The following list of 181 words in three Puroik dialects, in addition to Proto-Puroik (the reconstructed proto-language of the Puroik lects), is from Lieberherr (2015: 280-286). Lieberherr (2015)[1] reconstructs Proto-Puroik, drawing data from the Chayangtajo dialect and the newly described Kojo-Rojo and Bulu dialects. Forms from the Rawa and Saria dialects have also been included.[1]
| Gloss | Puroik (Bulu) |
Puroik (Kojo-Rojo) |
Puroik (Chayangtajo) |
Proto-Puroik |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG (I) | guu | goo | goo | *goo |
| 2SG (you, sg.) | naa | (naŋ) | naa | *naŋ (?) |
| 3SG (he, she) | vɛɛ | wai | wɛɛ | *vai |
| 1PL (we) | (g-rii) | gə-nii | g-rei | *gə-ńei (?) |
| 2PL (you, pl.) | (na-rii) | na-nii | na-rei | *na-ńei (?) |
| 1DU (we two) | gə-se-niʔ/(gə-he-niʔ) | gə-se-nii | gə-sɛ-nii | *gə-se-niʔ (?) |
| imperfective suffix | -na | -na | -na | *-na |
| pretemporal | -ryila | -ruila | -ruila | *-ruila |
| one | *? | |||
| two | niʔ | (nii) | nii | *niʔ |
| three | ɨm | ɻɨm | ɯk | *ɨm̄ (?) |
| four | vii | wɻei | wɻei | *vɻei |
| five | wuu | woo | wuu | *woo (?) |
| six | rəʔ | rəʔ | rək | *rək |
| seven | mə-ljɛɛ | jei | ljɛɛ | *mə-ljai |
| eight | mə-ljao | jau | (laa) | *mə-ljaa |
| nine | duNgii | duŋgɻee | doŋgɻɛɛ | *doŋ-gjee (?) |
| ten | suɛN | ʃuan | suaik | *suan̄ (?) |
| above | a-tʃaN | a-tʃjaŋ | a-tʃuaŋ | *a-tʃuaŋ (?) |
| alive | a-seN | a-sən | a-sik | *a-sen̄ |
| ant | (dʒamdʒuʔ) | gamgɻuʔ | gɻɛŋgɻo | *gjamgjoʔ |
| awaken (intr.) | ʒao | ʒau | jaa | *jaa |
| bamboo (edible) | ma-bjao | mə-bɻau | mə-bɻaa | *ma-bjaa |
| before | bui | bui | bue | *bui |
| belly (exterior) | a-ɬyi-buN | hui-buŋ | a-ɬue-buk | *a-ɬui-buŋ̄ |
| belly (interior) | a-ɬyi | a-hui | a-ɬue | *a-ɬui |
| bird | pə-duu | pə-doo | pə-dou | *pə-dou (?) |
| bite | tɔɔ | tua | tua | *tua |
| bitter | a-tʃaʔ | a-tʃuaʔ | a-tʃjaa | *a-tʃuaʔ (?) |
| black | a-hjɛN | a-hjeĩ | a-hjɛ̃ | *a-hjaĩ |
| blow | fuu | fuu | (fuk) | *fuu |
| blue | a-pii | a-pii | a-pii | *a-pii |
| blood | a-hui | a-fui | a-hue | *a-hui (?) |
| bone | a-zɛN | a-zan | a-zaik | *a-zan̄ |
| bow | lɨɨ | lei | lei | *lei (?) |
| branch | a-kjɛɛ | hɻɨn-kɻei | hɻeŋ-kɻɛɛ | *kjai |
| breast (female) | a-njɛɛ | a-njei | a-njɛɛ | *a-njai |
| breathe | ʒuu | ʒuu | joo | *joo |
| bridge (not hanging) | ka-tyiN | ka-tun | ka-tuik | *ka-tun̄ |
| brother (younger) | a-nɔɔ | a-nua | anua | *a-nua |
| burn (transitive) | rii | rii | rii | *rii |
| can | muɛN | muan | muaiŋ | *muan |
| cane | rii | rei | rei | *rei |
| cave | wuʔ | uʔ | oo | *woʔ |
| chicken | ||||
| child | a-dəə | a-doo | a-dou | *a-dou (?) |
| cloth | ɛʔ | aiʔ | aik (Rawa at) | *at |
| crazy | a-bjao | a-bɻaa | bɻaa-bo | *abjaa |
| cry | (tʃɛʔ) | tʃap | tʃjap | *tʃjap (?) |
| cut (hit with dao) | pɛN | pan | paik | *pan̄ |
| cut (without leaving the blade) |
