Appendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions

Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word Appendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word Appendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say Appendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word Appendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions you have here. The definition of the word Appendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition ofAppendix:Proto-Kra-Dai reconstructions, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.

The following lists of reconstructed Proto-Kra-Dai forms are from Ostapirat (2018) and Norquest (2020).

Ostapirat (2018)

Weera Ostapirat (2018a)[1] reconstructs disyllabic forms for Proto-Kra–Dai, rather than sesquisyllabic or purely monosyllabic forms. His Proto-Kra–Dai reconstructions also contains the finals */-c/ and */-l/.[2] Ostapirat (2018b:113)[3] lists the following of his own Proto-Kra–Dai reconstructions.

Notes:

  • */K-/: either /k-/ or /q-/
  • */C-/: unspecified consonant
  • */T-/ and */N-/ are distinct from */t-/ and */n-/.
Gloss Proto-Kra–Dai
blood *pɤlaːc
bone *Kudɤːk
ear *qɤrɤː
eye *maTaː
hand *(C)imɤː
nose *(ʔ)idaŋ
tongue *(C)əmaː
tooth *lipan
dog *Kamaː
fish *balaː
horn *paquː
louse *KuTuː
fire *(C)apuj
stone *KaTiːl
star *Kadaːw
water *(C)aNam
I (1.SG) *akuː
Thou (2.SG) *isuː; amɤː
one *(C)itsɤː
two *saː
die *maTaːj
name *(C)adaːn
full *pətiːk
new *(C)amaːl

Norquest (2020)

Norquest (2020) lists the following of his own Proto-Kra–Dai and other lower-level reconstructions.[4]

Norquest (2020) proposes the preglottalized sonorants *ʔb, *ʔd, *ʔɖ, *ʔɟ for Proto-Kra–Dai, as part of a four-way phonation distinction in Kra-Dai sonorants consisting of preaspirated, voiceless, plain, and preglottalized sonorants.[4]

GLOSS p-Kra-Dai p-Lakkja p-Kam-Sui p-Ong-Be p-Tai p-Hlai
‘thin’ *C-báːŋ *w̥aːŋ *C-baːŋ *ˀbjaŋ *C-baːŋ
‘bone’ *Cudə́ːk *C-ˀɖaːk *r̥ɯk *C-dwoːk *Cuɾɯːk
‘boat’ *Cuɖáː *j̊waː *C-ˀɖrwaː *rwaː *C-ɖwaː *Cuɾaː
‘borrow’ *C-ɟáːm *l̥aːm *ˀjaːm *ˀjɯːm
‘village’ *Cəˀbáːnʔ *ˀbaːnʔ *ˀbaːnʔ *ˀbaːnʔ
‘winnow basket’ *Cəˀdóŋʔ *l̥oŋʔ *ˀdɔŋʔ *r̥oːŋ X *ˀdoŋʔ *ɗoŋʔ
‘to stand’ *Cəˀɟún *j̊uːn *ˀɟun *j̊un *ˀɟɯn *tɕuːn
‘dog’ *kʰmáː *kʰ-mwaː *k-hmaː *m̥aː *m̥aː *hmaː
‘ditch’ *-m̥ˠáːŋ *T-m̥jaːŋ *m̥aŋ *m̥ɯəŋ
‘ant’ *r-móȶ *mot *r-mət *muːʔ *moc *hmuȶ
‘bear’ *kəˀmˠúj *k-Nuːj *ˀmjeː *m̥wiː *ˀmuj
‘thick’ *tsəˀnáː *ts-Naː *ˀɳaː *n̥aː *n̥aː *ˀnaː
‘cold’ *kəˀȵít *k-Niːt *ˀȵit *n̥iːt *n̥it
‘stupid’ *Cəˀŋáːŋh *ˀŋaːŋh *ˀŋaːŋh *ŋ̊əːŋ X
‘gills’ *Cəˀŋˠáːk *ˀȵaːk *ŋaːk *ŋ̊ɯək *ˀŋaːk
‘taro’ *pəˀrˠáːk *j̊aːk (< *r̥aːk) *ˀrjaːk *ʃaːk *prɯək *hraːk
‘moan’ *gəˀráːŋ *j̊aːŋ (< *r̥aːŋ) *ˀraːŋ *graːŋ
‘hungry’ *məˀjáːk *m-ˀjaːk *j̊ak *ˀjaːk
‘stupid’ *Cəˀwáːʔ *ˀwaːʔ *ˀwaːʔ

References

  1. ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2018a. Reconstructing Disyllabic Kra-Dai. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17–19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
  2. ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2009. Proto-Tai and Kra–Dai finals *-l and *-c. Journal of Language and Culture Vol. 28 No. 2 (July - December 2009).
  3. ^ Ostapirat, Weera. 2018b. "Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined." In Let's Talk about Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. DOI: 10.15021/00009006.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Norquest, Peter. 2020. A Hypothesis on the Origin of Preglottalized Sonorants in Kra-Dai. 38th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia. DOI: 10.14288/1.0389866.
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Jejara • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic (Swadesh) • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian