Appendix:Jizhao Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Jizhao, compared with that of English and Chinese. The list below is from Li & Wu (2017: 95-97).

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English gloss Chinese gloss Jizhao
1 I 我 ŋau³¹; ŋo³³
2 you (singular) 你 mi²¹
3 he 他 man³¹
4 we 我们 ŋau³¹leˀ³³; ŋo³³leˀ³³
5 you (plural) 你们 mo³³leˀ³³
6 they 他们 man³¹leˀ³³
7 this 这 ni³³
8 that 那 nun³³
9 here 这里 ɬan²¹ni³³
10 there 那里 ɬan²¹nun³³
11 who 谁 tʰo²¹ly³¹
12 what 什么 mak⁵⁵kou³³; mat⁵⁵jøŋ³³
13 where 哪里 a⁵⁵ʦʰy²¹
14 when 何时 ki⁵⁵ɬi³¹
15 how 如何 ky⁵⁵ly³¹
16 not 不 mi⁵⁵
16(b) not yet 未 leŋ³¹
17 all 所有 tsʰyn²¹ɓu³¹
18 many 多 laːi²¹
19 some 一些 ɗik⁵⁵ke²¹
20 few 少 ɬiu⁵⁵
21 other 其他 kʰi³³tʰa²¹
22 one 一 jat⁵⁵; ka³³
23 two 二 ȵi³³; man⁵⁵
24 three 三 ɬaːm²¹
25 four 四 ɬi⁵⁵
26 five 五 ŋa⁵⁵; ŋo³¹
27 big 大 ȵou⁵⁵
28 long 长 lui²¹
29 wide 宽 vut³³
30 thick 厚 na²¹
31 heavy 重 kʰoŋ²¹; kon²¹
32 small 小 nak⁵⁵
32(b) juvenile 幼 un⁵⁵
33 short 短 ɗan⁵⁵
34 narrow 窄 ʦaˀ³³
35 thin 薄 ɓøŋ²¹
36 woman 女 mai³³pʰa²¹lou³¹vun²¹
37 man (adult male) 男 ja³¹lou³¹vun²¹
38 man (human being) 人 lou³¹vun²¹; ja³¹
39 child 孩 ki⁵⁵ke²¹
40 wife 妻 mai³³pʰa²¹
41 husband 夫 lou³³oŋ²¹
42 mother 母 am⁵⁵ma⁵⁵
43 father 父 kuŋ⁵⁵ma⁵⁵
44 animal 动物 -
45 fish 鱼 ɓa²¹
46 bird 鸟 nok⁵⁵
47 dog 狗 ma²¹
48 louse 虱 mat²¹
49 snake 蛇 ȵø²¹
50 worm 虫 miŋ³¹
51 tree 树 mai³³
52 forest 林 pʰeŋ²¹; lam²¹
53 stick 棍 kuan³³; kuŋ³³
54 fruit 果 maˀ²¹
55 seed 种子 ɓoŋ⁵⁵
56 leaf 叶 ɓou³¹
57 root 根 koŋ²¹
58 bark (of a tree) 树皮 mai³³naŋ²¹
59 flower 花 va²¹
60 grass 草 ɓat⁵⁵
60(b) straw 稻草 muŋ³³
61 rope 绳 ȵaŋ²¹
62 skin 肤 naŋ²¹
63 meat 肉 me³³
64 blood 血 vit³¹
65 bone 骨 lek⁵⁵
66 fat (noun) 脂 -
67 egg 蛋 ȵum²¹
68 horn 角 kaˀ⁵⁵
69 tail 尾 ɓaːi²¹
70 feather 羽毛 vun³¹
71 hair 头发 ɬou⁵⁵
72 head 头 laːu³³
73 ear 耳 la³¹
74 eye 眼 ɗa²¹
75 nose 鼻 lou³³naŋ²¹
76 mouth 口 ɓaˀ³³
77 tooth 牙 tsan³³
78 tongue (organ) 舌 li³³
79 fingernail 指甲 maːu³¹kaːp⁵⁵
80 foot 脚 koˀ⁵⁵
81 leg 腿 koˀ⁵⁵va³¹
82 knee 膝 koˀ⁵⁵laːu³³tʰu²¹
83 hand 手 maːu³¹
84 wing 翅 ɓik⁵⁵
85 belly 腹 tʰoŋ³³
86 guts 肠 li³³
87 neck 颈 liŋ²¹ko³¹
88 back 背 ɓui⁵⁵
89 breast 乳 nen³³
90 heart 心 ɬum²¹
91 liver 肝 ɗap⁵⁵
92 to drink 喝 haˀ⁵⁵
93 to eat 吃 ky²¹
94 to bite 咬 kap²¹
95 to suck 吸 lan⁵⁵
96 to spit 吐 pʰei⁵⁵
96(b) to spit out 吐奶 lok³³
97 to vomit 呕 tʰou³³; tʰo⁵⁵
98 to blow 吹 tsʰui²¹
99 to breathe 呼吸 hu³³kʰap⁵⁵
100 to laugh 笑 liu³¹
101 to see 看 haːn⁵⁵