iʔ | iʔ | ii | *iʔ |
| day | a-nii | a-nii | a-rii | *a-ńii |
| die | ii | ii | ii | *ii |
| dig | tʃuʔ | tʃuʔ | tʃoo | *tʃoʔ |
| do/make | ||||
| door | haN-wuiN | ha-wun | tʃuk-wuik | *HOUSE-wun̄ |
| down | buu | buu | buu | *buu |
| dream | baN | baŋ | bak | *baŋ̄ |
| drink | in | in | *in | |
| dry | a-wuɛN | a-wuan | a-wuaik | *awuan̄ |
| ear | a-kuiN | a-kun | a-kuik | *a-kun̄ |
| eat | tʃii | tʃii | tʃii | *tʃii |
| extinguish (intr.) | biʔ | bik (Rawa bit) | *bit | |
| existential copula | wɛɛ | |||
| eye | a-kəm | a-kəm | a-kək | *a-kəm̄ |
| fall (from a height) | ɬuʔ | huʔ (ɬuʔ) | ɬjok-lo | *ɬuk (?) |
| fart | waiʔ | wai | wɛɛ | *waiʔ |
| far | a-tʃoi | a-tʃai | a-tʃjɛɛ | *a-tʃuai (?) |
| fat/grease | a-ʒɔɔ | a-zjaa | a-zua | *azua (?) |
| female/mother | a-mɔɔ | a-mua | a-mua | *a-mua |
| fingernail | (ageʔ gə-sɨn) | gei-sin | geisik | *ge-sin̄ |
| fire | bɛɛ | bai | bɛɛ | *bai |
| firewood | ʃiN | hɻɨn | hɻeŋ | *sjen (?) |
| fish | ||||
| flow | nyɛ | nuai | ruɛ | *ńuai |
| flower | a-buɛN | hɻɨn-buan | mə-buaik | *buan̄ |
| food | mə-luɛN | mə-luan | mə-luaik | *mə-luan̄ |
| frog | rəʔ | rəʔ | rəə | *rəʔ |
| fruit | ʃiN-wɛɛ | hɻɨn-wai | roŋ-wɛɛ | *wai |
| full | ljɛɛ | jei | ljɛɛ | *ljai |
| full/satiated | mɨŋ | moŋ | moŋ | *moŋ |
| garlic (Allium hookeri) | daN | daŋ | dak | *daŋ̄ |
| ghost | mə-ɬao | mə-hau (mə-ɬau) | mə-ɬaa | *mə-ɬaa |
| give | taN | taŋ | taŋ | *taŋ |
| green | a-rjɛɛ | a-rjei | a-rjɛɛ | *a-rjai |
| guts | a-ɬyi-rin | a-hui-rin | a-ɬue-riŋ | *a-ɬui-rin |
| hair (on body) | a-mɨn | a-mən | a-muiŋ | *a-mun |
| hair (on head) | kə-zaN | (kə-zjaŋ) | kə-zak | *kə-zaŋ̄ |
| hand/arm | a-geʔ | a-geiʔ | a-geik (Rawa gət) | *a-gət |
| head | a-kuN | a-kuŋ-bəə | a-kok-bəə | *akoŋ̄ |
| heart | a-luN-bəə | a-luŋ-bəə | a-lok-bəə | *a-loŋ̄-bəə |
| hold in mouth | mom | ? | mom | *mom |
| husband | a-wui | a-wui | a-wue | *a-wui |
| ill/sick | naN | naŋ | raŋ | *ńaŋ |
| itch | ɔɔ | a-wua | a-wua | *a-wua |
| kill | aiʔ | aik (Rawa at) | *at | |
| knife (machete) | tʃii | tʃee | tʃee | *tʃee (?) |
| know | dɛN | dan | daik | *dan̄ |
| leaf | a-ləp | (hɻɨn-jəp) | a-lək | *ljəp |
| leech | wɛʔ | waiʔ | ka-waik (Rawa pəwat) | *ka-wat |
| left side | pa-fii | pua-fii | pua-fee | *puafee (?) |
| leg | a-lɛɛ | a-lai | a-lɛɛ | *lai |
| lick | ljaʔ | jaa | vjaa | *? |
| light | a-tɔɔ | a-tua | a-tua | *a-tua |
| listen | nɨŋ | nuŋ | roŋ | *ńoŋ |
| liver | a-pjiN | a-pjin | a-pjik | *a-pjin̄ |
| long | a-pjaN | a-pɻaŋ | a-pɻaŋ | *a-pjaŋ |
| louse (head) | *? | |||
| male/father | a-pɔɔ | a-pua | a-pua | *apua |
| man | a-fuu | a-foo | a-fuu | *a-fuu (?) |
| marrow | (a-ɬyiN) | a-hin | a-ɬiŋ | *a-ɬin |
| meat | *? | |||
| monkey (macaque) | ||||
| mortar | sətsəm | tʃuŋtʃəm | tʃjuŋtʃək | *tʃuŋ-tʃəm̄ |
| mouth | a-səm | a-səm | a-sək | *a-səm̄ |
| mushroom | mɨŋ | məŋ | məŋ | *məŋ |
| mute/stupid | bloʔ | bloʔ | blok | *blok |
| name | a-bjɛN | a-bɻɛn | a-bɻɛŋ | *a-bjɛn |
| near | a-nyi | a-nui | a-nui | *a-nui (?) |
| neck | kə-tuN-rin | tuŋ-rin | kə-tuŋ | *kə-tuŋ |
| negation | ba- | ba- | ba- | *ba- |
| new (of things) | a-fɛN | a-fan | a-faik | *a-fan̄ |
| night/dark | a-tʃeN | a-tʃen | a-tʃik | *a-tʃen̄ (?) |
| nose | a-puŋ | a-puŋ | a-pok | *a-poŋ̄ |
| old (of things) | a-tsɛN | a-tʃjen | a-tʃaik | *a-tʃjan̄ |
| path | lim | lim | lik (Saria dialect) | *lim̄ |
| penis | a-lɔʔ | a-luaʔ | a-lua | *a-luaʔ |
| person | bii | bii | *bii | |
| pig | *? | |||
| pillow | ka-kəm | koŋ-kəm | ko-kəm | *koŋ̄ -kəm (?) |
| Puroik | (prin-dəə) | purun | puruik | *purun̄ |
| pull | ryi | rui | rue | *rui |
| quiver | zəp | zəp | zək | *zəp |
| ripe | a-min | a-min | a-miŋ | *a-min |
| rot | ʃam | hɻam | hjap | *sjam̄ (?) |
| run | rin | ren | rik | *rin̄ |
| sago flour | bii | bee-mo | bee | *bee (?) |
| sago club (tool) | waN | waŋ | wak | *waŋ̄ |
| sago pick (front part) | kjuʔ | kɻuʔ | kɻok | *kjok |
| scratch | bjuʔ | bɻuʔ | bɻoo | *bjoʔ |
| sew | pin | pin | piŋ | *pin |
| shade | a-ɬim | a-him | a-ɬəp | *a-ɬim̄ (?) |
| shelf (over fireplace) | rap | rap | rak | *rap |
| shoulder | pa-tɨŋ | pua-tuŋ | pua-tok | *pua-toŋ̄ |
| shy | bii-wɛN | bii-wan | bii-waik | *biiwan̄ |
| sit | ||||
| skin | a-kuʔ | a-kɨʔ | a-kəə | *a-kuʔ (?) |
| sky | ha-mɨŋ | məŋ | kə-məŋ | *ha/kə-məŋ |
| sleep | rəm | rəm | rəm | *rəm |
| sleepy | rəm-bin | rəm-bin | rəm-biŋ | *rəm-bin |
| smell | nam | nam | naŋ | *nam |
| smoke | bɛ-kɨɨ | bai-kəə | bɛɛ-kɨɨ | *baikɨɨ (?) |
| son-in-law | a-bɔʔ | buaʔ | a-bua | *buaʔ |
| stand | tʃin | tʃin | tʃiŋ | *tʃin |
| star | ||||
| stone | ka-lɨŋ | ka-huŋ (ka-ɬuŋ) | *ka-ɬuŋ (?) | |
| sun | hamii | hamii | krii | *PFX-ńii |
| sweet | a-pin | a-pin | a-piŋ | *a-pin |
| swell | pən | pən | pəik | *pən̄ |
| taro | tʃjaʔ | tʃjaʔ | tʃua | *tʃuaʔ |
| tasty/savory | (a-jim) | a-rjem | a-rjep | *a-rjem̄ |
| that | tɛɛ | tai | tɛɛ | *tai |
| thick (book) | a-pən | a-pən | a-pik | *apən̄ (?) |
| thin (book) | a-tsap | (a-tʃjam) | a-tʃap | *a-tʃjam̄ |
| this | hɨŋ | həŋ | həŋ | *həŋ |
| tongue | a-lyi | jui | (a-rue) | *a-lui (?) |
| tooth | kə-tɔN | tuaŋ | kə-tuaŋ | *kə-tuaŋ |
| thorn | mə-zuN | mə-ʒuŋ | kə-zjoŋ | *mə/kə-zoŋ |
| up | kuN | kuŋ | kuŋ | *kuŋ |
| Urtica fibres | ʃaN | hɻaŋ | hɻak | *sjaŋ̄ |
| vomit | muɛʔ | muai | muɛ | *muaiʔ |
| war | mɔʔ | muaʔ | mua | *muaʔ |
| warm | a-ləm | a-ləm | a-ləp | *a-ləm̄ |
| water | kɔɔ | kua | kua | *kua |
| weave (on loom) | ɛʔ-rɔʔ | ai-ruaʔ | aikrua | *at-ruaʔ |
| wet | a-ʃam | a-hɻam | a-hjap | *a-hjam̄ (?) |
| what | hɛɛ | hai | ||
| white | a-rjuN | a-rjuŋ | a-rjuŋ | *a-rjuŋ |
| wife | a-ʒuu | a-zjoo | a-zou | *a-zjoo (?) |
| wing | a-ʒuiN | a-ʒun | a-juik | *a-jun̄ |
| woman | a-mui | a-mui | *a-mui |