) |
207 | name | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ (la-a-ma-an) |
No. | English | Hittite ๐ท๐๐ ๐ท (ni-ลกi-li) |
---|---|---|
1 | I | ๐๐ (ลซk) |
2 | you (singular) | ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ (zฤซk) |
3 | he, she, it | --๐ธ (as) |
4 | we | wฤs |
5 | you (plural) | sumฤs |
6 | they | -e |
7 | this | kฤs |
8 | that | apฤs |
9 | here | kฤ |
10 | there | apiya |
11 | who | kuis |
12 | what | kuit |
13 | where | kuwapi |
14 | when | kuwapi |
15 | how | mฤhhan |
16 | not | ๐พ๐๐ซ (natta)(dittas=Yes) |
17 | all | hลซmantes |
18 | many | mฤkkies |
19 | some | kuiesqa |
20 | few | tฤpawes |
21 | other | damais |
22 | one | *ฤs |
23 | two | dฤn |
24 | three | tฤries |
25 | four | meyawes |
26 | five | - |
27 | big | ๐ฉ๐ท๐ (sallis) |
28 | long | dalukis |
29 | wide | ๐๐ญ๐ (palแธซis) |
30 | thick | - |
31 | heavy | suwฤrus, ๐พ๐๐ ๐ (nakkis) |
32 | small | kappis |
33 | short | manninkuwanz |
34 | narrow | hatkus |
35 | thin | maklanz |
36 | woman | *kuwanz |
37 | man (adult male) | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
38 | man (human being) | antuhsas |
39 | child | hฤssas |
40 | wife | *kuwanz |
41 | husband | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
42 | mother | ๐ญ๐พ๐ธ (annas) |
43 | father | ๐๐ซ๐ธ (attas) |
44 | animal | suppalas |
45 | fish | ๐ฆ๐ท๐๐ฟ๐ฟ๐๐ธ (parแธซลซwayas) (gen. sg.) |
46 | bird | suwais (?) |
47 | dog | kuwas (?) |
48 | louse | - |
49 | snake | iluyanka |
50 | worm | - |
51 | tree | tฤru |
52 | forest | tiessar |
53 | stick | ๐บ๐ช๐ญ๐ (paแธซแธซin) (?) |
54 | fruit | sesan |
55 | seed | warwalan |
56 | leaf | hurpastas |
57 | root | sลซrkas |
58 | bark (of a tree) | - |
59 | flower | alil |
60 | grass | wฤlku |
61 | rope | ishimas |
62 | skin | - |
63 | meat | - |
64 | blood | eshฤr |
65 | bone | hastฤi |
66 | fat (noun) | sakan |
67 | egg | - |
68 | horn | karฤwar |
69 | tail | sisai (?) |
70 | feather | patar |
71 | hair | tetanas |
72 | head | harsar |
73 | ear | istฤman |
74 | eye | ๐ฒ๐ญ๐๐ (sakaui-is) |
75 | nose | tititan |
76 | mouth | ais, iss- |
77 | tooth | gagas |
78 | tongue (organ) | lalas |
79 | fingernail | kaddu (?) |
80 | foot | ๐๐ธ (patas) |
81 | leg | egdu |
82 | knee | gฤnu |
83 | hand | kissar |
84 | wing | ๐ฆ๐ซ๐๐ฟ๐ (pรกrtauwar), ๐๐ป (pรกttar) |
85 | belly | sarhuwanz |
86 | guts | garates |
87 | neck | kuttar (?) |
88 | back | iskis |
89 | breast | tฤtan |
90 | heart | ๐ ๐ (kir) |
91 | liver | lissi |
92 | to drink | ekuzi |
93 | to eat | ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ (ฤzzi) |
94 | to bite | wฤki |
95 | to suck | u(n)hzi |
96 | to spit | allappahhi |
97 | to vomit | - |
98 | to blow | ๐บ๐๐๐ฟ (parฤi) |
99 | to breathe | - |
100 | to laugh | halwammar |
101 | to see | auszi, ๐๐ช๐ญ (uแธซแธซi) |
102 | to hear | istamaszi |
103 | to know | ๐ญ๐๐๐ (sฤkki) |
104 | to think | mala |
105 | to smell | - |
106 | to fear | nฤhi |
107 | to sleep | seszi |
108 | to live | huiszi |
109 | to die | aki |