102 to hear 听 tʰiŋ⁵⁵
103 to know 知 tʰiu³³hou³³; ʦak³¹
104 to think 想 ɬøŋ³³
105 to smell 嗅 ȵiŋ⁵⁵
106 to fear 怕 kiŋ²¹
107 to sleep 睡 ŋaːp²¹
108 to live 活 naːi²¹
109 to die 死 ɗaːi²¹
110 to kill 杀 ka⁵⁵
111 to fight 斗 tʰy³¹
112 to hunt 猎 lit³³
113 to hit 击 tʰy³¹
114 to cut 切 ʦʰit³³
115 to split 分 van²¹
116 to stab 刺 kiˀ⁵⁵
117 to scratch 挠 ȵaːu²¹
118 to dig 挖 kʰok²¹
119 to swim 游 ju²¹
120 to fly 飞 moŋ²¹
121 to walk 走 ɓaːi²¹
122 to come 来 ma²¹
123 to lie (as in a bed) 躺 ŋaːp²¹
124 to sit 坐 naŋ³³
125 to stand 站 jan⁵⁵
126 to turn (intransitive) 转 tsyn⁵⁵
127 to fall 落 ɗoˀ⁵⁵
128 to give 给 van²¹
129 to hold 拿 ou²¹; ŋop⁵⁵
130 to squeeze 挤 ɗe³¹
131 to rub 磨 ɓan²¹
132 to wash 洗 ʦuk⁵⁵
133 to wipe 擦 ʦʰaˀ⁵⁵
134 to pull 拉 tʰa²¹; ɓeŋ²¹
135 to push 推 tʰoi²¹
136 to throw 扔 tʰap²¹
137 to tie 系 kat²¹
138 to sew 缝 ʦam²¹
139 to count 计 ɬyn⁵⁵
140 to say 说 lum²¹
141 to sing 唱 ʦʰøŋ⁵⁵
142 to play 玩 van³³
143 to float 浮 vou³¹
144 to flow 流 lu²¹
145 frozen 冻 ɗoˀ⁵⁵
146 to swell 肿 ɓoŋ³¹
147 sun 日 lou³³vun²¹
148 moon 月 ʦaːi²¹ɗe⁵⁵
149 star 星 ɬiŋ²¹
150 water 水 nam³³
151 rain 雨 ŋoŋ²¹
152 river 河 mai³³nam³³
153 lake 湖 -
154 sea 海 koŋ⁵⁵
155 salt 盐 ȵiu⁵⁵
156 stone 石 lin³¹
157 sand 沙 tsaːŋ³¹
158 dust 尘 tsʰaŋ²¹
159 earth 地 mat²¹
160 cloud 云 van²¹va⁵⁵
161 fog 雾 mo⁵⁵
162 sky 天 tʰin²¹
163 wind 风 tsan³³
164 snow 雪 ɬyt⁵⁵
165 ice 冰 ɓiŋ²¹
166 smoke 烟 in²¹
167 fire 火 vi³¹
168 ash 灰 lou³³
169 to burn 烧 ʦou²¹
170 road 路 ɬan²¹
171 mountain 山 tsaŋ²¹
172 red 红 hoŋ²¹
173 green 绿 lo²¹
174 yellow 黄 laːŋ²¹
175 white 白 pʰøk³³
176 black 黑 lam²¹
177 night 夜 kʰyn²¹
178 day 白天 pʰøk³³van²¹
179 year 年 vui²¹
180 warm 暖 nyn³¹
181 cold 冷 ɗoˀ⁵⁵
182 full 满 ɗik⁵⁵
183 new 新 tsoŋ²¹
184 old 旧 kau⁵⁵
185 good 好 hou⁵⁵
186 bad 坏 vaːi³³
187 rotten 腐烂 laːi³¹
188 dirty 脏 ŋan³³
189 straight 直 lak²¹
190 round 圆 vin³¹
191 sharp (as a knife) 尖 tsim⁵⁵
192 dull (as a knife) 钝 lyt⁵⁵
193 smooth 滑 vaːt³³; va³³
194 wet 湿 ʦat²¹
195 dry 干 løŋ⁵⁵
196 correct 对 ɗoi⁵⁵
197 near 近 lau⁵⁵
198 far 远 lui²¹
199 right 右 ju²¹
200 left 左 tso⁵⁵
201 at 在 u⁵⁵
202 in 里 lau²¹
203 with 与 kʰuŋ³³
204 and 和 kʰuŋ³³
205 if 若 ȵi²¹ko⁵⁵
206 because 因为 -
207 name 名 na⁵⁵naːi²¹

References

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Jejara • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic (Swadesh) • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian

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