The Proto-Munda reconstructions in this page are from Sidwell & Rau (2015) and Rau (2019).
The following Proto-Munda lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363).[1] Two asterisks are given to denote the tentative, preliminary state of the proto-language reconstruction.
| Gloss | Proto-Munda |
|---|---|
| belly | **(sə)laɟ |
| big | **məraŋ |
| to bite | **kaˀp |
| black | **kE(n)dE |
| blood | **məjam |
| bone | **ɟaːˀŋ |
| to burn (vt.) | **gEˀp |
| claw/nail | **rəmAj |
| cloud | **tərIˀp |
| cold | **raŋ |
| die (of a person) | **gOˀj |
| dog | **sOˀt |
| to drink (water) | **uˀt, **uˀk |
| dry (adj./stat.) | **(ə)sAr |
| ear | **lutur, **luˀt |
| earth/soil | **ʔOte |
| to eat | **ɟOm |
| egg | **(ə)tAˀp |
| eye | **maˀt |
| fat/grease/oil | **sunum |
| feather | **bəlEˀt |
| fire | **səŋal |
| fish (n.) | **ka, **kadO(ŋ) |
| fly (v.) | **pEr |
| foot | **ɟəːˀŋ |
| give | **ʔam |
| hair (of head) | **suˀk |
| hand | **tiːˀ |
| to hear/listen | **ajɔm |
| heart, liver | **(gə)rE, **ʔim |
| horn | **dəraŋ |
| I | **(n)iɲ |
| to kill | **(bə)ɡOˀɟ |
| leaf | **Olaːˀ |
| to lie (down) | **gətiˀc |
| long | **ɟəlƏŋ |
| louse (head) | **siːˀ |
| man/husband, person/human | **kOrOˀ |
| meat/flesh | **ɟəlU(Uˀ) |
| moon | **harkE, **aŋaj |
| mountain/hill | **bəru(uˀ) |
| mouth | **təmOˀt |
| name | **ɲUm |
| neck | **kO, **gOˀk |
| new | **təmI |
| night | **(m)ədiˀp |
| nose | **muːˀ |
| not | **əˀt |
| one | **mOOˀj |
| rain | **gəma |
| red | **ɟəŋAˀt |
| road, path | **kOrA |
| root (of a tree) | **rEˀt |
| sand | **kEˀt |
| see | **(n)El |
| sit | **kO |
| skin | **usal |
| sleep | **gətiˀc |
| smoke (n.) | **mOˀk |
| to speak, say | **sun, **gam, **kaj |
| to stand | **tənaŋ, **tƏŋgə |
| stone | **bərƏl, **sərEŋ |
| sun | **siŋi(iˀ) |
| tail | **pata |
| thigh | **buluuˀ |
| that (dist.) | **han |
| this (prox.) | **En |
| thou/you | **(n)Am |
| tongue | **laːˀŋ |
| tooth | **gənE |
| tree | **ɟiːˀ |
| two | **baːˀr |
| to walk, go | **sEn |
| to weave | **ta(aˀ)ɲ |
| water | **daːˀk |
| woman/wife | **selA, **kəni |
| yellow | **saŋsaŋ |
The following list of Proto-Munda reconstructions, along with supporting reflexes, is from Rau (2019).[2]
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Munda | Gorum | Sora | Remo | Gutob | Kharia | Juang | Gtaʔ | Santali | Mundari | Ho | Korwa | Korku |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | water | *daˀk | ɖaʔ | daːʔ | dak' | ɖaʔ | ɖaʔ | ɖag | ndiaʔ | dak' | daː | daʔ | daːʔ | ɖa |
| 2 | bone | *ɟaŋ | za̰ŋ | əɟaːŋ | siʔsaŋ | sisaŋ | jaŋ | ɟaŋ | ncia | jaŋ | jaːŋ | jaŋ | jaːŋ | |
| 3 | tongue | *laŋ | laŋ | əlaːŋ | leaŋ | laʔŋ | laŋ | elaŋ | nlia | alaŋ | aːlaːŋ | (leʔ) | aːlaːŋ | laŋ |
| 4 | tiger | *kᵊla | kulaʔ | ˈkinaː | ŋku | gikil | kiɽoʔ | kiɭog | nku | kul | kulaː | kula | kuːl | kula |
| 5 | weave (v) | *taɲ | taɲ | taɲ | taNy | taɲ | taɲ | tæ | teɲ | teŋ | teɲ | |||
| 6 | climb (v) | *daˀc | ɖaˀɟ | daɟ | ɖaĭ | ɖaj | ɖaɲ | ɖæʔ | de̠c' | dej' | deʔ | deʔ | (cuɖe) | |
| 7 | horn | *dəraŋ | ɖeraŋ | ˈdeˑraŋ | deruŋ | ɖereŋ | ɖiraŋ | dereɲ | diriŋ | diriɲ | dereŋ | |||
| 8 | hand | *tiiˀ | siʔ | siːʔ | titi | titi | tiʔ | iti | nti | ti | ti | tiː | tiʔiː | ʈi |
| 9 | louse | *siiˀ | (aŋiˀd) | iʔi | gisi | gisi | seʔ | ɛsɛ | gsi | se | siku | siku | guhiː | siku |
| 10 | foot | *ɟv₇ŋ | zḭŋ | ɟeːˀŋ | suŋ | suŋ | juŋ | iɟiŋ | nco | jaŋga | jaŋga | (naŋga) | ||
| 11 | head | *bok₂oˀp | baˀb | boːˀb | bob | bob | bokoˀb | bokob | bhaʔ | bo̠ho̠k' | bo | boːʔ | boʔ | |
| 12 | eye | *məˀt | maˀd | moːˀd/mad | moʔ | moʔ | moˀɖ | ɛmɔɖ | muaʔ | mẽ̠t' | med' | meɖ | meɖ | med |
| 13 | cut (v) | *gəˀt | gaˀd | gad | goʔ | goɖ | gaˀɖ | gwaʔ | ge̠t' | ged' | geɖ | geɖ | geʈ | |
| 14 | thatch | *v₉laŋ/ᵊlaŋ | alaŋ | əlaŋ | lɔŋ | uloŋ | oloŋ | oloŋ | nlo | |||||
| 15 | eat (v) | *ɟv₁₀m | zum | ɟom | sum | som | jom | ɟim | coŋ | jo̠m | jom | jom | jom | jom |
| 16 | drunk | *bul | bṵl | buʔul | bu | bil | bul | buli | busaʔ | bul | bul | bul | bubul | bubul |
| 17 | thigh | *buluuˀ | bulu | buluː | buli/bili | bili | bhulu | bulu | bulu | bulu | bulu | bulu | buːl | bulu |
| 18 | ripe | *bv₁₃lv₁₁ | bulu | bulu | belom | bilim | ble | bele | bili | bili | bhiːliː | bili | ||
| 19 | raw | *bv₁₄rəl | buro | burol | borol | boron | brwa | be̠re̠l | berel | berel | berel | boboɽ | ||
| 20 | stone | *səreŋ | areŋ | areŋ | soreŋ | sereŋ | sereɲ | |||||||
| 21 | fuel | *sv₁₄ŋəl/*sᵊŋəl | aŋal | aŋəl | suŋo | suŋol | soŋgol | sɛŋon | sua | se̠ŋge̠l | seŋgel | seŋgel | seNgel | |
| 22 | spread (vt) | *bel | bil | bel/bɪːl | be-sak' | be-saʔ | bel | bɛn | beʔ | bel | bil | bil | bel | (bi)bil |
| 23 | burn (v) | *bal | bal | baːl | bal | ba | bal | bal | bal | baːl | baːl | |||
| 24 | tie (v) | *tol | tol | tol | tu | tol | tol | tor | tu | to̠l | tol | tol | tol | ʈol |
| 25 | grind (v) | *riˀt | riˀd | rid | riʔ | riɖ | riɖ | riɖ | rig | rit' | ri'd | riɖ | riːɖ | – |
| 26 | fever/pain | *k₂v₄su/*k₂ᵊsu | asu | asuː/əsuː | siʔ | isi | kosu/kusu | kasu | aʔsu | haso | haːsu | hasu | hasuː | kaSu |
| 27 | shoot (v) | *tuɲ | tiŋ | tuɲ | tiŋ | tiŋ | tuɲ | tuɲ | ʈwiŋ | tuɲ | tuiŋ | tuŋ | ʈuɲj | |
| 28 | chicken | *sim | kənsiːm | gisiŋ | gisiŋ | siŋkoy | sɛŋkɔe | gsæŋ | sim | sim | sim | siːm | ||
| 29 | wipe (v) | *ɟoˀt | zoˀd | ɟoˀd | susuʔ | sosoɖ | joˀɖ | cuʔ | jo̠t' | jod' | joɖ | joɖ | oːjo | |
| 30 | fruit / to bear fruit (v) | *ɟo(o)ˀ | zoʔ | ɟoːʔ | suʔ | cu | jo̠ | jo | joː | joʔ | joː | |||
| 31 | sweep (v) | *ɟoˀk | zoʔ | ɟoː | suk' | sog | joʔ | ɟɛnɔg | coʔ | jo̠k' | joʔ | joʔ | ju-khɽi | |
| 32 | hail/pebble | *arel | aril | areːl | are | arel | arel | aɭɛn | hare | arel | aːɽil | aril | aːril | |
| 33 | night | *juˀp | uɖuˀb | orub | minɖip' | noNdib | iɖiˀb | minɖig | ayup' | aːyub | ayub | ayub | ayup | |
| 34 | cloud | *tv₁₅ruˀp | taruˀb | tarub | tirib | tirib | tiriˀb | trig | rimil | rimil | rimil | liNbir | ||
| 35 | leaf | *v₁la(aˀ/ˀk)/ᵊla(aˀ/ˀk) | olaʔ | oːlaː | ulak' | olag | ulaʔ | olag | uliaʔ | palha | paːlhaːo | pala | (sakam) | paːla |
| 36 | skin | *usal | usal | usal | usa | isaːl | usal | chalo | ugsa | chal | saːli | |||
| 37 | laugh (v) | *lv₁₈ᴺdv₂₀ | liɖa | (ɖoɖo) | luɖo | laɖa | lara | lwaʔ | lanɖa | laːnɖaː | landa | laːNd | lanɖa | |
| 38 | forehead/front | *sv₂maŋ | amaŋ | ammaŋ | gutumoŋ | sumoŋ/amuŋ | somoŋ/somo/sumaŋ | ɛmɔŋ | ssæ | samaŋ | saːmaːŋ | sanamaŋ | samaŋ | samma |
| 39 | fear | *bv₁₆toŋ | butoŋ | batoːŋ | butuŋ | butoŋ | bɔtɔŋ (P) | betɔŋan | bʈoʔ | botoŋ | (bor) | |||
| 40 | cook (v) | *ɖv₂₁ɲ | ɖeɲ | diɲ | ɖoNĭ | ɖoɲ | ɖeɲ | ɖɛɲ | ɖue | |||||
| 41 | snake | *bv₃ɲ(ˀ) | bubuˀd | biɲ/biŋ | bubuʔ | buɽbui(ʔ) | buɲam | bubuŋ | boʔ | biɲ | biŋ | biɲ | biːŋ | biɲj |
| 42 | plough (v) | *sv₂₂ | (or) | (or) | se | sui | si | si | si | si | siu | siː | siː | |
| 43 | lick (v) | *ɟal | zaleˀb | ɟaːl | salep' | sal | jal | janɔ | cca | jal | jal | jal | (jaɽaːʔ) | jal |
| 44 | winnow (v) | *gum | gumar | gum | (giteʔ) | gim | gum | guŋ/guɲ | goŋ | gum | gum | gum | gum | gum |
| 45 | sow (v) | *bɨˀt | buˀd | büd | biʔ | biɽ | biˀɖ | bir | big | bit' | bid' | biɖ | biʈ | |
| 46 | boil (v) | *v₂₃sin | asin | əsin | nsiŋ | isin | isin | isinɔ | nsiŋ | isin | isin | isin | isiŋ | isin |
| 47 | cover (v) | *dal | ɖal | dal | ɖalu | ɖal | ɖal | ɖan | ɖa | dapal/dalo̠p' | dapal/dālob | dapal/dalop | daːl | |
| 48 | grab (v) | *saˀp | (sakab) | sop' | sob | (suˀb) | sɔb | saʔ | sap' | saːb | sab | saːb | saːp | |
| 49 | bury (v) | *tv₂₄l | tul | til | ti | til | til | tir | (til) | (til) | tiːl | |||
| 50 | stand (v) | *tv₁₉ŋv₂₅n/tv₁₉nv₂₅ŋ | tinaŋ | tanaŋ | toŋ | tunon | tuŋon | toŋon | thwaN | teŋgon | tiŋun | tiŋgu | ʈengene | |
| 51 | die (v) | *goˀc/goj | (kiˀd) | (kajed) | goĭ | goj | goˀj | gɔɟ | gweʔ | go̠c' | goj | goj | goej | go |
| 52 | run (v) | *ɲv₂₆r | jer | jer | ur | yar | wir | ɲir | nir | nir | ɲir | niɽe | ||
| 53 | new | *tᵊme | tḛmi | tamme | time | time | tonme | tmi | (nãwã) | (nawã) | (nama) | (uni) | ||
| 54 | buffalo | A:*boŋtel; B:*bitkil | boŋtel | boŋtel | buŋte | boŋtel | boŋtel | buNʈi | bitkil | biʈkhil | ||||
| 55 | dry | *v₁₄sər | asar | asar | nsor | usor | kosor | kosor | nswar | |||||
| 56 | bite (v) | *k₂aˀp | (kuˀb) | (küb/kib/kaib) | op | ob | hapkay | haʔ | hap' | haːb | hab | haːp | khap | |
| 57 | blow (v) | *peˀt | peˀd | ped | peʔ | peɖ | pɛˀɖ | perɔ | piʔ | phe̠t' | ||||
| 58 | burn (vi) | *geˀp | geˀb | tuŋgeːb | gep' | geb | geb | giʔ | — | |||||
| 59 | blood | A:*miɲam; B:majom | miam | miɲam | iam | iɲam | iɲam/iɲɑm | mia | maNyaNM | maːyom | mayom | mayum | ||
| 60 | buy/sell (vt) | *soŋ | oŋ | suŋ | soŋ | soŋ | soŋ | so | ― | |||||
| 61 | sweet | *sv₆bv₁₂l | subu | subul | sebol | ― | sebel | sibil | sibil | sebel | simil | |||
| 62 | kindle (v) | *tv₃ŋ | tuŋ | tuŋaːl | tuŋgal | toŋ | tiŋgi | tiŋ | tiɲ | ʈingi | ||||
| 63 | stomach | *lv₂₉ˀc | (loːˀɟ) | suloĭ | suloj | la(i)ˀj | (lai) | slweʔ | lac' | laːiˀ | laːiʔ | laːiːʔ | laːj | |
| 64 | big | *mv₄raŋ | maraŋ/məraŋ | munaʔ | (moɖo) | mnaʔ | maraŋ | maraŋ | maraŋ | |||||
| 65 | white | *əsel | asel | osel | e̠se̠l | esel | esel | hesel | esel | |||||
| 66 | lungs | *bv₁₆rv₁₇(ˀp/ˀk) | buroˀb | bəroː | buruk' | buroʔ | (buru) | breʔ | bo̠ro̠ | (borkod') | (borkoɖ) | boro | (bor) | |
| 67 | liquor | *v₁₅li | ali | əli/ali | ili | ili | ili | ili | ||||||
| 68 | husked rice | *ruᴺku(ˀp/ˀk) | ruŋk | rʊŋkʊ | ruŋku | rukug | ruŋkuˀb/rumkuˀb | ruŋkub | rkoʔ | (rukhaɽ) | ||||
| 69 | meat | *ɟəlu | ɟeluː | sili/seli | seli | ― | cili | jel | jilu | jilu | jilu | |||
| 70 | mango (ripe) | *uli | uːl | uli | ili | (holɛ) | uli | ul | uli | uli | uːl | |||
| 71 | fly | A:*roj; B:*roko | aroj | əroːj | (ayoŋ/ayuŋ) | uroi | (kɔnɖɔi) | nɖroe | ro̠ | roko | roko | roʔo | ruku | |
| 72 | turmeric/yellow | *saŋsaŋ | saŋsaŋ | sansaŋ | saŋsaŋ | saŋsaŋ | saŋsaŋ | saŋsaŋ | ssia | sasaŋ | sasaŋ | sasaŋ | sasan | |
| 73 | ear | *lutur | luˀd | luˀd | luntur | litir | lutur | lutur/lutuʔ | nlug | lutur | lutur | lutur | lutur | lutur |
| 74 | nose | *muuˀ | muʔ | muːʔ | nseʔmiʔ | miʔ | romoŋ/romoˀɖ | motɛɟ | mmu | muN | mu/muhu | muwa/muʈa | huːmuː | muː |
| 75 | sun | *siŋi | siŋi | siŋi | siŋ | siŋ | sni | siɲ | siŋi | siŋi | siːŋ | |||
| 76 | cover (v) | *daˀp | ɖaˀb | dab | ɖab | dab | dap' | daːp | daːb | |||||
| 77 | ear of corn | *gəle | gali | gale | gileker | gile | gɔlɛ | (ɔnɔ) | (konto-ja) | gele | gele | gele | geleʔ | (kelʈa) |
| 78 | two | *bar | bagu | bar | mbaʔr | umbar | ubar | umba | mbar | bar | baria | bar | baːr | |
| 79 | additive particle | *ɟa; ɟaaˀ; ɟaˀt | zaˀd | ɟaː | sa | sa | ja | ɟan | ja | jaː | jaː | ja'' | ja | |
| 80 | say (v) | *gam | gam | gam | gam | gam | gam | gamu | gamu | |||||
| 81 | peacock | *maraˀk | marraʔ | maːraː | maraʔ | maraʔ | marag | marak' | maːraː | maraː | maraːq | mara | ||
| 82 | long/tall | *ɟv₃₆lv₃₇N | zuleŋa | ɟeleːn | sileŋ | sileɲ | "jhelo(g || b || m)" | ɟaliŋ | clæ | jeleɲ | jiliŋ | jiliɲ | ||
| 83 | ebony | *tv₁₅rel | tarel | tire | ti(ɽr)(ei)l | tɛrɛn | tre | terel | tiril | tiril | ||||
| 84 | gazelle | *sv₆l₁₂ˀp | alu'b | əleːb | sulup | sulub | selhob | silib | sloʔ | selep' | silib | silib | seleb | |
| 85 | cross (v) | *pəˀt | pa'd | pad | poʔ | poɖ | paro(m) | (pakea) | pwaʔ | par | paːrom | parom | parom | paːr |
| 86 | trample (v) | *ten | tin | ten | ten | (ʈe) | ten | ʈhen | ten | ten | ten | |||
| 87 | chase (v) | *sv₃₀n | san | san | sensen | san | (saŋgem) | sen | sen | sen | sen | sen(e) | ||
| 88 | get (v) | *ɲam | ɲam | ɲam | ɲam | naːm | nam | ɲaːm | na | |||||
| 89 | fall/rain (v) | *gur | gur | gur | gur | gir | gur | gur | gur | gur | gur | gur | guru | |
| 90 | drink/swallow (v) | *uˀt | uʔ | iɖ | uˀd | ur/uɖ | ug | ut' | ud' | uɖ | uːɖ | uːʈ | ||
| 91 | defecate (v) | *iˀc | ḭj / iˀɟ | gad-iɟ | ik' | ig | iˀj | ij | æg | ic' | ij' | iiʔ | iːq | ich |
| 92 | contain/block (v) | *bəˀt | baˀd | bad | boʔ | bod | boaʔ | be̠t' | bed' | beɖ | ||||
| 93 | scrape (v) | *laˀk | laʔ | lag | laʔ | lag | liaʔ | lak' | laʔ | laʔ | ||||
| 94 | squeeze/milk (v) | *roˀc | (ra'd) | (rad) | riʔ | roj | roˀj | roɟ | rweʔ | roco | roeʔ | roːeʔ | roej | ro(ː)c |
| 95 | porcupine | *ɟiŋ(k) | kənɟɪːŋ | gisiŋreʔe | jiŋray | ɟiŋɛ | gcæiŋ | jhĩk | jiki | jiki | jiːk | jikɽa | ||
| 96 | fry/scrape (v) | *gaˀc | gaˀɟ | gaɟ | gaĭ | gaj | gaˀj | gaj | gæʔ | ge̠c' | geʔ | |||
| 97 | burn (chilies) (v) | *per | per | per | per | pir | pe̠ṛen | (pertol) | ||||||
| 98 | be sated (v) | *bv₃₁/*bv₃₁sv₃₂ | buʔ | beˀ | busu | busu | "bes(o || u)" | bisu | bse | bi(ʔ) | biː(ʔ)/biu | biː | biː | |
| 99 | hair | *uˀp | uʔ/(uppur) | ugbok' | iʔboʔ | (ului) | ugboʔ/ogboʔ | up' | ub' | ub | uːb | huːp | ||
| 100 | name | *ɲv₃₃m | inum | əɲam | nimi | imi | (i)ɲimi | mni | ɲum/ɲutum | num/nutum | numu/nutum | jimu | ||
| 101 | fish | *k₂a(aˀ) | ajuʔ | əjoː | aɽoŋ/CFːaʔ | aʔɖoŋ | kaɖoŋ | karoŋ | haʔɽo/CFːhaʔ | hako | haːi | hai/haku | hakuː | kaːku |
| 102 | wind | *k₂ojo | uĭɖak' | oioi | koyo | koio | hueɽiaʔ | hoyoŋ | hoyo | hoyo | hoe | koyo | ||
| 103 | sambar (deer) | *sv₃₉r | ki(N)sar | kinsar | saram/săram/sram/siram | suram | sɛram | sra | saram | saːraːm | saram | (ruy) | ||
| 104 | husking mortar | *sv₄₄(vˀ)l | a̰l | onoːl/OnAl | sabu | saʔal | sol | (hesab) | saboʔ | seːl/sehel | sẽːl | sel | ||
| 105 | bamboo joint | *maˀt | maˀd | mad | moʔ | moɖa | mɔɖɔ | (leʔ-mweʔ) | mat' | maːd' | maɖ | maːɖ | maːʈ | |
| 106 | pull/drag (vt) | *or | or | or | (an) | ur-guʔ | or | or | or | or | o(ː)ɽ | |||
| 107 | slip (vi)/be slippery | *ɟv₄₀ləˀt | ɟaloː/ɟəloː(ɟ) | sulo(ʔ) | sulod | joloɖ | cluaʔ | (jilet'/jalat') | jilaːd' | jilad | jeleɖ | (silir) | ||
| 108 | rain (n/vi) | *gv₄₁ma | gum | arel-gum | gim | gima | ? | gaːmaː | gama | ghamaʔ | ||||
| 109 | sip (v) | *sv₄₂rv₄₂ˀp | soɖo'b | sərub | surub | suruˀb | surupi | srog | sirup' | siriːb | ||||
| 110 | mouth | *tv₄₃məˀt | toˀd/tom | tˀod/tam | tumoʔ | tumoʔ | tomoˀɖ | tɔmɔd | tmwaʔ | |||||
| 111 | distribute (v) | *tv₄₅ˀɟ | taˀɟ | tij | teʔsaʔgur | tej | taˀj | taɟ | toeʔ | |||||
| 112 | unripe mango | *k₂aˀcr/*k₂aˀkr | aˀɟer | ayer/ager | aʔer | kayar | kae | hiaʔir | ||||||
| 113 | irrigated field | *lv₄₆joŋ | lioŋ | ljo | lioŋ | ljo | loyoŋ | loyoŋ | ||||||
| 114 | hill | *buru | bura | bəru/baru/bur | biri | biroŋ/buroŋ | biru | bri | buru | buru | buru | buːruː | ||
| 115 | forest | *biri | bura | bəru/baru/bur | biri | biroŋ/buroŋ | biru | bir | bir | bir | bir | bhiːr | ||
| 116 | elephant | *rəəˀ | raʔ | raʔ | roʔo | |||||||||
| 117 | cloud | *rimil | rimil | rimil | rimil | |||||||||
| 118 | six | *tur | turgi | turru | tiʔri | tir | tib(h)ru | tur | turui | tur(u)iaː | turui(ya) | turuy(a) | ||
| 119 | seven | *gul | gulgi | gulɟi | giʔ | gil | gu | (eae) | (e(aː)) | (ai(ya)) | (ey(ya)) | |||
| 120 | eight | *tam | tamgi | tamɟi/tanɟi | tomam | tamgi | tham | |||||||
| 121 | nine | *tim | timgi | timɟi | timgi | so(n)tiŋ | ||||||||
| 122 | ten | *gv₄₈l | galgi | galɟi | goː | gol | gel | go | gel | gel(ea) | gel | gel(ya) | ||
| 123 | paddy | *baaˀ | baba | baːbaː | baʔ | bua | baːbaː | baba | (aːbaːga) | baba | ||||
| 124 | child | *k₂on | aŋon | oˀoːn | ɔ̃ʔɔ̃ | oʔn | konon | kɔn | ūhuŋo | hon | hon | hon | hon | ko(ː)n |
| 125 | god | *kitv₃ŋ | kituŋ | kittuŋ | kitoŋ | kituŋ | kiʔtuŋ | kitoŋ | ||||||
| 126 | inside | *alv₃ŋ/*ᵊlv₃ŋ | aluŋ | əluŋ | aluŋ | aluŋ | aluŋ | alo | ||||||
| 127 | dirt | *k₂umv₄₉/*k₂ᵊmv₄₉ | mar | imar | (muili) | hmar | humu | humuː | kumu |