110 | to kill | kuฤnzi |
111 | to fight | hullezzi |
112 | to hunt | huwarniskezzi |
113 | to hit | walhzi |
114 | to cut | kuฤrzi |
115 | to split | iskallai |
116 | to stab | iskฤri |
117 | to scratch | *arrirrai |
118 | to dig | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรกddฤi) |
119 | to swim | - |
120 | to fly | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรญddฤi) |
121 | to walk | ๐ฟ๐ฟ๐๐๐ซ (i-ya-at-ta /โ iyattaโ /) |
122 | to come | uฤzzi |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | kitta |
124 | to sit | ฤsa |
125 | to stand | arta |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | wehzi, nฤa |
127 | to fall | mauszi |
128 | to give | ๐บ๐๐ฟ (pฤi) |
129 | to hold | harzi |
130 | to squeeze | ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ฃ (sฤซezzi) |
131 | to rub | ๐๐๐ฃ (peszi) |
132 | to wash | ฤrri, warpzi |
133 | to wipe | fshin |
134 | to pull | huettiezzi |
135 | to push | suwezzi |
136 | to throw | ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฃ (pesiezi), ลซssiezzi |
137 | to tie | ishai, hamanki |
138 | to sew | - |
139 | to count | kappuezzi |
140 | to say | tฤzzi |
141 | to sing | ishamai |
142 | to play | duskzi, hinganiskezzi |
143 | to float | - |
144 | to flow | ฤrszi |
145 | to freeze | ekฤizzi |
146 | to swell | suwattari |
147 | sun | istanus |
148 | moon | armas |
149 | star | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ผ๐ ๐ (ha-as-te-er-za) |
150 | water | ๐ฟ๐๐ป (wa-a-tar) |
151 | rain | hฤus |
152 | river | hapas |
153 | lake | lulis (?) |
154 | sea | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (arunas) |
155 | salt | - |
156 | stone | ๐บ๐ธ๐ ๐ท๐ธ (passilas) |
157 | sand | - |
158 | dust | - |
159 | earth | ๐ผ๐๐ท (tฤkan) |
160 | cloud | alpฤs |
161 | fog | kammaras |
162 | sky | ๐๐๐๐ (nฤpis) |
163 | wind | huwanz |
164 | snow | - |
165 | ice | ๐๐ท (ekan) |
166 | smoke | tuhhuwais |
167 | fire | ๐บ๐ช๐ฏ (paแธซแธซur) |
168 | ash | hฤs, hฤss- |
169 | to burn | urฤni |
170 | road | ๐๐ธ (palsas) |
171 | mountain | - |
172 | red | mitas |
173 | green | hahlawanz |
174 | yellow | hahlawanz |
175 | white | ๐ฏ๐ ๐ (ha-ar-ki-is) |
176 | black | hanzanas, dankuis |
177 | night | ispanz |
178 | day | sฤซwaz |
179 | year | wฤซz |
180 | warm | ฤnz |
181 | cold | ekunanz |
182 | full | suus |
183 | new | nฤwas |
184 | old | ๐ช๐ ๐ท๐ฟ๐ญ๐ (miyahwanz) |
185 | good | ฤssus |
186 | bad | ๐ฟ๐๐๐ป๐ (idฤlus) |
187 | rotten | harranz |
188 | dirty | iskunanz |
189 | straight | - |
190 | round | - |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | ๐ ๐๐ (alpus) |
192 | dull (as a knife) | alpanz |
193 | smooth | mius |
194 | wet | hurniyanz |
195 | dry | hฤtanz |
196 | correct | ฤra |
197 | near | manninkuwanz |
198 | far | duwฤn |
199 | right | kunnas |
200 | left | - |
201 | at | - |
202 | in | andan |
203 | with | katti- |
204 | and | -Ca, -ya |
205 | if | takku |
206 | because | kuit |
207 | name | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ (lฤman) |