Appendix:Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions

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Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions include those of Ratliff (2010) and Chen (2013).

Ratliff (2010)

The following list of Proto-Hmong-Mien, Proto-Hmongic, and Proto-Mienic reconstructions is from Ratliff (2010: 245-272).

Note on Chinese glosses: The English glosses in Ratliff (2010) are translations of glosses from Wang (1994)[1] and Wang & Mao (1995).[2] Ratliff (2010) does not include the original Chinese glosses. The Chinese glosses below have been compiled from Wang (1994) and Wang & Mao (1995), both of which also include English translations for Chinese glosses.

Note on Chinese comparanda: Chinese comparanda from Ratliff (2010) have also been included. The additional Chinese comparada in the rightmost column are not mentioned in Ratliff (2010); some of the additional Chinese comparanda are from Ostapirat (2016)[3] and the main text of Baxter & Sagart (2014),[4] who explicitly mention the cognacy of the Chinese words with Hmong-Mien. The Old Chinese and Middle Chinese reconstructions are from Baxter & Sagart (2015). When Old Chinese reconstructions from Baxter & Sagart (2015) are not available, Zhengzhang's Old Chinese and Middle Chinese reconstructions are cited in italics instead. Note that not all Chinese comparanda listed are necessarily cognates or related forms.

Chinese gloss English gloss Proto-Hmong-Mien Proto-Hmongic Proto-Mienic Chinese comparada
(Ratliff 2010)
Chinese comparada
(additional)
1SG (I/me) *wɛŋB; *kɛŋB *ʔjaA
我们 1PL (we/us) *N-pɔu
2SG (you) *mu̯ei *gʉA
你们 2PL (you all) *mi̯əu
3SG (he/she/it) *ni̯æn(X)
able *dzowA
空气 air *poŋC (OC *prəm)
alive *ɟinA
藠头 Allium *ɢləŋB *ɟiuB (OC *s.(r)uʔ)
动物油 animal fat/oil *grəŋA *ʰmejA
answer *tau
蚂蚁 ant *mpʰæB; *mbrɔD *ɟʰi̯əuB
腋下 armpit *tsjoC/D
蒿子 artemisia *ʰrɛŋB
害羞 ashamed *dzauA (OC *ˤam) (MC sjuw)
ashes *tsʰju̯əiX
ask *nɛŋC *nu̯aiC
ask for *oŋC
ask for/want *ʔjuB (MC 'jiewH)
睡着 asleep *ŋgjɔmA
阁楼(暗楼) attic *ntʰaŋA
斧头 axe *tu̯eiC *pouB (OC *p(r)aʔ)
脊背 back (of body) *ɢuwD *danB
后边 back (vs. front) *N-Kaŋ
bad/spoiled *bu̯aB (OC *(r)oʔ)
袋子 bag *diC (MC dojH)
bake/toast *ciC (MC tsyaeH)
balance *ntʰju̯əŋH (OC *tʰjɯŋs) (OC *mə-tʰəŋ-s)[4]
bamboo *ʰləwX *drowD (OC *truk)
bamboo bowl *kʰɔkD
斗笠 bamboo hat *kuwD *rəpD (OC *k.rəp)
芦笙 bamboo pipes *ɢænA (OC *sreŋ)
竹笋孤儿 bamboo shoot/orphan *mbrəjH
篾条 bamboo strip *ɲcəuk (OC *truk)
() bark, to *cuŋC
粮仓 barn/granary *rɛmX (OC *p.rimʔ)
蝙蝠 bat (animal) *ʔbujA (OC *pɯɡ)
be *jəŋC *djejB
居住 be at/live *ʔɲəŋA *ʔjəmA
豆子 bean *dup (OC *ˤp)
豆腐 bean curd *hʉB (MC bjuX)
bear *qrep (OC *ɣom)
(果子) bear fruit *pjiC
胡须 beard *ɲaŋC *su̯amA (OC *nam); (OC *s(ˤ)ram)
() beat (someone) *ntuwD
美丽 beautiful *dzejC (OC *diɡs)
bed/place *cʰouH (OC *t.qʰaʔ-s)
臭虫 bedbug *pji
蜜蜂 bee *mu̯eiB (OC *mit)
蜂蜡(黄蜡) beeswax *N-ci̯æŋ
风箱 bellows *tʰoŋB *louA (OC *tʰˤak); (MC lu)
肚子(腹部) belly *cʰu̯eiA
big *ʰljo (OC *lˤath)
钩子 billhook *tsæC
bird *m-nɔk
bite *dəp
bitter *ʔim
黑色 black *qrɛŋA *qri̯ɛkD (OC *xˤək)
bland/tasteless *dzjæC *tsamB (OC *Cə.tsmʔ)
blind *ʔblɔuB
blood *ntsʰjamX
blow, to *pʰruA
boat/ship *ŋgjəŋA *ʔdzaŋB (MC zywen)
身体 body/trunk *cæwB
boil (intr.) *mpuæiH (OC *Nə.p-s)
boil (tr.) *tʰoA; *hu̯eiC *tjouB (MC tsyoX)
骨头 bone *tsʰuŋX
borrow *KaX (OC *Cə.kˤraʔ)
bowl *deB *ʔwənB (OC *qoːnʔ)
手镯 bracelet *bɔC *gjəmA
braid/a braid *mbjinX (MC benX)
(休息) break *ʔloB *ʔnəuB (OC *qrɯːwʔ, *qrɯːws)
胸膛 breast/chest *ntrəŋA
繁殖 breed/propagate *ɕaŋC
bridge *ɟow *ʰlæA (OC *(r)aw); (OC *l̥ˤj)
bright/light *ɢʷaŋA *ʔgʷi̯əŋA (OC *N-kʷˤaŋ) (OC *kʷˤaŋ)
弟兄 brother *mɔuB
bucket *tʰɔŋ(X) (MC thuwngX)
荞麦 buckwheat *ɟæu (OC *(r)aw)
burn *pɔuB; *dji̯ɛkD (OC *pljewɢ)
() burn (mountain) *ʰljowB (OC *rew, *rewʔ, *rews)
() burn (tr.) *pʰjæwB; *kru̯eiB
burn/be alight *ɟiC (MC tsyaeH)
bury *ljəŋB *plopD (OC *mʔ, *m-s)
() butt (of bulls) *ntruwC (MC tuwH)
蝴蝶 butterfly *mpleuH
buy *mɛjX (OC *mˤrajʔ)
carry in two hands *pʰu̯ɛŋB (OC *pʰ(r)oŋʔ)
carry on back *ʰɲaC
(担子) carry on shoulder *ntam *cæwC (OC *mə-tˤam)
扁担 carrying pole *mu̯əŋB
牛圈 cattle pen *ŋgluə (OC *m-qʰ<r>aʔ)
catty *kʷjan (OC *C.qʷi)
