Appendix:Dura word list

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This appendix contains two sections, namely a semantically organized word list and an extended Swadesh list. Both are from Schorer (2016).

Semantically organized word list

The following word list of the Dura language is from Schorer (2016: 134-154). Schorer also cites forms from Nagila (2008).

No. Gloss Dura
1 father bāu
2 mother maikʰu, āmā (Indo-Aryan)
3 grandfather ākʰe, bātʰe, bāje (Indo-Aryan)
4 grandmother ākʰe-syo, matʰe, omo
5 son hre, rasari
6 daughter mehre ~ mrehe ~ mere
7 eldest, first born son (Nepali जेठो) kātʰe, ʈʰāku
8 youngest, last born son (Nepali कान्छा) kāncʰā (Indo-Aryan)
9 husband kāu
10 wife (also ‘woman’ in general) misā
11 father-in-law (Nepali ससु रा) hāepo
12 mother-in-law (Nepali सासु) hāemo
13 grandson ko ~ kā
14 granddaughter komo
15 younger brother sij̃ ā, bʰāī (Indo-Aryan)
16 elder brother moce, dāī (Indo-Aryan)
17 younger sister liusā, bahinī (Indo-Aryan)
18 elder sister kʰāpā, didi (Indo-Aryan)
19 elder sister’s husband (Nepali भि नाजु) ācyo
20 elder brother of one’s husband (Nepali जेटाजु) ācyo
21 sister-in-law, elder brother’s wife (Nepali भाउज्यू) kāgre, kāure
22 son-in-law, brother-in-law (Nepali ज्वाइँ) gomo
23 daughter-in-law, sister-in-law (Nepali बुहारी) tapʰre
24 paternal side (father’s) younger brother (Nepali कान्छा बा) matʰe
25 younger brother (Nepali काका) ba-cʰire
26 younger brother’s wife (Nepali कान्छी आमा) ŋiso
27 younger brother’s wife (Nepali काकी) a-cʰire
28 sister (Nepali फुपु) pʰupū (Indo-Aryan)
29 sister’s husband (Nepali फुपा जु) pusāĩ
30 maternal side (mother’s) younger sister (Nepali सा नी आमा) musī
31 younger brother’s wife (Nepali सा नी आमा) musī
32 brother’s wife (Nepali माइजु) āŋi, gumā
33 brother’s child (Nepali मामाको छोरा/छोरी) samdī
34 niece (also ‘elder/younger sister’) ŋolso < *ŋolo-syo
35 reciprocal term used by fathers of married couple samdī
36 male cross cousin (Nepali सो ल्टी) ŋolo
37 child, baby wasyā ~ basyā (Indo-Aryan)
38 children disāno ~ disāro
39 boy ālre ~ allāre, ʈʰiʈā (Indo-Aryan)
40 girl ʈʰiʈī (Indo-Aryan), jʰanā, pāpārā, hālimerī, aie ~ aire (Nagila 2008)
41 baby girl busī
42 pregnant woman busi-hāro-ni (lit. ‘baby-bearer’)
43 friend āgyo
44 concubine, mistress misā-wāmu
45 female family members hālimero
46 relatives of married woman’s parents ālero
47 alcohol cʰāpā (also ‘sweat’)
48 banana mujā, nāc
49 barley beer makʰe (also ‘rice beer’)
50 black lentils kulu
51 bread kẽ
52 buckwheat gyāwrā ~ gawrā
53 cooked rice bʰākā, kʰodārī, cyāno ~ cyānu
54 egg odi ~ oni
55 food (in general) cune, conisapa
56 fruit pokimuni
57 garlic pʰĩ
58 ghee (clarified butter) rāmā, dumā
59 greens rāyo
60 gruel or porridge (from millet or corn) kiubʰākā
61 gundruk pāte
62 juice broth golo
63 lemon ŋyāpo
64 light meal mibru ~ maypuru
65 maize, corn māsi, sitarān
66 mango āwo
67 medicine mhoi ~ mhay
68 milk nājo, nāmlo (also ‘breasts’)
69 millet nāre, nārevārī, kiu, kĩtro
70 unhusked rice sāli
71 pickles cʰopā
72 potato yoŋ
73 rice beer muni, makʰe
74 salt cʰõ
75 soup, gravy kʰuku
76 soupy vegetable preparation (Nepali ति हुन) gai ~ gi
77 sesame cikyā
78 vinegar kʰlyāu (also ‘sour’)
79 timur pepper pramu
80 uncooked rice jo, siī
81 uncooked, usually soaked, whole rice grains offered in worship or religious ceremonies kārtʰo
82 yogurt, curds gʰisa
83 preparation of water boiled with sugar, clarified butter and spices (Nepali कांढा) kājyū
84 animals (also ‘cattle’) kʰeto
85 ant(s) mārtʰo
86 baby chicken o-busi
87 bedbug kope
88 bird go
89 bullock, steer gʰyoglā
90 cat ŋyāki
91 cattle (also ‘animals’) kʰeto
92 chicken oka ~ woka
93 cow me, gosā
94 crab kʰi
95 dog nākyu ~ nakyu ~ nakī, koka
96 eagle, mythical bird ohiwā
97 fish ɖisyā, nāh ~ nāhõ ~ nāhũ ~ nāi
98 flea(s) gumī, tācyũ
99 fly cyāpʰri
100 goat myo, ro, wanbʰeu
101 hen o-potʰī, kwā-cā, kyo
102 horse bāsī, gʰoɖā (Indo-Aryan)
103 insect, worm, bug kānī, kāwī
104 jackal, fox mākā
105 louse syā
106 mole rimī
107 monkey lākʰu
108 pig moe
109 pig, swine, hog tilu
110 rabbit kʰarakaʈā
111 rat, mouse kāmu
112 rooster omi
113 sheep, ram cʰaki, daki
114 snake kāuī
115 spider maŋgar
116 tiger kirā
117 water buffalo māi, maikʰa
118 arrive, reach ɖri-, ɖā-
119 ask for (request) bi-
120 bark (dog) hāyo- ~ hoyo-
121 bathe nākʰlu
122 beat₁ dʰo-
123 beat₂ ŋā-
124 become lā-
125 blow pʰrayā- ~ bāu
126 boil (water) (vi) lhu-
127 born, be pi-
128 bring rā-
129 burn (vt) kʰu-, ju-, ʈu-
130 call hālu-
131 carry hāre-
132 chew ŋyā u-
133 climb tāke-
134 comb hair hālī-
135 cook, boil (vi) mi-
136 cook (vt) rāmu-
137 cry kra-
138 cut kade-, kʰāu (grass)
139 descend hu-
140 dig dā-
141 drive away hā̃-ɖi-, hāmo-
142 do u-
143 earn pʰũ-
144 fall down sari- mha-, mhu-
145 fight bʰyū mha-, mhu-
146 fill gu-
147 forget syo-mle-
148 fry rāũ ~ rāĩ
149 give birth pʰĩ-
150 graze hrāhu-, rāso-
151 grind rāya-
152 have sex lo-
153 healthy, be ji-
154 hide (vi) ŋuhu-, ŋabyu-
155 hide (vt) hāŋapu-
156 hold hu- kʰri-
157 hungry, be / get kyu kʰri-
158 hurt bāyā-
159 insert lhu-
160 itch cedā-
161 join (unite) gri-
162 laugh hā-, ʈaw-, hõiro u-
163 learn sālu-
164 lick lhay-, nyā u-
165 live su-
166 lose something dāmā-, hāmo-
167 make u-
168 meet pẽ ~ pay-
169 milk pi- ko-u
170 mix (vt) hā-gi-, ko-u
171 obey mu-
172 open (vt) jāpu-, pʰay-
173 plant hā-, dāe-
174 play kāre-
175 plough gyõ-, jyu-
176 push pāko u-
177 quarrel māki u-
178 rain ti gu-
179 receive tĩ-
180 rest lo u-
181 return hātā- lay-di-
182 rise, stand up cʰyā lay-di-
183 ripe, be mhiyu-
184 rub rā-
185 rot hro-u
186 sated, be ko-
187 scold kyā u-
188 scratch kawā-, kyā-
189 search for, look for lhu-
190 sew, stitch tāru-, pāru, supu-
191 sharpen mhyā-
192 shout hārake-, hā-
193 sing kro- ~ ko-
194 sink, set (sun) hubi-
195 sit, stay hunu-
196 speak (language) pe-
197 spill ɖʰālde-
198 stand (be upright) syā-
199 steal yo-
200 stuck, get kʰe-
201 swallow hāmlo-
202 sweep syā-, pʰyā
203 take₁ hĩ-
204 take₂ lo-
205 take out kādʰe-, ca-
206 teach kʰārā-
207 throw pākway-
208 tie up kāpo-
209 tire pyo hro-
210 twist, plait kʰri- ~ kʰi-
211 uproot ā-
212 wash oneself nākʰlu-
213 wash (vt) hu-
214 work gyā u-
215 write hāpri-
216 zero liŋa
217 one nām, kyau, di-, yāwo (Indo-Aryan)
218 two jʰim, duwo, duɖa (Nagila, both Indo-Aryan)
219 three sām, tiyā (Indo-Aryan)
220 four pim, jʰārā (Indo-Aryan)
221 five kum, mācā, pāc (Indo-Aryan)
222 six cyām (Indo-Aryan)
223 seven syām (Indo-Aryan)
224 eight him
225 nine him
226 ten tʰim
227 twenty jʰim-tʰī
228 thirty sām-tʰī
229 hundred tʰiŋganā, kātʰerāgo
230 thousand jena
231 black keplo
232 white bintʰā
233 yellow kẽlo
234 red cʰāblī (also means ‘good’)
235 axe, hatchet bʰyācī
236 bag nāne
237 balance, scale pārā ~ pāra
238 bamboo hāri
239 blanket pākʰī
240 clothes, cloth go
241 comb (n) bʰrācā
242 cooking pot goyā
243 cotton plant, raw cotton pui
244 cow shed poro, bʰro, bʰroʃ (Nagila 2008)
245 fog, mist, haze nasku
246 hail nolo
247 hand mill for grinding corn rātā, redo
248 hearth kotā
249 house kyu
250 irrigated field hāmro, timro
251 large bamboo or cane mat lhu
252 (long-handled) mattock dayti
253 money gumi
254 morning ŋimā (also ‘early’)
255 necklace (of beads) kāci
256 pasture for cattle gusā-rāso
257 pipe made from bamboo for blowing on fire tutu
258 place rātʰu
259 ring gʰyāpā
260 saw kaʈʰawti
261 sieve kicā
262 small cup without handle belā
263 song kāre
264 storage basket with legs, placed on floor ɖumi
265 teacher āmro
266 thatch (for roofing) rāgi
267 thread, yarn hri
268 Topi, traditional Nepalese hat kule, cʰi
269 village niso, piŋ
270 walking stick bārā
271 weapon gʰāuniso
272 well, watering place ti kʰo
273 wide, flat basket for carrying vegetables kũdī
274 wood (especially ‘firewood’ sĩ
275 yoke kāhrayo
276 backbone, spine rādʰu ~ rāgʰu, mobu
277 blood hāyu
278 breasts (female) nāmlo
279 brow ridge, supraorbital ridge micʰā
280 buttock (also ‘hip’) maisī
281 chest (also ‘heart’) māu
282 chin kākū
283 corpse (dead body) sikʰāu
284 ear(s) rānu, muni
285 eye mi
286 faeces, excrement, shit yu
287 finger kur-ne amlī (lit. finger of hand)
288 foot (also ‘leg’) sepe
289 forehead hāũ
290 hair kra
291 hand kuru
292 head padʰe, muni
293 heart (also ‘chest’) māu
294 hip (also ‘buttock’) maisī
295 leg (also ‘foot’) sepe
296 liver ciŋa
297 mouth māsi, sũ
298 nail se
299 neck põ, kʰalī
300 nose nu
301 saliva, spittle mākyā
302 sexual organ (male & female) rāũcu (DSS 2003: only ‘penis’)
303 shoulder kādʰā (Indo-Aryan)
304 stomach, belly kyū
305 sweat (n) (also ‘alcohol’) cʰāpā
306 tear(s) milkī
307 thigh lepu, maysī (also ‘hip, buttock’)
308 tongue li
309 tooth sa ~ se
310 urine cʰyālā
311 vomit (n) māhā
312 alive, be su-u
313 belch hāucā- ~ hāuyā
314 defecate yu klā- (lit. ‘release shit’)
315 fart (v) bʰe klā- (lit. ‘release fart’)
316 healthy, be ji
317 urinate cʰyāla klā- (lit. ‘release urine’)
318 vomit (v) māha ro- (lit. ‘vomit come’)

Swadesh list

Schorer (2016:126-127) provides the following 125-word Swadesh list of Dura.

No. Gloss Dura
1. I (1SG) ŋi ~ ŋe
2. you (2SG) no
3. we (inclusive) ŋyāro
4. this ī
5. that huī
6. Who? su
7. What? hāde
8. not ma-, ta- (prohibitive)
9. all (of a number) dhāī
10. many bhāī
11. one kyau, nām, di-
12. two jʰim, ŋe-
13. big kātʰe
14. long kānu, remo ~ hreŋo
15. small ācʰirī
16. woman (adult) misā
17. man (adult) kalārā, bro
18. person bro
19. fish (n) ɖisyā, nāh ~ nāhõ ~ nāhũ ~ nāi
20. bird; chicken o
21. dog nākyu ~ nakyu ~ nakī, koka
22. louse syā
23. tree kepo ~ kemo
24. seed (n) ʈisro, hulu
25. leaf lyoī, lho
26. root -
27. bark (of tree) -
28. skin ke
29. flesh syo
30. blood hāyu
31. bone -
32. grease, fat duccʰu
33. egg odī, onī
34. horn (of bull etc.) soglo, sono
35. tail -
36. feather phya
37. hair (human) kra
38. head padʰe
39. ear naya, muni, rānu
40. eye mi
41. nose nu
42. mouth māsi, sũ
43. tooth sa ~ se
44. tongue li
45. nail se
46. foot sepe
47. knee -
48. hand kuru
49. belly kyu
50. neck kʰalī, po ~ põ
51. breasts nāmlo
52. heart māu
53. liver ciŋ
54. to drink kiu-
55. to eat co-
56. to bite -
57. to see do- ~ dõ-, mātā-
58. to hear tās-, tāu-, tānu-
59. to know syo-
60. to sleep tānu-
61. to die si-
62. to kill sā-, kāne-, kāde
63. to swim -
64. to fly ŋyau, hāsu-
65. to walk so-
66. to come hro
67. to lie -
68. to sit huni-
69. to stand decʰe-
70. to give hyo-
71. to say cʰi-
72. sun mamī
73. moon tālā
74. star -so (in compound)
75. water ti ~ ʈi
76. rain (n) ti ~ ʈi
77. stone thũ ~ tũ, kāno ~ kānu
78. sand -
79. earth, soil kācʰo, cʰuu
80. cloud -
81. smoke (n) ma-kʰu
82. fire mi
83. ash(es) ma-pʰu
84. to burn (vi) bani-
85. path lāutʰyo
86. mountain lgẽwarapʰa
87. red cʰāblī
88. green -
89. yellow kẽlo
90. white bintʰā
91. black keplo
92. night yāku
93. hot -
94. cold cʰiũ
95. full ʈʰyāmmay
96. new kācʰā
97. good cʰyāu- (v), cʰāblī (also ‘red’)
98. round burluŋ
99. dry -
100. name rāmī
101. he (3SG) hui
102. he₂ (3SG) ŋo ~ no
103. you (2PL) nāro(-nī)
104. they (3PL) hyāro
105. three sām
106. four pim
107. five kum (<‘hand’)
108. where? kālā
109. when? komo
110. how? kudinī
111. other agyu, rijā
112. few ācitī
113. fruit pokimuni
114. flower ŋepʰu ~ nepʰu
115. grass cʰĩ
116. snake kāuī
117. worm kʰātalī
118. rope rasarī
119. river kloi ~ klou
120. to warm (vt) tāle-u
121. old ʈe
122. straight (not curved) hopay
123. sharp mhyā- (v)
124. wet tʰo- (v)
125. happy kru- (v)

See also

References

  • Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny. Leiden: Brill.
  • Nagila, Kedar Bilash. 2008. Aspects, Evidences from the Dura Language. Nepalese Linguistics, 23, p. 157–167.
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