中间 center/middle *ntroŋ (OC *truŋ) (OC *N-truŋ-s)[4]
蜈蚣 centipede *kʰluwD *səpD
chaff/husk *mpʰi̯ɛk *S-pʰjæC
charcoal *tʰanH (OC *ˤa-s)
cheek/face *pʰl-C
樱桃 cherry *ʔwaA
chew *cu̯aC (OC *zewɢ)
chicken *Kəi (OC *kˤe)
小孩 child *kʷjeiB
下巴 chin/lower jaw *dzjeD
chisel *dzəuk (OC *ˤawk)
choke *ntsjeŋH (OC *sʰaŋs)
chop *ntəwX
筷子 chopsticks *drouH (MC drjoH)
clap *mbæA *bʰækD (OC *mə-pʰˤrak)
claw/talon *ʔɲauB (OC *Cə.n<r>uʔ)[4]
坛子 clay pot/earthen jar *hɛŋA
干净 clean *ntsʰɨA *ndzəŋC (OC *N-tseŋ-s)
clear *ntsʰji̯əŋ (OC *tsʰeŋ) (OC *N-tsʰeŋ)[4]
() CLF-birds *tsi̯ɛkD (MC tsyek)
() CLF-bowls/houses *ʔlɛŋA *ʔnɛɔmA
() CLF-fields *ʔli̯əuC
() CLF-horses *dɛŋB
() CLF-mouthfuls *ʔloC
() CLF-people *lan (OC *ni)
(被子) CLF-quilts *pʰəan (OC *pʰˤe-s)
CLF-rooms *cʰoŋB (OC *kˤre)
CLF-sentences *kjouC (MC kjuH)
CLF-tools *traŋA *truŋA (OC *C.traŋ)
climb *ɲcæwC
cloth *ntei
衣服 clothes *ʔrujA (OC *ʔ(r)əj)
cloud/haze *ʔɔŋC (OC *ʷə)
茅草 cogon grass *NKan
cold *ʔnu̯ɔmH
() cold (day) *kju̯ɛŋB
梳子 comb *ræC
come *daj (MC loj)
回来 come back *ləwX
conceal *ʔreD
cooked/ripe *sjenB *dju̯okD (OC *uk)
cooking pot/pan *wjinB
cooking smoke *ɲcʰi̯ouH
() cool (water) *dzinB
copper *dɔŋ (OC *ˤoŋ)
咳嗽 cough *ʰnɔp
() cover (with tile) *hi̯əmB/C
() cover self *ʔwoB
() cover, to *mboC *komB 𠖫 (OC *kˤomɣ)
cow/ox *joB (OC *ʷə)
craftsman *dzi̯ɔŋH (MC dzjangH)
crawl *ŋgjoŋC *ʔɲɛɔŋA
crazy *mbljɔŋA
梳子 crest/comb *ʔwi̯æn (MC kwan)
crooked *ŋkʰuwD (OC *kʰ(r)ok) (OC *Nə-ut)[4]
嗉囊 crop (of bird)/gizzard *pjinB *ciŋB
庄稼 crops *qɔŋA
() cross (river) *KʷajH (OC *kʷˤaj-s)
crossbow *ʰnænB *ʰnəkD (OC *C.nˤaʔ)
乌鸦 crow (bird) *ʔuA (MC 'u)
(公鸡) crow, to *KajH (OC *ˤaj)
布谷鸟 cuckoo *ɢʉB
黄瓜 cucumber *Kʷa (OC *kʷˤra)
() cut *klæp *katD (OC *Cə-kˤat)
() cut open *pʰajH (OC *pʰˤaj-s)
() dark *pruwD
姑娘女儿 daughter/girl *mpʰjeD *ɕi̯ɛkD (OC *slɯɡ)
儿媳(新娘) daughter-in-law/bride *mbu̯ɛŋB (OC *mə.bəʔ)
deaf *loŋA *ʔduŋA (OC *C.rˤoŋ)
deep *N-tu̯o
鹿 deer *cuŋA (MC tsyang)
() descend *ɴɢaB *ɣaC (OC *m-gˤraʔ-s)
露水 dew *lʉC (MC luH)
die *dəjH
dig *ʔwetD (OC *kʷeːd, *qʷeːd) (OC *qʷriːd)
diligent *ɴɢəjH
dislike *ɣi̯emA (OC *N-kˤem)
disperse *dzʰanC (OC *mə-sˤa ʔ-s) > pHM *ntsh- ‘to disperse’[4]
dissolve *jəukD
溶化 dissolve/melt *jaŋA *juŋA (OC *laŋ, *laŋs) (OC *luŋ)
ditch *koŋA
() do/work *ʔəjH
dog *qluwX (OC *Cə.kˤroʔ)
door/gate *gru̯eŋ
dragon *-roŋ *kljuŋA (OC *-roŋ)
dream *mpeiH
drink/smoke *hup (OC *qʰˤp) (OC *qraːds, *qʰoːb, *qʰaːd)
drip *ŋgroC *ʔdjɛpD (OC *ˤok-s)
(钉子) drive in (nail) *ntsjinC
drum *ndruX
() dry (clothes) *tsekD
() dry (rice) in sun *ʔrinA
dry/thirsty *NKʰæj (OC *Nə-ʰˤat)
干燥 dry/withered *KʰæwX (OC *kaːwʔ) (OC *kʰˤa)
鸭子 duck *ʔap *ɢu̯aC (OC *qraːb)
dye, to *ɲumC (OC *C.nmʔ)
老鹰 eagle/hawk *qlaŋX (OC *(r)əŋ)
耳朵 ear *mbræu
early *ntsi̯ouX (OC *Nə.tsˤuʔ)
earth *N-təu (OC *ˤej-s)
蚯蚓 earthworm *N-cuŋ
eat *nuŋA *ɲənC
egg *qæwC *kləuC (OC *k.rˤorʔ)[4]
茄子 eggplant *ɟa (OC *ɡa, *ɡal, *kraːl)
eight *jat (OC *pˤret)
哥哥() elder brother *da
姐姐妻子 elder sister/wife *ʔəuX (OC *ʔˤuʔ)
大象 elephant *ntsʰʉC *ɣji̯ɔŋB (OC *s.aŋʔ)
embrace *bu̯əH (OC *ək) (OC *ˤuʔ)
enter *bju̯ɛk
erect, to *ri̯ɛpD (OC *k.rəp)
escape *ɢʷaD (OC *mə-l̥ˤot)[4]
excrement *N-KəjX (OC *ijʔ)
爆炸 explode *douH
眼睛 eye *mu̯ɛjH (OC *C.m(r)k)
face *bowB *ʰmi̯enA (OC *C.me-s)
() fall *pʉŋA (OC *Cə.pˤəŋ)
下雨 fall (of rain) *dujB (OC *l'uːl)
() fall (over) *ɢu̯eiC
扇子 fan *mbljæp
far *qʷuw (OC *qʷ(r)a)
fat, to be *grəunH
父亲 father/male *pjaX (OC *(r)aʔ)
害怕 fear/be afraid *ntsʰjeH
feed *pɛŋA
female *minD
female/woman *boA
蕨菜 fern *-ʰruA *kʷjətD (MC kjwot)
few/lack *dzjok
field *ljiŋ (OC *lˤiŋ)
(面粉) fine (flour) *mənX/H
手指 finger *ntaB *ʔdokD
指环 finger ring *mpʰleA
finish *ɟɔŋB
fire *douX
firewood *dzaŋA
结实 firm/durable *druA
初一 first day of month *seŋ (OC *C.teŋ)
fish *mbrəuX (OC *mə-rəʔ)[3]
five *pra (OC *C.ŋˤaʔ)
跳蚤 flea *ʰmiəŋ
() flip with finger *ntik
float *ntaŋA *mbi̯əuA (OC *m.b(r)u)
面粉 flour *plu̯eiB
flow *ɴɢlʉB *ri̯əuC (OC *ru)
flower *bi̯aŋ
笛子管子 flute/tube *droŋA (OC *lˤoŋ)
苍蝇 fly (n.) *məuŋX (OC *moːŋ, *moːŋʔ) (OC *m-rəŋ)
fly, to *ʔjaŋC *ʔdəiC (MC yang)
fog *mowC (OC *kə.m(r)k-s)
fog/cloud *huA (MC mjuH)
(儿童) fool/humor (children) *glje(X)
foot *towC
footprint/track *ʰmjænX
额头 forehead *bl-A *ʰɲenA (OC *C.ŋˤrar)[4]
森林 forest *-ʔrɔŋB
忘记 forget *ʰnuŋB *ʰɲouB
four *plei (OC *s.li-s)
fragrant *ntaŋ (OC *qʰaŋ)
frog *KæŋX
前边 front surface *ɴɢlinA
frost *tæwC
水果 fruit *pji̯əuX
fry *kleu *cʰauB (OC *kˤruʔ); (OC *(ˤ)rwʔ)
full *pu̯ɛŋX
苦胆 gall bladder *tsji̯əu
garden *waŋA *ʰwunA (OC *C.ɢʷa)
garlic *ɢaA (OC *ˤa)
起来 get up *gʷjaX
() get/gain *təuk (OC *tˤək)
ginger *qʰinB *kʰjuŋA (OC *aŋ)
glutinous/sticky *mblut (OC *m.lut (~ *mə.lut))
gnaw *kowD (OC *kreːw, *ŋɡreːwʔ, *qreːw)
go *n-mʉŋ(X)
gold *kjeəm (OC *k(r)m)
good *-ʔrɔŋH
好吃 good/tasty *kʰuB (OC *qʰˤuʔ)
葫芦 gourd *tuwA
grain head/bag *ʰnɔn (OC *nˤaŋ)
葡萄 grape *qinB
grasp *ʔmu̯ɛA
grass *ʰmjaB
蚱蜢 grasshopper *klup *gʉŋA (OC *ʷˤaŋ)
坟墓 grave/tomb *ntsaŋC *tsouB
青色 green/blue *mpruA *ʔmeŋA
灰色 grey *ʔbɔuB
grind (grain) *roD
呻吟 groan/moan *mbraŋA
grow *n-tju̯ɛŋH (OC *(mə-)toŋʔ-s) (OC *traŋʔ)
() grow (tr.) *ɟiB
guest *Kʰæk (OC *kʰˤrak)
hair *pljei
half *pʰjeC
() half (of day) *N-dam(X)
half kilometer *ljɨX (OC *(mə.)rəʔ)
hand/arm *-bɔuX
hard/solid *ŋjeŋC (OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs)
hatch *bu̯əH (OC *ək-s)
have *n-mɛj
() have a gap *NKʷet (OC *Nə-ʷʰˤet)
吃饭 have food with rice *mbljæC (OC *mə-lək)[4]
head *S-pʰreiX
听见 hear *ʰnəumX
heart *pljowB *simA (MC sim)
heavy *ʰnjeinX
(躲藏) hide oneself *piŋC
high/tall *-ʰri̯əŋ
(射中) hit target *drɔC (OC *m-t<r>ak)
苗族 Hmong *ʰmʉŋA (OC *mi)
hold in mouth *mpæB *ʔgjɔmA (OC *Cə-m-kˤm)
hold with two hands *bouA (OC *ˤuʔ)
hold/grasp hand *tæB
洞眼 hole *qʰəŋB *kʰotD (OC *ʰˤoŋʔ); (OC *ˤut) (OC *kʰˤoŋ)[4]
蜂蜜 honey *ʔraA
hoof *dej (OC *deː)
hoof/claw/nail *tru̯eiC (OC *tˤek)
钩子 hook *ɴqæwC (MC kuw)
hoop *tʰɨC
horn *klɛɔŋ (OC *C.ˤrok)
horse *mjænB (OC *mˤraʔ)
() hot (water) *k(ʰ)lɛɔm
房子 house *prəuX
摘耳根(鱼腥草) Houttuynia cordata *truwD (MC tsuX)
hundred *pæk (OC *pˤrak)
饿 hungry *tsʰje (OC *kə)
丈夫 husband *N-poX (OC *p(r)aʔ) (OC *p(r)a)
舂米 husk/pound rice *tuX (OC *tˤuʔ)
ice *qru̯eiD
() ignite/light *towD
illness/pain *ʔmun
in front *ndaŋC
蓝靛草 indigo *ŋglam (OC *rˤam)
insect/worm *klæŋ (OC *m-rəŋ); (OC *C.lruŋ)
insert *tʰrep (OC *mə-<r>op)
interior *ndrəŋC (OC *truŋ)
肠子 intestines *ʰɲeuŋX *ɢljaŋA (OC *lraŋ)
iron *ʰluwC *ʰrɛkD (OC *l̥ˤik)
itch(y)/scratch(y) *kʰju̯ɛt
join *tsæD (OC *p)
kill *təjH
膝盖 knee *ɟu̯əiH
知道 know *pei (OC *pret)
认识 know/recognize *tsi̯ɛkD (OC *s-tək)
lacquer *tʰjet (OC *i)
() ladle, to *heD *ʔdəmB (OC *t.m)
旱地 land, non-irrigated *dejC (OC *ˤej-s)
late *liC *djæiA (OC *l<r>ə)
laugh *krət
洗衣 launder *ntsʰuH
下蛋 lay eggs *ndəuH
lazy *ŋglænB *lu̯eiC (OC *rˤanʔ); (OC *ojʔ)
lead, to *coŋA *kʰi̯enA (OC *ʰˤi)
叶子 leaf *mblɔŋA *nɔmA
(拐杖) lean (on stick) *ŋgraC
leg/branch *ɟæwB
let go *tsjəŋB *puŋC (OC *paŋ-s)
level *dinA *beŋA (OC *en)
lick *-jep
lift *kjeŋ *ʰnɨŋC (OC *reːŋ)
light(weight) *-sji̯eu
闪电 lightning flash *ljeD *ljəpD
liquid/soup *klæwX
liquor *cowB *tiuB (OC *tsuʔ)
listen *(S-)mru̯ɔŋH
liver *-ʰri̯ən
long *ntauX
long (time) *ləu
看守 look after *ʔroB
look at *maŋH (OC *maŋ-s)
声音 loud/sound *ʔbujA
虱子 louse, body *tɛmX
头虱 louse, head *ntsʰjeiX
love, to *ʔu̯ɔiC (MC 'ojH)
(黃牛) low/bellow *ɴqəŋB
low/short *ɢaX (OC *gˤraʔ)
下边 lower level *ʔdiB (OC *tˤijʔ)
lung *mprʉC (MC phjojH)
maggot *klaŋC (OC *m-rəŋ); (OC *C.lruŋ)
male *ʔljuwB
male (human) *ɟi̯aŋH (OC *ʷəŋ)
malodorous *tsju̯eiH (MC tsyhuwH)
mane *tsʉŋA *ʔdzɔŋA (OC *ʔsoːŋ) (OC *zuːŋ, *ʔsoːŋ, *zuːŋ)
many/much *ntɔC (MC ta)
骨髓 marrow/brains *ʰlʉA (OC *s-lojʔ)
marry (a woman) *qu̯aC (OC *s-kˤra-s)[4]
() measure (rice) *ljɛŋA *ʰrauA (OC *aŋ)
measure for grain *sjinA (MC sying)
meat *ɴɢej *ʔaB (OC *krə)
medicine *N-kjaj (OC *m-rwk)
遇见 meet *ɟu̯aC
午饭 midday meal *sjɛŋC
小米 millet *tjəiA (OC *ij)
臼齿 molar tooth *pæ
money *dzi̯en (MC dzjen)
猴子 monkey *ʔlinA *ʔbiŋA
moon/month *ʰlaH
mortar/treadmill *ɟoB (OC *C.ʷəʔ)
蚊子 mosquito *ʔjɔŋB (MC mjun)
母亲婶婶 mother/aunt *ndjiB (MC dzi)
舅父 mother's brother *neuŋX
mountain *bæwB
mountain (range) *gli̯emA
mountain pass *ʔæ(C) *ɢlowD (OC *N-kˤ<r>ep)
老鼠 mouse/rat *naŋB *nauB
mouth/beak *ɲɟuj (OC *ʔseʔ)
mud *ʰniA (OC *C.nˤ)
泥泞 muddy *ŋkoD (OC *rok) > pHM *ɳʈɭoC[4]
菌子 mushroom *ŋkjæu (OC *mə.kˤa)
mussel/clam *blinC (OC *ˤroŋʔ)
名字 name *mpɔuH
narrow *ɴɢeD *hepD (OC *N-kˤ<r>ep)
肚脐 navel *ntəut
near *-ʔræwC *sətD
脖子 neck *qlaŋ *qoŋB (OC *eŋʔ)
needle *kjɔŋA *simA (OC *t.əm)
(鸟窝) nest *-rəuX (OC *ˤraw)
new *tsʰji̯əŋ (OC *tsʰeŋ) (OC *s.tsʰi)
夜里(晚上) night *ʰməŋH
nine *N-ɟuə (OC *uʔ)
圈套 noose/trap *briB
鼻子 nose *mbru̯iH (OC *m-bi-s)
old *qu̯oH *lu̯eiB (OC *kˤaʔ-s) (OC *kˤaʔ); (OC *N-kʷəʔ-s)
上面 on top of *sjuA
one *ʔɨ (OC *qliɡ)
自己 oneself *gənA (OC *k(r)əʔ)
open *kʰu̯ɔiA (OC *ʰˤəj)
开门 open (door) *powD
open out/undo *ntʰu̯aB
水獭 otter *ntsʰju̯aA (OC *ˤat)[4]
猫头鹰 owl *ploŋD
pack/wrap *qʰʉB (OC *s.ˤoʔ)
pair *ŋgjowD *suŋA; *reŋC (OC *roŋ)
穿山甲 pangolin *rɔiH
paper *ntowB *tjejB (OC *k.teʔ)
桃子 peach *ɢlæw (OC *C.lˤaw)
pear *rəj (OC *ril)
peck/dig *ɲcowD (MC kjwejH) (OC *mə-tˤ<r>ok)
(逃脱) peel off/escape *ʔdutD (OC *l̥ʰoːd, *l'oːd)
peel/shave *cʰeD
苏麻 perilla *ʰnaŋB
柿子 persimmon *minB *djəiB (OC *rijʔ)
person *nænA *mjænA (OC *mi)
花瓣 petal *ʰlemC
(野鸡) pheasant *tsjowD (MC drijX)
pick up *kʰowD *ʔɟəpD (OC *kˤ<r>ep) (OC *m-kˤep)[4]
() pick up/clamp *teD
pig *mpæC *duŋB (OC *lˤu)
鸽子 pigeon *ɴquA *kɔpD (OC *(r)u); 鴿 (MC kop)
柱子 pillar *ɲɟæu (OC *m-t<r>oʔ)
枕头 pillow *ɲcu̯əmH (OC *mʔ)
() plain (level ground) *ndroŋB
() plant, to *ɟəŋC (MC tsyowngH)
玩耍 play *N-dzæwH
() play (flute) *pʰroB *pʰlu̯əmB
李子 plum *ʰli̯əŋX *kʰowA (OC *C.rəʔ)
杨树 poplar tree *ji̯aŋA (MC yang)
豪猪(箭猪) porcupine *N-dzjeiH
porridge *tju̯okD (MC tsyuwk)
POSSESSIVE *ʔɲi̯əŋA
() pour *praC; *ʔlju̯eiA
价钱 price *ɴqaC (OC *C.qˤ<r>aʔ-s)
() pull out *tʰroC (MC trhjuw)
母鸡(生蛋) pullet/hen *klanC
pus *bu̯eiC *nɔŋC (OC *C.nˤuŋ)
push earth aside *pʰʉA
() put on/wear (cap) *ntɔŋH
穿() put on/wear (clothes) *(h)naŋX *dəŋA 穿 (OC *tʰo)[4]
穿() put on/wear (shoes) *dap *trɔC (OC *tʰuːb); (OC *m-t<r>ak)
裹腿 puttees *ntʰrɔŋA
quick *cu̯ɛp *ʰreC (OC *p)
被子 quilt *su̯ɛŋC
兔子 rabbit *ʔljuB (OC *l̥ˤa-s)
褴褛 ragged/shabby *ɴɢluC (MC luwH)
rain *m-noŋC *mbluŋC
() raise (chickens) *jɛŋC *juŋB (OC *aŋʔ)
() rake, to *baA (OC *ˤra)
苎麻 ramie/hemp *nduH (OC *mə-draʔ)[4][3]
老鼠 rat *bru̯aC
raw/unripe *ɲu̯emX
到达 reach/arrive at *dzoC (OC *(mə-)tsʰˤuʔ-s)
接受 receive/borrow *tsep (OC *p)
receive/gather in *sjuwA (MC syuw)
RECIPROCAL *sjɨA-D (OC *se) (OC *dzijH)
红色 red *ʔlinA *sekD (MC tsyhek)
remember *ɲcoC *kji̯əŋC
repair/mend *mpjaX (OC *-pˤaʔ)
() repay *bu̯eiA *qlauB
resemble *ʰnəŋB
(休息) rest, to *sjoC (MC xjuw)
return *trəŋB
回家 return home *muB
肋骨 rib *tamX
粑粑 rice cake *ŋkju̯əX (OC *-k(r)aʔ)
稻子 rice plant/paddy *mbləu (OC *ˤuʔ)[4][3]
甑子 rice steamer *tsjɛŋH (OC *S-təŋ-s) (OC *təŋ)
rice, cooked *ʰnrəaŋH (OC *n̥aŋ(ʔ)-s)[4]
rice, husked *ntsuwC *ʰmeiC (OC *(C.)mˤjʔ)
稻谷(谷粒) rice/millet, husked *tsʰɛŋB
ride *ɟej (OC *C.g(r)aj)
river *ɢlæwA *ndaiA
鹿子 river deer *ŋgu̯eiB
road/way *kləuX (OC *ˤuʔ)[4]
rob *hæD
石头 rock *ʔbeŋC
(石头) roll down *qləŋB (OC *kluːnʔ)
root *ɟoŋA *ndzuŋA
绳子 rope *ʰlæC
rot *lʉA
粗糙 rough/coarse *ntsʰaA (OC *Nə-s.r̥ˤa)
round *ɢlun (OC *ɢʷ<r>en)
salt *ntsjəuX (OC *N-ˤaj)
salty *qrowC *ndzaiA (OC *N-ˤaj)
草鞋 sandals, straw *səukD
帶子 sash/cord/rope *ʰljaŋ (OC *Cə-m.rəŋ)
scald *ʰlaŋA (OC *l̥ˤaŋ)
scatter/sprinkle *mpʰu̯ənH (OC *pʰɯːn, *pʰɯːns, *pɯns)
剪刀 scissors *ʔglji̯euB
scold/curse *qeC *hi̯emC
看见 see *bu̯ət
种子 seed *ʰnru̯em
seedling *ʔjɛŋA *ʔjaŋA (OC *qaŋ, *qaŋʔ)
避雨 seek shelter *ŋgreD
sell *mɛjH (OC *mˤrajʔ-s)
send/deliver *suŋH (OC *ˤoŋ-s)
seven *djuŋH *ŋjiC (OC *i)
sew *lju̯ɛnA (OC *ɡ·ron)
shallow *ŋkli̯əŋX *ɲenB
锐利 sharp *-rajH *ntsjæwC (OC *Nə-rək)
磨刀 sharpen/grind *hoB *dʰjæuC (OC *ˤoj-s)
落叶 shed leaves/drop *mblu̯eiC (OC *m.lru-s)[4]
sheep/goat *juŋ (OC *ɢaŋ)
shell/covering *pʰlei
shoes *kʰjɔC (OC *k-ro-s)
shoot *pənX
short *ʔlɛŋB *ʔnəŋB
shoulder *bʉC
shrink *ʰjuk (OC *ruk)
() shut (door) *sowD
梭子 shuttle *ɴɢəŋB *ɴɢlowB
害羞 shy *ʔɲæiA/B
镰刀 sickle *ljim (OC *ɡ·rem)
sieve, to *tsʰjɔC
silver *ɲʷi̯ən (OC *ŋrə)
sinew *sju̯eiB *kʷjanA (OC *C.ə)
sing/cry out *ɢæw (OC *ˤaw)
sink *dəŋA (MC drim)
嫂嫂 sister-in-law *ʔɲam
sit *dzu̯eiB (OC *ˤoʔ)
six *kruk (OC *k.ruk)
skin *N-top
skirt *tinA *gjunA (MC gjun)
天空 sky/heaven *wɛŋ; *ndɛuŋ; *ɴɢɛuŋ (OC *l̥ˤi); compare pHM *ŋ.lˠ-[3]
slant/slanting *ɢeA (MC yae|zjae)
sleep/lie down *pu̯eiH
slice *ʰlep
small/fine *sæiC (OC *ˤe(k)-s)
年轻 small/young *ʔjuwC (OC 'jiwH)
光滑 smooth/glossy *mbli̯əŋH (OC *aŋ-s)
smooth/slippery *ɴɢu̯at (OC *Nə-gˤrut)
螺蛳 snail *gʉA *klu̯eiA/B; *kʷlejA (OC *k.rˤoj) (OC *k.rˤoj)[4]
snake *ʔnaŋ
snap *tɛŋH
sniff at *ʰmji̯əmH
打鼾 snore *ŋgjanA
soak *dzeiH *ntsjæwC *doA (OC *zeɡs)
sober up *siŋB (MC sengX)
soft *mlu̯ɛjH
儿子男孩 son/boy *tu̯ɛn
女婿 son-in-law *ʔweiX
灰烬 soot *ŋkʰowA
sore/boil/blister *tsʰaŋ *kʷjejA (OC *raŋ)
高粱 sorghum *ntsjuC
soul/spirit *bljaA (OC *pʰˤrak)
sound *siŋA (MC syeng)
声音 sound/noise *-ʰruA
sour *suj (OC *ˤor)
播种 to sow *præwA
黄豆 soybean *N-peiX
span, arm *ɢraŋA *ju̯amA
span, finger *qroC
spicy *mbrat (OC *mə.rˤat)[4][3]
spill *(ʔ)jamC
纺车 spinning wheel *tsʰju̯aA (MC tsyhae)
spirit/ghost *qraŋA *ʰmjænB (OC *qʷˤə)
split/chop *pʰek (OC *pʰeːɡ)
sprinkle/spill *ɲcʰuB
squeeze/pinch *ʔlɨC *ʰɲaiC
起来 stand/get up *sjouX
星星 star *qɛŋA (OC *s-tsʰˤeŋ)
steal *ɲemH
steel *tsʰæwA
steep *ntsʰoŋA *gjujB
step *droA
step on/tread *dæD (OC *lˤap)
棍子 stick *praX
stomach *plaŋA *siA
石头 stone *-ʔrəu
凳子 stool/bench *təŋC (OC *tɯːŋs)
stop up/plug *ntsjot
stove *N-tsoH (OC *ˤuk-s) (OC *ʔsluːɡs)
straight *ɲci̯aŋA (MC tsyengH)
力气 strength *-rək *kʰləkD (OC *k.rək)
stretch *ɕoŋ
strip leaves *ndru̯eiC (OC *tˤrek)
抚摸 stroke *pʰlʉC *pʰlunA (OC *(r)aʔ)
stumble *ndzjowD
suck *ntseD
sun/day *ʰnɛŋA *ʰnu̯ɔiA (OC *C.nik)
swallow, to *ɴɢəŋB; *ɴqowC *ʔnəkD
sweep *cʰæwA *pʰu̯ətD; *ʔɟæuC (OC *pʰt) (OC *əʔ)[4]
sweet *Kam (OC *ˤm)
白薯 sweet potato *ndu̯əj
swell *ʔəumH
sword *ɲɟəukD
长刀 sword, long *ndaŋA
桌子 table *ndɔuA (OC *tˤrawk)
板凳 table/bench *drɔŋA (OC *tɯːŋs)
tael (40 grams) *li̯aŋB *lji̯oŋB (MC ljangX)
尾巴 tail *tu̯eiX (OC *əjʔ)
take *tjɔkD (OC *(ˤ)rok)
芋头 taro *wouH (OC *ʷ(r)a-s)
taste/try *ʰmeiH (MC mj+jH)
tea *gjiB *ɟaA (OC *rlaː)
() tear, to *qru̯aC
告诉 tell *ʔboC (OC *pˤuk-s)
庙宇 temple *miuC (MC mjewH)
ten *gju̯ɛp (OC *t.əp)
ten thousand *wi̯aŋC (OC *C.ma-s)
tender *ʔrəunH (OC *nuːns)
that *ʔweB
() that/the former *ʔɨB
thick *tæA *ɦɔuB (MC huwX)
() thick (liquid) *ŋgjɔŋC
() thick (porridge) *gətD
() thick/dense *makD
thigh *pæA *djujA
thin *sjɔŋA; *ɲenB *bi̯ɛkD; *glæiC (OC *njamʔ, *neːmʔ); (OC *ˤak)
thin (person) *ndzu̯eiC
think of *həmB (OC *nˤim-s)
thirsty *NKʰat (OC *Nə-ʰˤat)
this *ʔneinX
thorn *-boB *ʔɟimB
thousand *tsʰi̯en (MC tshen)
线 thread *S-pʰoB *sujC
穿() thread, to *cʰu̯en 穿 (OC *tʰo)
three *pjɔu
(衣服) throw on (clothes) *mpu̯aC (OC *m-pʰ(r)ajʔ-s)
画眉鸟 thrush (hua mei niao 画眉鸟, Garrulax canorus) *cɔŋA
thunder *mpu̯ə *S-pʰoA
tie/cross (legs) *qʰeA
老虎 tiger *tsjɔB *ŋgljænA; *kjənB (OC *ˤaʔ) (OC *qʰˤraʔ)
tile *ŋʷæX (OC *C.ŋʷˤraʔ)
tilt-hammer/pestle *tu̯ɔiC (OC *tuːls)
tin *tsʰæD (OC *s.lˤek)
舌头 tongue *mblet (OC *mə.lat)
牙齿 tooth *ʰmjinX
乌龟 tortoise *duH
跟踪 track, to *ndroC
圈套 trap/ensnare *cuA
tree *ntju̯əŋH *S-pʰruA (OC *m-toʔ-s)
香椿 tree of heaven (Toona sinensis) *jɛŋA
trough *qroŋA *dzuA (OC *ʔsluː, *zluː)
turbid *ŋkroB/ŋgroB *ŋglokD
双生子 twin *mpljeA
(绳子) twist/rub *S-pʰu̯aA *ɕætD
two *ʔu̯i
叔父 uncle *jæuX (OC *(r)uʔ)
尿 urine *-raX
use *oŋC (OC *loŋ-s)
used to *lju̯aC
vegetable *ʔræi (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ-s)
vertical/upright *ndzjæwC (OC *N-t<r>ək)
村寨 village *rəŋX (OC *(mə.)rəʔ)
藤子 vine *ʰmein (OC *C.ma-s)
waist *qlajX
等候 wait *dəŋB *tjɔuB (OC *tˤəŋʔ)
wake *dzjaD
walk *jəŋA
核桃 walnut *qlowC
暖和 warm *sji̯ouX (MC syoX)
() warm self by fire *ntauH
() wash (hands) *ntsæwX (OC *mə-tsˤawʔ) (OC *mə-tsˤawʔ)[4]
water *ʔu̯əm
水牛 water buffalo/cow *ŋiuŋ (OC *ʷə)
water, to *rəmA; *ɲɟunA (OC *rm)
weave *ntət *tsi̯ɛkD (OC *tək)
(簸箕) weave/plait *hinA
wedged in *ntrinC
weed/hoe *ntʰuC
weep *ʔɲæmX
湿 wet *ntu̯ɛn
什么 what *tsjɨB
麦子 wheat *muŋC
which *dʉC *aiC
鞭子 whip *mblowD *pinA (OC *pe)
白色 white *qlowA *bækD (MC baek)
whorl at top of head *jɨB
wide *Kʷi̯aŋX (OC *kʷˤaŋʔ)
舅母 wife of mother's brother *mjəŋA
妻子姐姐 wife/elder sister *ʔwæwB (OC *ʔˤuʔ)[4]
野狗 wild dog *ʰmaŋC
野猫 wildcat *pljɨD (OC *p.rə)
wind *N-cæwH
翅膀 wing *N-tat
眨眼 wink *ntsjep (OC *mə-ˤrp)
() winnow *prɔŋB *ʰɲumC
簸箕 winnowing fan *ʔwaŋA *ɕi̯əŋA (OC *-s)
wipe *sjəŋC *sotD (OC *rt) (OC *sʰlaːd)
wooden basin *pjatD
word/character *ndzaŋC (OC *mə-dzə(ʔ)-s)
wring *proC
write *ʰru̯eiC *xjaB (MC luwH); (OC *s-qʰAʔ)
year *ʰɲu̯əŋH *ɕɔŋC (OC *C.nˤi)
黄色 yellow *ɢʷaŋA *wi̯əŋA (OC *N-kʷˤaŋ); (OC *ʷˤaŋ)
年轻 young *ʰljæD
年轻人 young man *ndru̯eiC *mbjauA
弟弟 younger brother *ku̯eiX

Chen (2013)

The following list of 513 Proto-Miao-Yao reconstructed forms is from Chen (2013: 905-910). English translations of the original Chinese glosses have also been provided.

The tones are:

平 (píng) level A
上 (shǎng) rising B
去 (qù) departing C
入 (rù) entering D

Note that the tone notation below has been converted to be consistent with that of Ratliff (2010). Chen's notation makes use of the original Chinese 平, 上, 去, and 入 instead of A, B, C, and D.

Voiceless nasals, transcribed in Chen (2013) as *C̥-, have been transcribed below as *ʰC- for readability.

No. Chinese gloss English gloss Proto-Miao-Yao
1 sky *ɴɢwəŋ A
2 太阳 sun *ʰnɐi A
3 月亮 moon *ɬa C
4 star *qɛŋ A
5 thunder *ʍjo A
6 闪电 lightning *rap D
7 闪电 lightning *ljak D
8 wind *kjɑu C
9 rain *mluŋ C
10 snow *mpɛn C
11 frost *tlau C
12 fog *hu A
13 ground, earth *tau A
14 mountain range *ram A
15 石头 stone *ʔrau A
16 hole, cave *qʰɔŋ B
17 water *ʔwum A
18 river *ɢle A
19 gold *kjɛm A
20 knee *dzjɔi C
21 feather, body hair *pljei A
22 bone marrow *ɬoi A
23 胡须 beard *ŋjaŋ C
24 辫子 braid *mbjin B
25 skin *təp D
26 bone *tʰluŋ B
27 meat, flesh *ɴɢəi A
28 rib *srei B
29 blood *ntsʰram B
30 lung *mprit D
31 心肝 liver, heart, organs *ʰrau A
32 gallbladder *tsrou A
33 肠子 intestines *ʰŋjɛu B
34 pus *bɔi C
35 excrement *qai B
36 尿 urine *wrɛ B
37 污垢 dirt, pollution *ŋkjeu B
38 脚印 footprint *ʰmjæn B
39 名字 name *mpe C
40 苍蝇 fly (insect) *mɔŋ B
41 蚊子 mosquito *ʔjɑŋ B
42 蚂蚁 ant *mpʰjou B
43 蚯蚓 earthworm *kjuŋ A
44 螺蛳 snail *ɢroi A
45 蝴蝶 butterfly *mpjæ C
46 tree *ntɑŋ C
47 fir *kjin A
48 root *gjuŋ A
49 叶子 leaf *mblem A
50 flower *bjaŋ A
51 果子 fruit *pjou B
52 peach *ɢlɑu A
53 pear *rai A
54 竹子 bamboo *ɬɔ B
55 竹子 bamboo *pli A
56 bamboo shoot *mbrai C
57 rice (plant) *mblau A
58 seedling *ʔjɛŋ A
59 ear *ʰnraŋ A
60 rice (cooked) *ʰnɔŋ C
61 liquor *tsjiu B
62 tea *gji B
63 粑粑 rice cake *ŋkjeu B
64 bran, husk, chaff *ʍjɑu C
65 poison *duk D
66 medicine *ŋkjai A
67 stove, hearth *tsəu C
68 pot *win B
69 caldron *tsrɛŋ C
70 mortar *dzjɛu B
71 筷子 chopsticks *dreu C
72 坛子 earthen jar *ʔeŋ A
73 bucket, container *tʰoŋ B
74 clothes *ʔeu B
75 蓑衣 rain clothes *sui A
76 trousers *qʰeu C
77 裙子 skirt *teŋ A
78 帽子 hat *mɔu C
79 斗笠 bamboo hat *kup D
80 lock *so B
81 saw *kjeu C
82 粉末 powder *mpɛn B
83 ink *mɑk D
84 fragrant *ɕoŋ A
85 价钱 price *ɴqɛ C
86 paint *tsʰet D
87 shoe *ɦai A
88 one *ʔi A
89 two *ʔwə A
90 three *pe A
91 four *plei A
92 five *prɛ A
93 six *krɔk D
94 seven *dzruŋ C
95 eight *jɛt D
96 nine *gju A
97 ten *gjəp D
98 hundred *pɛk D
99 thousand *tsʰen A
100 thin (diameter) *mun B
101 red *sjik D
102 yellow *ɢwaŋ A
103 绿 green *mpru A
104 black *qlɛŋ A
105 white *qleu A
106 fat (adj.) *grun C
107 thin (not fat) *dzæi C
108 fast *ʰrak D
109 slow *man C
110 light, bright *qwaŋ A
111 dark *qrek D
112 far *qwe A
113 near *ʔre C
114 clear *ntsʰreŋ A
115 murky *ndrəu B
116 deep *tlo A
117 round *ɢlun A
118 弯曲 crooked, bent *ŋkʰok D
119 sour *srui A
120 wear (hat) *ntoŋ C
121 look *mɔŋ C
122 看见 see *bat D
123 blink *ntsrop D
124 listen *ʰmɑŋ C
125 听见 hear *ʰnom B
126 sniff, smell *ʰmjɛm C
127 count *ʰrau B
128 ask *nɐi C
129 answer *tau A
130 weep, cry *ŋjæn B
131 laugh *krɑt D
132 eat *nɑm A
133 eat *njɛn C
134 drink *hup D
135 () blow (fire) *pʰru A
136 () blow (instrument) *pʰrəu B
137 chew *tsjai C
138 bite *kok D
139 swallow *ɴɢɔŋ B
140 go *mriŋ B
141 回来 return, come back *ʔlɔ B
142 回转 turn around *ntrun B
143 surround *woi A
144 marry (of woman) *qɑ C
145 () descend (mountain) *ɴɢɛ B
146 起来 stand up *gwɛ B
147 pass, cross over *gwai C
148 sleep *poi C
149 攀登 ascend *ntsjau C
150 lie down, rest *srəu C
151 进入 enter *bjek D
152 到达 arrive *dzɔ C
153 hide (tr.) *ʔrək D
154 itch *kʰjət D
155 pain *ʔmun A
156 afraid *ntsʰræ A
157 饿 hungry *tsʰræ A
158 知道 know *pei A
159 忘记 forget *ʰnrɛu B
160 write *srɛ B
161 stuff (v.) *ntsrok D
162 rub *srɔŋ C
163 pound (v.) *tu B
164 sweep *tsʰje A
165 () quantity (rice) *lrɛŋ A
166 () grind (knife) *hɛu B
167 fly *ʔjaŋ C
168 lick *jɛp D
169 () call (of bird) *ɢəu A
170 crow (of bird) *qai C
171 () pile (soil) *pʰoi A
172 fight *ntreu C
173 hatch *bu C
174 bite *dap D
175 peck *ntsjok D
176 () lay (eggs) *ndau C
177 full, filled *pəŋ B
178 flow *ljou C
179 boil *mpei C
180 silver *njian A
181 copper, bronze *doŋ A
182 iron *ɬek D
183 salt *ntsrau B
184 fire *deu B
185 smoke *ntsʰjɛu C
186 () burn (tr.), ignite (fire) *tok D
187 charcoal *tʰɑn C
188 ashes *tsʰræi B
189 village *rɔŋ B
190 garden *waŋ A
191 field *lriŋ A
192 road *klau B
193 bridge *gieu A
194 ditch *kɔu A
195 head *ʍæi B
196 head *plei B
197 眼睛 eye *mɐi C
198 鼻子 nose *mbrit D
199 dream *mpei C
200 声音 sound *ʰru A
201 声音 sound *siŋ A
202 strength *rək D
203 mule *lo A
204 type of pig *lɔŋ A
205 goose *ŋɑ A
206 horse *mja B
207 鬃毛 mane *tsoŋ A
208 尾巴 tail *tloi B
209 cattle, cow *ŋjəŋ A
210 horn *kləŋ A
211 sheep *juŋ A
212 dog *qlau B
213 pig *mpɑu C
214 猴子 monkey *ʔleŋ A
215 老虎 tiger *tsrəu B
216 bear *qljop D
217 穿山甲 pangolin *rɔi C
218 豪猪 porcupine *dzei C
219 种子 seed *ʔnrem A
220 glutinous rice *mblut D
221 麦子 wheat *mrek D
222 荞麦 buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) *gjeu A
223 红薯 sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) *ndɑi A
224 bean *dup D
225 黄豆 soybean *pei B
226 vegetable *ʔræi A
227 melon *qwa A
228 茄子 eggplant *gje A
229 芋头 taro *weu C
230 藠头 chives (Allium chinense) *ɢlju B
231 ginger *qʰreŋ B
232 萝卜 radish *bɑk D
233 苋菜 amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) *ɢin C
234 shell, cowrie *qʰok D
235 芭蕉 banana *tsriu A
236 木耳 wood ear *ŋkjau A
237 蕨菜 bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) *ʰru A
238 ramie (Boehmeria) *ndu C
239 ramie (Boehmeria) *ljap D
240 裹腿 legging *ntʰrɑŋ A
241 cloth *ntei A
242 线 thread *ʍjo B
243 线 thread *sui C
244 织布机 sewing machine *dzuŋ A
245 梭子 shuttle *ɴɢɔŋ B
246 needle *kjem A
247 手镯 bracelet *bui C
248 房子 house *prau B
249 柱子 pillar *ŋgjau A
250 tile *ŋwɑ B
251 building *tuŋ C
252 梯子 ladder *tʰei A
253 凳子 bench, stool *taŋ C
254 saddle *ʔon A
255 door *greŋ A
256 pen, corral *nglɔn A
257 granary *rɛm B
258 bed *tsʰjeu C
259 catty *kjɔn A
260 double *ljəŋ B
261 carry (on shoulders) *ntɑm C
262 fight *teu B
263 rise *sreŋ A
264 () half (day) *ntam B
265 (一个) money *dzen A
266 li (distance) *lji B
267 tuo (length) *ɢljaŋ A
268 classifier (general) *ʔlɔm A
269 () classifier (person) *lɑn A
270 classifier (bird) *dlɛŋ B
271 classifier (root) *traŋ A
272 classifier (flower) *trɔi B
273 bed *pʰun A
274 leak *ndrəu C
275 double *ŋglok D
276 我们 we *pe A
277 you (sg.) *mi A
278 he, she *nɐn A
279 sweet *qam A
280 bitter *ʔim A
281 spicy hot *mbrɛt D
282 () fragrant *ntaŋ A
283 smelly, stinky *tsroi C
284 old *əu B
285 soft, tender *ʔrun C
286 new *tsʰreŋ A
287 old *qo C
288 勤快 diligent, hardworking *ɴɢɑi C
289 lazy *ŋglen B
290 lazy *lui C
291 cold *ʔnɑm C
292 hot *kʰɛŋ A
293 hot *klom A
294 cool *dzeŋ B
295 warm *srɛu B
296 soft *mljɐi C
297 hard *tɑu B
298 light (weight) *kʰwɐ A
299 light (weight) *ɴqeu C
300 make noise *qlai A
301 咳嗽 cough *ʰnup D
302 穿() thread (needle) *tsʰjun A
303 穿() wear (clothes) *ʰnaŋ B
304 () open (door) *qʰai A
305 () open (door) *put D
306 () close (door) *tsʰok D
307 rub *ʍjɑ A
308 pull *tsjuŋ C
309 编织 weave *heŋ A
310 beat, slap *mbɑu A
311 () cover *ʔrəu B
312 解开 untie *ntʰai B
313 catch *ɴɢwe B
314 do *ʔɐi C
315 释放 release, free *tsrɔŋ C
316 放下 lay down *pɔŋ C
317 () squeeze (louse) *ʔlɛ C
318 sprinkle *mpʰɑŋ C
319 dare *qam B
320 认识 know, recognize *ntsjek D
321 return *bui A
322 gamble, bet *teu B
323 catch, receive *dru C
324 harm *ɦai C
325 make, build *dzjaŋ A
326 defeat *bai C
327 have *mrɛi A
328 want *ʔjɑ B
329 borrow *qa B
330 steal *ŋjem C
331 buy *mɛi B
332 sell *mɛi C
333 得到 get, obtain *tuk D
334 kill *tai C
335 slice *ɬak D
336 () cut, hack (tree) *ntɔ B
337 cut open *pʰai C
338 split (tr.) *pʰjɐ A
339 溶化 melt *jaŋ A
340 破裂 split open (intr.) *deu C
341 (线) break (of thread) *tlɛŋ C
342 fold *ʔlɔ B
343 fall, collapse *ɢɔi C
344 swell, swollen *ʔom C
345 die, dead *dai C
346 rotten *ʔloi A
347 rotten *klam C
348 lack *ɴqwak D
349 finish *dzjaŋ B
350 () turn over, capsize (of boat) *mpʰui C
351 sink *dem A
352 collapse *pɔŋ A
353 roll around *qljun B
354 () tie (v.); knot (n.) *pjou C
355 face *ʰmɛn A
356 耳朵 ear *mbrau A
357 mouth *dzjui A
358 mouth *ʔlɔ C
359 tongue *mbljet D
360 tooth *m̥jɛm B
361 脖子 neck *qlaŋ A
362 armpit *tsrɑp D
363 waist *qlai B
364 肚脐 navel *ntət D
365 male genitals *kæi C
366 女阴 female genitals *ʍɔt D
367 屁股 buttocks *qaŋ
368 脊背 back (body) *ɢek D
369 hand *bre B
370 手指 finger *nta B
371 手指 finger *ntɔk D
372 foot *teu C
373 foot *lɔ A
374 水獭 otter *ntsʰrai A
375 老鼠 mouse, rat *naŋ B
376 bird *mlɔk D
377 翅膀 wing *tlɔt D
378 鸟窝 nest (of bird) *rau B
379 chicken *qei A
380 鸭子 duck *ʔap D
381 egg *qrau C
382 hawk *qlaŋ B
383 斑鸠 turtledove *ɴqu A
384 画眉 thrush *tsjɑŋ A
385 fish *mbrau B
386 frog *qaŋ B
387 snake *ʔnaŋ A
388 dragon *roŋ A
389 insect *klaŋ A
390 臭虫 bedbug *pi A
391 louse (body) *tɛm B
392 flea *ʰməŋ A
393 头虱 louse (head) *ntsʰrei B
394 庄稼 crops *qoŋ A
395 蓝靛 indigo *ŋglam A
396 茅草 thatch grass *ɴqɑn A
397 藤子 rattan *ʰmljei A
398 person, human being *mlən A
399 guest *qʰɛk D
400 () female (animal) *mjɛp D
401 male (animal) *pu B
402 uncle *je B
403 saint *nɛu B
404 儿子 son *ton A
405 daughter-in-law *ŋjam A
406 女儿 daughter *mpʰjak D
407 女婿 son-in-law *ʔwei B
408 丈夫 husband *gjaŋ C
409 妻子 wife *we B
410 姐姐 elder sister *ʔau B
411 ghost *qljaŋ A
412 king *woŋ A
413 carpenter *dzrɔŋ C
414 枕头 pillow *ŋkjum C
415 boat *ŋglɔŋ A
416 axe *tluk D
417 凿子 chisel *dzuk D
418 绳子 rope *ɬou C
419 镰刀 sickle *ljem A
420 簸箕 winnowing basket *ʔwaŋ A
421 trough, manger *qljuŋ A
422 bamboo pipe *druŋ A
423 box *ɦup D
424 vessel, container *ɦəu A
425 cage *roŋ A
426 bamboo strip *ntsjuk D
427 扇子 fan *mbjɛp D
428 梳子 comb *ɣau C
429 bow *ʰna B
430 gun *tsjoŋ C
431 drum *dru B
432 paper *nteu B
433 scale (weighing) *ntsʰjɛŋ C
434 which? *doi C
435 this *ʔnæŋ B
436 中间 middle *ntroŋ A
437 后边 behind *qaŋ A
438 晚上 evening *ʰmɔŋ C
439 year (age) *ʰŋjaŋ C
440 no, not *mə A
441 high, tall *ʰreŋ A
442 short, low *ɢe B
443 thick *tɑu A
444 thin *ŋjeŋ B
445 big *ɬjəu A
446 small *ʔjui C
447 many *ntɔi C
448 few *dzrok D
449 long *ntlau B
450 short *ʔlɛŋ B
451 wide *qwaŋ B
452 narrow *ɴɢak D
453 thick, coarse *tsʰeu A
454 heavy *ʰŋjæŋ B
455 dry *ɴqʰai A
456 湿 wet *nton A
457 () raw, unripe *ŋjum B
458 cooked *sreŋ B
459 粗糙 rough *ntsʰɛ A
460 光滑 smooth *mbljeŋ C
461 锋利 sharp *rai C
462 dry *qʰɑu B
463 thirsty *ɴqʰɔt D
464 full, satiated *tsrui C
465 early *ntsɛu B
466 long (time) *ʔlau A
467 干净 clean *ntsʰæ A
468 slip, fall *ɴɢut D
469 deaf *luŋ A
470 deaf *tlɔŋ A
471 good *ʔroŋ C
472 thin, watery, diluted *ʰrɛ A
473 thick, viscuous *ŋjoŋ A
474 hang *ɢwan A
475 get, receive *sreu A
476 share *pon A
477 stretch, reach *ɕuŋ A
478 stick, plug, insert *tʰrep D
479 connect, receive *tsip D
480 stand *sreu B
481 walk *ɦaŋ A
482 stand up *ljɑp D
483 ride (horse) *gji A
484 roast (fire) *ntau C
485 live, be at *ŋjəm A
486 raise (animals) *jəŋ B
487 逃脱 escape *tət D
488 give *suŋ C
489 come *dai A
490 等候 wait *dɔŋ B
491 lift *qɐŋ A
492 carry *koi B
493 guard, watch *ʔrəu B
494 shoot *pun B
495 cut (hair) *klɛp D
496 () weave *ntat D
497 cover (v.) *mbɛu C
498 sew *run A
499 repair, mend, fix *mpjɛ B
500 cook *hɔi C
501 cook *tsjeu B
502 steam *tsjɛŋ A
503 fry *kɐ A
504 scoop *hip D
505 () burn (mountain) *pʰe B
506 () wash (hand) *ntsau B
507 () wash (clothes) *tsʰu C
508 wrap *qʰoi B
509 tie (v.) *qʰəi A
510 tie (v.) *du A
511 wipe *tsʰut D
512 drip *ljɛm A
513 hook *ɴqau C

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Wang, Fushi 王輔世. 1994. Miaoyu guyin gouni 苗语古音構擬 / Reconstruction of Proto-Miao Language. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) / Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo 國立亞非語言文化硏究所.
  2. ^ Wang, Fushi 王辅世; Mao, Zongwu 毛宗武. 1995. Miao-Yao yu guyin gouni 苗瑤语古音构拟. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Ostapirat, Weera (2016) “Issues in the Reconstruction and Affiliation of Proto-Miao-Yao”, in Language and Linguistics, volume 17, number 1, →DOI, pages 133–145
  4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 Baxter, William H., Sagart, Laurent (2014) Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, →ISBN

References

  • Chen, Qiguang . 2013. Miao and Yao language . Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House . →ISBN
  • Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. →ISBN.
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Jejara • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic (Swadesh) • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian