The Kho-Bwa languages consist of:
The 100-word Swadesh lists for Kho-Bwa languages below are from Lieberherr & Bodt (2017) .
No. | Gloss | Chugpa (Duhumbi) | Lishpa (Khispi) | Sherdukpen (Rupa) | Sherdukpen (Shergaon) | Sartang (Rahung) | Sartang (Khoitam) | Sartang (Jerigaon) | Sartang (Khoina) | Bugun (Dikhyang) | Bugun (Singchung) | Bugun (Wangho) | Bugun (Bichom) | Bugun (Kaspi) | Bugun (Namphri) | Puroik (Bulu) | Puroik (Kojo Rojo) | Puroik (Rawa) | Puroik (Saria) | Puroik (Chayangtajo) | Puroik (Lasumpatte) | Puroik (ZMYYC 1991) | Puroik (Li Daqin 2004) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
45 | 1SG | ga | ga | gu | gu | gu | gu | gu | gu | koː | go | ko | go ~ gu | gu | go | gu | go | go | go | go | go | goh⁵³ | goh⁵⁵ |
100 | 2SG | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | nɔ̃ | no | no | no | no | no | naː | naŋ | na | na | na | na | nah⁵³ | na⁵⁵ |
38 | 3SG | wɔj | wuj | wa | wa | hɛ ~ ʔɛ | wa-ʥi | wa | laŋ-wa | ʔoɛ | oe | we | uwe | tʰe | oe | vɛː | wai | hoː | waː | wɛː | wɛː | væ³³ | vaʳ⁵⁵ |
1 | ant | kʰin- ʨʰɔk̚ | kʰe- ʨʰɔk̚ | san-gjuk ~ san-ʥɔk | san-ʥɔk | saŋ-ʥɔk | saŋ-ʥɔk | san-ʥɔk | ʂan-ʥɔk | ɕiɲiŋ | ʃiŋiŋ | ʃiŋiŋ | siiŋ | ʃiŋiŋ | ʃiŋiŋ | ʤamʤuʔ | gamgɹu | gaməgɹoː | gɹɛŋgɹo | gɹɛŋgɹo | gɹɛŋgɹo | gɹɛn³³gɹo⁵³ | gran³¹koʳ⁵³ |
2 | arm/hand | hut̚ | hut̚ | ʔik | ʔik | ʔik | ʔik | ʔik | ʔik | wat | wat | wat | wat | wat | wat | geʔ | geiʔ | get | geiʔ | geiʔ | geiʔ | geʈ³³ | giᵗ⁵⁵ |
3 | ash | ʨʰu-pʰak̚ ~ ʨʰu-bak̚ | ʨʰu-pʰa | ʨʰa-pʰluː | ʨʰa-pʰuː | ʨʰa-pʰruː ~ ʨʰa-pʰluː | ʨʰa-pʰluː | ʨʰa-pʰluː ~ ʨʰa-fluː | ʥɐ-pʰluː | səpʰiə | spije | spije | spije | spije | spije | pʰa-rəp | bə-rəm | bai-rəp | bai-rəʔ | bɛɛ-rak | bɛɛ-rak | bæ³³ɣək³³ | bæ³³ɣəh⁵³ |
5 | big | ʔɔ-dɔk̚ | ʔɔ-dɔk̚ | ʔa-dɔk | ʔa-dɔk | ʔa-dɔk | ʔa-dɔk | ʔa-dɔk | ʔa-dɔk | əpõː | eboᵘ | eboᵘ | boᵘ | boᵘ | boᵘ | araː | arai | arai | toʔrɨɨ | kəlaː | kəlaː | a³³bua³³ | a³¹bua⁵⁵ |
6 | bird | hwa | hwa | hu | hu | hu | hu | hu | fu | fuə | fua | fua | fua | fo | fua | pəduː | pədoː | pədoː | pədoː | pədou | pədou | pə³³tu³³ | pɯ³¹tu⁵⁵ |
7 | bite | zjɛk̚ | zɛk | zɛk | zɛk | zɛk | zɛk | zɛk | kʰrik | tʰokmage | kʰrik ~ nik | tʰokpʰa | ʧipʰa | tʰokpʰa | tɔʔ | tua | tua | tua | tua | tua | tua⁵³ | tua⁵⁵ | |
8 | bitter | ʨʰak̚ba | ʨʰak̚ba | kʰjɔk ~ ʨʰɐk | ʔa-ʨʰak | ʨʰak | ʨʰak | ʨʰak | ʔa-ʨʰak | ʔəkʰoː | kʰoᵘ | ekʰoᵘ | kʰoᵘ | kʰoᵘ | ekʰoᵘ | aʧaʔ | aʧuaʔ | aʧaː | akjaː | aʧaː | aʧjaː | a³³bio⁵³ | a³¹ʥiu⁵³ |
9 | black | ʔu-ʨʰam | ʔu-ʨʰam | ʔa-kʰjɔ̃ː ~ ʔa-ʨʰũː | ʔa-ʨʰɔ̃ː | ʔa-ʨʰũː | ʔa-ʨʰũː | ʔa-ʨʰɔ̃ː ~ ʔa-ʨʰũː | ʔa-ʈ͡ʂʰũː | əsai | esaⁱ | esaⁱ | esaⁱ/soⁱ | soⁱ | esui | ahjɛN | ahjeĩ | ahjɛĩ | ahɛ̃ | ahjɛN | ahjɛN | a³³ɦiɛ⁵³ | a³³ɦam⁵⁵ |
10 | blood | hɔj | hɔj | haː | haː | hɛː | hɛː | hɛː | xaː | əfuɛ | efua | efua | efua | nəfaⁱ | məfaⁱ | ahui | afui | fui | hue | hue | hue | hue⁵³ | hui⁵³ |
12 | bone | ɕa-kʰus | ɕa-kʰus | s-kik | s-kit | s-kik | sə-kik ~ s-kik | ʔi-hik | ʔa-xyk | əsɛŋ ~ əzɛŋ | ezeŋ | ezak | ezeŋ | nizeŋ | ezeŋ | azɛN | aʒan | azaʔ | azaiʔ | azaiʔ | aʤaiʔ | - | a³¹zai⁵⁵ |
13 | breast | ɲu ~ nu | ɲu | ɲyŋ | ɲuŋ | nyŋ | nyŋ | nyŋ | nyŋ | ɲeoː ~ neoː | ɲeoː | ɲeoː | niw | dut | niw | anjɛː | anjei | njɛi | ɲɛː | anjɛː | anjɛː | a³³ niɛ¹¹ | a³³niɛ¹¹ |
14 | to burn (it.) | haj | haj | haː | haː | hɛː | hɛː | hɛː ~ hũŋ | haː | hõːe | ʃuⁱt | haᵘ | fũppʰa | ʤijopʰa | fupʰa | ham | ʤəu | ʤəu | ʤɨː | jɨː | ʤɨː | - | ɕi⁵⁵ |
15 | to carry (on back) | bu | bu | byː | byː | byː | byː | byː | byː | hán | - | - | - | - | - | ʒeN | ɹan | bəu | eiʔ | eiʔ | ek | ɣəȶ³³ | - |
72 | cloud | mukpa | tɔŋ-ti ~ tɔŋ-tej | ʦə-ty ~ s-ty | sin-ti ~ sin-ty | syn-ty | syŋ-ty | s-ty | ɕ-tỹ | səkʰamau | skəmoᵘ | skəmoᵘ | ʧakamaŋ sěkmoᵘ | ʧakamaŋ | ʧakamaŋ | sətɨː | kadəusə | toŋsəu | katɨːsɨː | katəː | katəː | kə³³tɯ³³ | kə³¹tɯ⁵⁵ |
19 | to cry/weep | kʰip | kʰip | kʰe | tʰe | ʨʰe | ʨʰe | ʨʰe | ʈ͡ʂʰe | ʨʰõ | ʧomage | ʧo | ʧoapʰa | ʧoapʰa | ʧo | ʧɛʔ | ʧap | ʧap | kjaʔ | ʧap | ʧjap | ciak⁵³ | ciaᵏ⁵³ |
18 | to die | ʔi | ʔi | ʔiː | ʔiː | ʔiː | ʔiː | ʔiː | ʔiː | ʔiː | ida | iⁱ | ipʰa | idən | idun | iː | iː | iː | iː | iː | iː | ji³³ | ji⁵⁵ |
20 | to do/make | le | li | ra | ra | rɛ ~ ra | rɛ | ra | ra | rjɛt | retmage | ret | reʔpʰa | reⁱpʰa | ɾappʰa | ʦaʔ | ʒou | kat | kaiʔ | kaiʔ | kaiʔ | kaʈ³³ | kaᵗ⁵⁵ |
21 | dog | wa-tʰi | wa-tʰi | bə-tʰaː | pʰ-tʰaː | pʰ-tʰɛː | pʰ-tʰɛː | pʰ-tʰɛː | bə-tʰaː | ʨɔi | ʧi | ʧaⁱ | ʧoⁱ | ʧoⁱ | ʧoⁱ | buː | buː | boː | boː | kajoː | kajoː | boh⁵³ | boh⁵³ |
22 | drink | ɲiŋ ~ ɲuŋ | ɲiŋ ~ ɲuŋ | liŋ | ʔiŋ | liŋ | liŋ | liŋ | lyŋ | naŋ | kʰoŋaŋ | naŋ | naŋpʰa | naŋpʰa | naŋ | in | in | in | riŋ | riŋ | riŋ | rin³³ | ɣliŋ⁵⁵ |
89 | dry | waʔar | ʔɔwal | ʔɔʔɔ̃ː | ʔɔʔɔ̃ː | ʔɔʔɔ̃ː | ʔyk̚ʔãː | ʔyk̚ʔãː | ʔɔʔɔ̃ː | əkou ~ əkau | egaᵘ | ekaᵘ | egaᵘ | goᵘ | nəgou | awɛN | awan | awan | awaiʔ | awaiʔ | awaiʔ | a³³vəʴʈ³³ | a³¹vaʳᵗ⁵⁵ |
23 | ear | kʰu-tʰuŋ | kʰu-tʰuŋ | gə-tʰyŋ | kʰə-tʰuŋ-lap | kʰ-tʰyŋ | kʰ-tʰyŋ | kʰ-tʰyŋ-lɛ | ga-tʰyŋ | kʰɔ̃ | kʰõ | kʰõ | kʰõ | kʰõ | kʰõ | akuiN | akun | kot | kuiʔ | (a)kuiʔ | (a)kuiʔ | a³³kuʈ³³ | mɯ³¹kui⁵³ |
24 | eat | ʨʰa | ʨʰa | ʦʰu | ʨʰu | ʨʰu | ʨʰu | ʨʰu | ʦʰu | ʦiə | ʧəmut | ʧəmut | ʧəmut | ʧəmut | ʧəmut | ʧiː | ʧiː | ʧiː | ʧiː | ʧiː | ʧiː | ʨih⁵³ | ʨih⁵³ |
25 | egg | hɔj-ʥɔŋ | ʔɔ-gɔŋ | ʔa-juŋ | kʰlɔm | ʔa-juŋ | ʔa-juŋ | ʔa-juŋ | ʔa-juŋ | əriː | kʰere | kʰere | eri | kʰere | kʰere | awuN | aliː | tju-li | məriː | məriː | məriː | mə³³ri³³ | mɯ³¹ɬi⁵⁵ |
26 | eye | kʰu-m | kʰu-mɔː | kʰa-by ~ kʰə-by | kʰi-biː | kʰam-by ~ kʰa-by | kʰa-by | kʰa-by | ga-by | miɛk ~ mjɛk | mijak | mijak | mijak | mije | mijak | akəm | akəm | kəp | kəʔ | (a)kək | (a)kək | kək³³ | a³¹gɯᵏ⁵⁵ |
28 | far | tʰaːuɹiŋ | tʰaːuliŋ | ʔa-ʨʰɔ̃ː | ʔa-ʨʰɔ̃ː | ʔa-ʨʰɔ̃ː | ʔa-ʨʰɔ̃ː | ʔa-ʨʰãː | ʔa-ʨʰɔ̃ː | rɛʔɛ ruaŋ | rᵘaŋ | ruwaŋ | rᵘaŋ | rᵘaŋ | rᵘaŋ | aʧoi | aʧai | aʧai | kjeː | aʧjeː | aʧjeː | a³³ciɛ³³ | a³¹cie⁵⁵ |
4 | fat | ʔɔ-jɔw | ʔɔ-ju ~ u-ju | ʔa-jɔː ~ ʔa-jɔw | ʔa-jɔː | ʔa-jɔw | ʔa-jɔː ~ ʔa-jɔw | ʔa-jɔː | ʔa-jɔː | əjou | eju | eju | eju | ejo | ejo | aʒɔː | azjaː | azjaː | azua | azua | aʤua | a³³ʑua¹¹ | mɯ³¹ʑua⁵⁵ |
11 | fingernail | hut-ʦun ~ hut-ʦum | hut-ʨʰin ~ hut-ʦin | ʔikʦiŋ ~ ʔikʦĩŋ | ʔik’kjiŋ ~ ʔik̚ʨiŋ | ʔik̚-ʨiŋ | ʔik̚-ʦiŋ | ʔik̚-ʨʰiŋ | ʔik̚-ʦiŋ | bəsɛn | bəsen | pəʧijat | bəsen | pə̌sen | pəʃen | ageʔ gəsɨn | geiʃin | gəsin | geisiŋ | geisiʔ | geisiʔ | geʈ³³ɕit³³ | giᵗ³³ɕiᵗ⁵³ |
29 | fire | bɛj | bej | ba | ba | bɛ | bɛ | bɛ | ba | boːɛ | boᵉ | boᵉ | boᵉ | baⁱ | boᵉ | bɛː | bai | bai | bɛː | bae | bɛː | bæ³³ | bæ⁵⁵ |
30 | fish | ŋa | ŋa | ɲu ~ ɲuŋ | ɲu | nu ~ nuŋ | nu ~ nuŋ | nu | nu | ũə | ūa | ūa | uŋa | ūa | uŋə̄ | ʧui | ʧui | ʧuei | ɲoː | kahuaŋ | kahuaŋ | ka³³fuaŋ⁵³ | ka³³fuaŋ⁵³ |
31 | flesh/meat | ɕa | ɕa | su | su | su | su | su | ʂu | eːɕau ~ əɕau | epije | epije | ebije | məbi | ebei | ʃiː | mai | mai | məreʔ | mərjeʔ | mərjeʔ | mə³³ri³³ | mɯ³¹ɬiᵏ⁵⁵ |
32 | to fly | ɕɛɹ | ɕɛl | ʦʰan ~ ʨʰan | ʨʰan | ʨʰɛm | ʨʰan | ʨʰɛn | ʦʰɛn | məʦo | kʰemage | kʰeⁱ | kʰeⁱ | kʰeŋpʰa | kʰeⁱpʰa | kiː | kɹei | kei | piʔ | pjeʔ | pjiʔ | pie³³ | pie⁵⁵ |
95 | full | pɕiŋ-ba | pɕiŋ-ba ~ ɕiŋ-ba | pʰiŋ-ba | pʰiŋ-ba | ʔa-pʰiŋ | ʔa-pʰiŋ | ʔa-pʰiŋ | ʔa-pʰiŋ | əlijeː | lija | elija | leⁱ | leⁱ | eleⁱ | ljɛː | jei | ljɛi | lɛː | ljɛː | ljɛː | liɛ³³ | lian³³ |
33 | to give | ɕi | ɕi | ʨʰi ~ ʣi | kʰji | ʨʰi | ʨʰi | ʨʰi | ʦʰi | pʰy ~ pʰi | pʰimage | pʰi | pʰipʰa | pʰipʰa | pʰi | taN | taŋ | taʔ | taŋ | taŋ | taŋ | taŋ³³ | taŋ⁵⁵ |
34 | to go | wa | wa | rɔ | ro | rɔ | rɔ | rɔ | rɔ | wuə | lua | vəwa | tʰevəə | dun | vəopʰa | vuː | wuː | woː | uː | uː | uː | u³³ | wu⁵⁵ |
35 | good | ʔɔ-ʥɔp̚ | nakpa ~ nakma | ʔa-gjap ~ ʔa-ʥap | ʔa-ʥap | ʔa-ʥap | ʔa-ʥap | ʔa-ʥɛ | ʔa-d͡ʐa | əviə | avije | avije | avije | avije | avije | amjɛː | anjam | anjam | ajɨː | anjaŋ | anjaŋ | a³³niaŋ¹¹ | a³¹ɲiaŋ⁵⁵ |
36 | hair on head | kʰu-ɕaŋ ~ kʰu-zjaŋ | kʰu-ɕaŋ | gə-zaŋ | gə-zaŋ | gə-zaŋ | gə-zaŋ | gə-zaŋ | gə-ʐaŋ | kʰazijɔŋ | kʰazijaŋ | kʰazijaᵘ | kʰazijaŋ | kʰazijaŋ | kʰazijaŋ | kə-zaN | kə-zjaŋ | kə-zjaʔ | kə-zaʔ | kə-zak | kəʤaʔ | kə³³ʑak³³ | kau³¹ʑiaᵏ⁵⁵ |
37 | hard | kaktar | kaktal | ʔa-ʦu ~ ʔa-ʨu | ʔa-ʨu | ʔa-ʨu | ʔa-ʨu | ʔa-ʨu | ʔa-xɔ̃ŋ ~ ʔa-xãŋ | əkɔŋ | - | - | - | - | - | aʃɔN | ahɹan | - | gaː | akaː | akaː | a³³siet³³ | a³¹ga⁵⁵ |
87 | head | kʰɔ-lɔk̚ | kʰɔ-lɔk̚ | kʰ-ruk̚ | kʰ-ruk̚ | kʰ-ruk̚ | kʰ-ruk̚ | kʰ-ruk̚ | mətʰɛ̃n | kʰruk | kʰɾuk | kijatuŋ | kʰɾuk | kʰɾuk | kʰɾuk | akuŋ | akuŋbəː | koʔ-bəu | akoʔ | akok | akok | ko⁵³ | a³¹kau⁵³ |
39 | to hear | ʥas | kʰa la | jɔ | jo | jɔ̃ | jɔ̃ | jɔ̃ | jɔ̃ | jɔi | nuvamage | nūa | joⁱpʰa | nuapʰa | joⁱ | nɨŋ | nuŋ | noŋ | roŋ | roŋ | roŋ | ɣɔŋ (!) | ɣaŋ⁵⁵ |
40 | heavy | u-li | u-li | ʔa-liː | ʔa-liː | ʔa-liː | ʔa-liː | ʔa-liː | ʔa-liː | ə-lai | laⁱ | elaⁱ | laⁱ | laⁱ | elaⁱ | a-lɨː | a-lei | a-lei | a-lei | a-lei | a-lei | a³³lei³³ | a³¹lei⁵⁵ |
41 | to hide | uk | uk | uk | uk | uk | uk | uk | uk | uk | - | - | - | - | - | uʔ | ɨʔ | əə | rjaŋ-əː | rou-gəə | rou-gəə | ɣɯ³³ɣə⁵³ | ʣa³³ɣə⁵³doŋ⁵⁵ɣə⁵³ |
42 | to kill | ʔat | ʔat | ʔɔ | ʔo | ʔɔ | ʔɔ | ʔɔ | ʔɔ | uːə | wamage | ua | uapʰa | uapʰa | ua | wɛʔ | aiʔ | at | aiʔ | aiʔ | aiʔ | waʴt³³ | waʳᵗ⁵⁵ |
43 | horn | kʰjaŋ | kʰɛŋ | kʰɛŋ | kʰɛŋ | ʨʰɛŋ | ʨʰɛŋ | ʨʰɛŋ | ʈ͡ʂʰajŋ | əriɔŋ | erijaŋ | erijok | erijaŋ | erijaŋ | erijaŋ | akjɛN | akɹan | akɹɛt | akuaŋ | kowaŋ | kowaŋ | a³³kəvuaŋ³³ | a³¹vaŋ⁵³ |
44 | house | wam | wam | jam | jam | jam | jam | jan ~ jɛn | jan | hõ | hõ | hõ | hõ | hõ | hõ | ham | ham | ham | haʔ | ʧuʔ | ʧuʔ | ʨok³³ | ʨauᵏ⁵³ |
46 | in | naŋ | naŋ | ʔa-lyŋ | ʔa-luŋ | ʔa-lyŋ | ʔa-lyŋ | ʔa-lyŋ | ʔa-lyŋ | pʨʰau | - | - | - | - | - | alɨŋ | aloŋ | - | araŋ | aɹaŋ | aŋɹaŋ | a³³ɹaŋ⁵³ | a³¹raŋ⁵³ |
47 | knee | kɔːlɔkpa | kɔːlɔkpa | lə-pʰyk | kʰlɔkpuː | la-pʰik̚ kʰɔm | lə-pʰik̚ kʰɔm | la-pʰyk̚ kriː | ja-pʰyk kraː | laːgjuŋ | ləspau | lakijuŋ | ləspau | lagijoŋ | lagijoŋ | alɛː kəpeiʔ | laikapɹei | laikərəʔ | lɛːkuŋ | kapɹei | kapei | - | mə³¹lai⁵⁵kə³¹pei⁵³ |
48 | to know | dɛn | dɛn | dan | dan | dɛn | dɛn | dɛn | dɛn | ĩt | tʰekmage | īt | tʰejakpa | itpʰat | itpʰa | dɛN | dan | dat | daiʔ | daiʔ | daiʔ | daʈ³³ | daᵗ⁵⁵ |
49 | to laugh | ʑɛj | ʑej | zaː | zaː | zɛː | zɛː | zɛː | ʐaː | sjɔk | ʧijo | ʧijo | ʃijaʔ | seʔ | ʃeʔpʰa | zɛː | zjei | zei | zɛː | ruɛ | ruɛ | ɣuɛ³³ | ɣue⁵⁵ |
50 | leaf | u-lap̚ | u-lap | ʔa-lap | ʔa-lap | ʔa-rap | ʔa-rap | ʔa-lɛ | ʔa-laʔ | ərap | erap | rap | rap | rap | rap | aləp | hɨ̃-jəm | hɨŋ-ləp | aləʔ | aləʔ | aləʔ | heʴn³³lɯk³³ | a³¹lɯᵏ⁵³ |
51 | leg/foot | lɛj | lej | la | la | lɛ | lɛ | lɛ | la | loːɛ ~ loɛ | loᵉ | luᵉ | luᵉ | laⁱ | laⁱ | alɛː | lai | lai | lai | (a)lɛː | (a)lɛː | læ³³ | a³¹ʦæ⁵³ |
52 | liver | ɕa taŋku | ɕap-ɕin | ʔa-ʦʰɛ̃ː | ʔa-ʦʰeː ~ ʔa-ʨʰĩː | ʔa-ʨʰĩː | s-sĩː ~ sə-sĩː ~ ʦ-sĩː ~ ʦə-sĩː | sɛ̃j ~ sɛ̃ĩ | də-ʨɛ̃ː | ʔəpʰin | - | - | - | - | - | apjin | apin | apjet | apiʔ | apjiʔ | apjiʔ | a³³pie⁵³ | a³¹pie⁵³ |
53 | long | u-riŋ | u-liŋ | ʔa-rɛŋ | ʔa-rɛŋ | ʔa-rɛŋ | ʔa-rɛŋ | ʔa-rɛŋ | ʔa-rɛŋ | əpʰjaŋ | pʰijaŋ | epʰijam | pʰijaŋ | pʰijaŋ | epʰijam | apjaN | apɹaŋ | apɹaŋ | pɹaŋ | apɹaŋ | apɹaŋ | a³³pɹaŋ⁵³ | a³¹pɹaŋ⁵⁵ |
54 | louse | hjek̚ | hɛk̚ | hɛk | hɛk | hɛk | hɛk | hɛ | xɛk | - | - | - | - | - | - | ʃiʔ | hɹɛ | hɛː | prɛː | pɹɛː | pɹɛː | pə³³ɣæ⁵³ | pɯ³¹ɣai⁵³ |
60 | moon | nam-ba | nam-ba | nam-blu | nam-blu | nam-bru | nam-blu | nam-blu | nam-blu | haːbieː ~ haːpieː | habije | habije | habije | habije | habije | hambɔː | habu | hanua | aŋbo | amboː | amboː | aŋ³³bo³³ | aŋ³³bo⁵⁵ |
55 | mouth | hɔ-ʨu | hɔ-ʨɔ | nə-ʦʰaw | nə-ʨʰaw | ʨʰ-ʨʰoː ~ ʨʰə-ʨʰoː | ʨʰ-sɔː ~ ʨʰə-sɔː | sɔː | də-ʦʰɛː | siam | spʰun | ʃijam | sem | sem | sem | asəm | səm | səp | səʔ | səʔ | səʔ | mə³³luʈ³³ | ɕəʳᵏ⁵⁵ |
56 | name | biŋ | biŋ | ʔazɛŋ | ʔazɛŋ | ʔaʥɛŋ | ʔaʥɛŋ | ʔaʥɛŋ | ʔaʣajŋ ~ ʔaʣɛŋ | əbɛŋ | ebeŋ | ebeŋ | ebeŋ | ebeŋ ~ mbeŋ | ebeŋ | abjɛN | abɹɛn | abɹɛn | abɹɛŋ | abɹɛŋ | abɹɛŋ | a³³bɛʴŋ³³ | a³¹braŋ⁵³ |
57 | navel | bɔːdi | bɔːdi | braː | butimuː | brɛː | brɛː | braː | braː | burui | - | - | - | - | - | sim-blyi | roŋrei | roːrei | rueri | ruerei | ruerei | - | a³¹ɬɯi⁵⁵ |
58 | neck | hɛn-tʰɔŋ | hɛn-tʰɔŋ | tʰuŋ-ʦɛ̃ː | takraː | pʰ-tʰuŋ | nə-tʰuŋ | - | nə-tuxĩː | raguŋ juŋã | ejua | japu | ejua | jua | jua | kətuNrin | tuŋrin | tõrɨn | kətjuŋ | kətuŋ | kətjuŋ | kə³³tuoŋ³³ | kɯ³¹toŋ⁵⁵ |
59 | new | ʔɔ-kʰɔn | ʔɔ-han | ʔa-fan ~ ʔɔ-fan | u-fan | ʔa-hɛn ~ ʔɛ-hɛn | ʔa-fan | ʔə-hɛn | ʔa-fɛn | - | ovoᵘ | evoŋ | ewã | mvəo | evo | afɛN | afan | afaʲt | afaiʔ | afaiʔ | afaiʔ | a³³faʈ³³ | a³¹fuaᵗ⁵⁵ |
61 | nose | hɛm-pʰɔŋ | hɛm-pʰɔŋ | nə-pʰuŋ | nə-pʰuŋ | ma-pʰuŋ | nu-pʰuŋ ~ nə-pʰuŋ | nə-pʰuŋ ~ nə-fuŋ | nə-pʰuŋ | ʔeːpʰuŋ ~ ʔəpʰuŋ | epʰuŋ | epʰuŋ | epʰuŋ | epʰuŋ | epʰuŋ | a-pʰuN | a-puŋ | poŋ | poŋ | apok | apok | pɔk³³ | a³¹pauᵏ⁵⁵ |
62 | not | ba- | ba- | bɔ-/bi-/bə- | bɔ-/bi-/bə- | bə-/by- | bə-/by- | bə-/by- | bə-/by- | ɔi | - | - | - | - | - | ba | ba | ba | ba | ba | ba | ba³³ | ba³¹ |
63 | old of things | ʔɔ-mɛn | ʔɔ-mɛn | ʔa-man | ʔa-man | ʔa-mɛn | ʔa-man | ʔa-mɛn | ʔa-mɛn | əhɛk | ehe | ehek | ehek | ehek | ehek | aʦɛN | aʧjɛn | aʧet | aʧeiʔ | aʧaiʔ | aʧaiʔ | a³³ʨɛt³³ | a³¹ʨeᵗ⁵⁵ |
64 | one | hin | hin | han | han | hɛn | han | hɛn | hɛn | ʦjɔ̃ | ʤijo | ʧo | ʤijo | ʤe | ʤe | tyi | kjuː | tjoː | ʧue | hui | hui | ɦui³³ | çun⁵⁵ |
68 | path | huma | huma | nəmu ~ ləmu | ləmu | lum ~ lym | lym | hamu ~ ləmu | ham | ləmuə duə | ləmua | ləmua | ləmua | ləmua | ləmua | lim | lim | lɨp | liʔ | puzuɛ | puzuɛ | pə³³zuɛ³³ | pɯ³¹zuai⁵⁵ |
65 | rain | na-mu | na-mu ~ na-mɔː | nə-ʦʰoː ~ nə-ʦʰuː | ɲi-mi | pʰ-ʨʰu | nə-ʨʰu | nə-ʨʰu | naː-ʦʰu | haːpʰiɛ | hapʰije | hapʰije | hapʰije | hapʰije | hapʰije | hampiː | hampɹoː | hampɹoː | haʔpɹo | ampɹuː | ampjuː | aŋ³³pru⁵³ | aŋ³³pru⁵³ |
66 | red | ʔɔ-kʰjek | ʔɔ-hɛk ~ hɔːla | ʔə-hɛk | ʔə-hɛk | ʔə-hɛk̚ | ʔə-hɛk ~ ʔa-hɛk | ʔə-hɛk ~ʔa-hɛk | ʔa-xɛk | əɕɛk | eʃaik | eʃek | ʃeⁱk/eʃaik | ʃeⁱ | eʃaik | aʃiʔ | ahɨː | arjuʔ | arjuʔ | arjuk | arjuk | a³³jiʈ³³ | a³³jiˀ⁵⁵ |
67 | root | raba | hiŋŋa lej | ʔə-hĩː | rabɔː | ʔi-hĩː ~ ʔə-hĩː | ʔa-hĩː | ʔi-hĩː | ʔa-xĩː | ərəŋ | eraŋ | eraŋ | eraŋ | eraŋ | eraŋ | ʃiN-rin | hɨ̃-rin | arɨŋ | ariŋ | areŋ | areŋ | heʴn³³kuŋ³³ | a³¹koŋ⁵⁵ |
69 | to run | dur | dul | kjaː ~ ʨʰaː | ʨʰaː | ʨɛː | riŋ | lɛ ʔikʰɛn | ʦʰɔː | ran | - | - | - | - | - | rin | ren | rit | riʔ | riʔ | riʔ | riʈ³³ | ʑei⁵⁵ |
70 | salt | ha | ha | hũː | huŋ | hũŋ | huŋ | huŋ | hũː | səruə | suruwa | suruwa | surəja | suɹe | suruwa | fəu | fou | foː | hoŋ | hoŋ | hoŋ | hɔŋ³³ | hoŋ⁵⁵ |
71 | sand | beʦa | beʦa | mə-kʰɔ | beʦɔ | kʰə-bɔ | kʰə-pʰɔ | kʰ-pʰa ~ kʰ-fa | gə-pʰa | baːli | bali | bali | bali | bali | bali | səmpjɛː | panʧɨːhɹɛː | pãʧɨʔ | bɛɛʧiʔ | pɹɛːʧeiʔ | pjɛːʧeʔ | pɹæʳ³³ʦət³³ | paʳ⁵⁵ʦeʳ³³ |
73 | to say | ʔin | ʔin | ʔam | ʔam | ʔan ~ ʔɛm | ʔan | ʔɛn | ʔɛn | jaː | jemage | je | jepʰa | sipʰa | jopʰa | riː | rjoː | rjoː | jɔː | luiʔ | luiʔ | luiʔ | ɬuiᵗ⁵³ |
74 | to see | ʔaj | ʔaj | ʔɔː | ʔɔː | ʔɔː | nũː (-ʨʰi) | - | nɔ̃ː-ʨʰi | gərak | rəkmage | rək | rəg | rekpʰa | rək | niŋ | njəŋ | niŋ | ɲɨː | ʤei | ʤei | ŋua³³/daȶ³³ | ŋwa⁵⁵daᵗ³³ |
82 | to sit | ʥu | ʥu | ʥau | ʥau | ʥo | ʥɔː | ʥɔː | ʣɔː | duk | dukma | tuk | duk | dəkmu | dukmage | rɨː | ʤao | tuŋ | tuŋ | tuŋ | tuŋ | toŋ³³ | toŋ⁵⁵ |
75 | skin/hide | ɕa-kʰɔʔ | ɕa-kɔ ~ ɕa-kʰɔʔ | s-kuk | s-kuk | s-kuk ~ s-kʰuk | sə-kuk ~ s-kuk | s-kuk ~ s-kʰuk | ʂ-kʰuk | eːkʰuk | ekʰuk | ekʰuk | ekʰuk | ekʰuk | ekʰuk | akuʔ | akɨː | akəː | akəː | akəː | akəː | a³³kə⁵³ | a³¹kə⁵³ |
27 | to sleep | min | min | ʥiŋ | ʥin | ʥiŋ | ʥiŋ | ʥiŋ | ʣiŋ | mjɛn | mijenmage | mijen | mijanpʰa | men | menpʰa | rəm | rəm | rəp | rəʔ | rəm | rəm | ɣəŋ³³ | ɣəŋ⁵⁵ |
76 | small | kati | ɕada | ʔa͡-ʨan-du | ʔa͡-ʨan-du | ʨɔ̃n-du ~ ʨɔ̃ː-du | ʔa-ʥan-du | ʔadudu | ʔa-ʥãn-du | ətidua | ẽeᵘ | ejuŋ | ejuŋ | ejuŋ | iu | aziː | aziː | ajiŋ | ɲɛːdoː | kəsiʔ | kəsiʔ | ciaŋ³³ | ʥiaŋ⁵⁵ |
77 | smoke | bu-kʰu | bu-kʰu | ba-kʰy | ba-kʰy | ba-kʰy | ba-kʰy | ba-kʰy | ba-kʰy | bakʰau | boᵉkʰaᵘ | bukʰu | bamkʰam | baiŋkʰam | boᵉmokʰəm | bɛkʰɨː | baikəː | baikɨː | baikɨː | bɛːkɨː | bɛːkɨː | bæ³³kɯ³³ | bæ³³kɯ⁵⁵ |
79 | stand | kʰiŋ | kʰiŋ | kʰĩː | kʰĩː | ʨʰĩː | ʨʰĩː | ʨʰĩː | ʈ͡ʂʰĩː | ʦai | riᵒma | riᵒ | riᵒ | ʤoi | ʤaimage | ʧiN | ʧin | ʧiŋ | ʧiŋ | ʧiŋ | ʧiŋ | cin³³pua¹¹ | cin⁵⁵ |
80 | star | kaɹma | kaɹma ~ kalma | zyʔ ~ zy ~ zyk̚ | ʨʰu-zuk | ʨʰyŋ-zyk | ʨʰyŋ-zyk | də-zyk | dy-ʐyk | ʦaːtrɔŋ | sadijoŋ | satijoŋ | tadijaŋ | ladijaŋ | tadijaŋ | haNwaiʔ | hadaŋ | sat | saiʔ | pəʤaiʔ | pəʤaiʔ | ha³³ɣat⁵³ | ha³¹ɣai⁵³ |
81 | stone/rock | luŋ | luŋ | lýŋ | luŋ | rýŋ | rýŋ | lýŋ | lýŋ | ləbau | labaᵘ | labaᵘ | labaᵘ | labaᵘ | lubu | kalɨŋ | kahoŋ | kəbɹaː | kəbɹaː | kəbɹaː | kəbɹaː | kə³³pɔʳ³³ | kə³¹paʳ⁵⁵ |
78 | sun | na-mi | na-mi ~ na-me | nə-nyː | nə-niː | nə-miː | nə-myː ~ nə-miː | nə-nyː | naː-nyː | haːnɛiŋ | hanaⁱ | haneⁱŋ | hanaⁱ | hanaⁱ | hanaⁱ | hami | hami | hami | hami | kriː | kriː | kə³³ri³³ | kəʳ³¹ri⁵⁵ |
83 | sweet | jɔŋjɔŋ | ʔɔ-bej-da | ʔa-ʦĩː ~ ʔa-ʨĩː | ʔa-ʨĩː | ʨĩː | ʨĩː | ʔa-blã | ʔa-ʦĩː | pʰjɛŋ | pʰijam | pʰijaŋ | pʰijaŋ | pʰijaŋ | pʰijaŋ | apin | apin | apin | apiŋ | apiŋ | apiŋ | a³³piŋ³³ | a³¹pin⁵⁵ |
84 | tail | ɲɔj | ɲuj ~ ɲɔj | ʔa-ɲaː | ʔa-ɲaː | ʔa-nɛʰ | ʔa-nɛʰ | ʔa-nɛʰ | ʔa-naːʰ | əɲui | eɲoⁱ | eɲoⁱ | eɲoⁱ | eɲoⁱ | eɲoⁱ | a-nyi | a-sərjam | akədoŋ | ɲimɹɛː | ni-mɹɛː | ni-mɹɛː | a³³ɲuk³³kuaŋ³³ | a³¹ɲiu⁵⁵kuaŋ⁵⁵ |
85 | to take | tʰɔn | tʰɔn | tʰøː | tʰɛː | tʰɛn | tʰĩː | tʰøː(n) | tʰøː | rijə | tʰarijamage | ɹije | ɹeⁱpʰa | jepʰa | lije | leː | lei | lei | rei | rei | rei | ɣei³³ | ɣei⁵⁵ |
86 | thick | ʔɔ-tʰɛs | ʔɔ-tʰɛs | ʔa-tʰat | ʔa-tʰɛt | ʔa-tʰɛ | ʔa-tʰɛ | ʔa-tʰɛ | ʔa-tʰɛ | əkʰlabou | - | - | - | - | - | apən | apen | apiʔ | toʔrɨː | apiʔ | apiʔ | a³³piʈ³³ | a³¹piᵗ⁵³ |
88 | this | ʔɔ-ʨʰi | u-ʨʰi | tʰwa | tʰa | tʰə | tʰɛː | tʰaː | tʰaː | - | ehihi | hepʰomono | hepʰomono ~ menohi | hepʰomono | ʤije | hɨŋ | həŋ | həŋ | həŋ | həŋ | həŋ | həŋ³³ | həŋ⁵⁵ |
90 | tongue | lɔj | luj ~ lej | laː-pʰɔ̃ | laː | lɛː | lɛː | lɛː | laː | ryi | iri | ri | ri | ri | ri | alyi | jui | lue | lue | arue | arue | rye³³ | a³¹lye⁵⁵ |
91 | tooth | hin-tuŋ | ɕin-tuŋ | tɔkʦʰeː ~ tɔkʨʰeː | nə-tʰuŋ | pʰ-tʰyŋ | nə-tʰyŋ | nə-tʰyŋ | ny-tʰyŋ | ɕiɲɛn | ʃiniŋ | ʃinijat | ʃinijat | ʃiniŋ | ʃiniŋ | kətɔN | kətuaŋ | tuaŋ | tuaŋ | kətuaŋ | kətuaŋ | kə³³tuaŋ³³ | kɯ³¹tuaŋ⁵⁵ |
92 | water | kʰow | kʰaw | kʰoː | kʰoː | kʰoː ~ kʰow | kʰɔː ~ kʰoː | kʰɔː | kʰɔː | kʰoː | kʰo | kʰoᵘ | kʰoᵘ | kʰoᵘ | kʰoᵘ | kʰɔː | kua | kua | kua | kua | kua | kua³³ | kua⁵⁵ |
93 | what? | ʔa-be | ʔa-be | musi ʔaː | mə-raː | pʰ-ʨʰɔ̃ː waː | ʔa-ti jaː | mə-tiː ja | mə-tiː ja | ɲujaː | niwka | niw | niw | nije | ɲijaga | hɛː | hai | hai | hai | hiː | hiː | hi⁵³ɟeh⁵³ | hi⁵⁵ |
17 | white | jaŋkaɹ | jaŋkaɹ ~ jaŋkal | ʔa-zɔ̃ː | ʔa-zɔ̃ː | ʔa-zɔ̃ː | ʔa-zɔ̃ː | ʔa-zãː | ʔa-zãː | əmau | emoᵘ | emoŋ | mõᵘ emoᵘ | mõᵘ | emoŋ | arjuN | arjuŋ | arjuŋ | arjuŋ | arjuŋ | arjuŋ | a³³rioŋ³³ | a³¹ɬioŋ⁵⁵ |
94 | who? | mi | mi | ɲiː | ɲiː | miː | miː | niː | niː | haɲu | haniju | haŋuŋ | haniju | haniju | haniju | mii | hoː | hoː | haː | haː | haː | ha³³ | ha⁵⁵ |
96 | wind | nam-suŋ | nam-suŋ | nə-sɔm | nə-sɔm | p-søm | ny-sɔm | nə-søn | na-søn | haːsaːm | hasam | hasam | aʃam | hasam | hasam | haNʃin | hahɹɨn | hahɨn | ahuiʔ | aŋhuiʔ | aŋhuiʔ | aŋ³³huʈ⁵³ | aŋ³³xɯᵗ⁵⁵ |
97 | wing | pɛmpu | ɲuj-pʰa | nə-pʰaŋ | lə-pʰaŋ | mə-pʰaŋ | nə-pʰaŋ | ny-pʰaŋ | ny-pʰaŋ | əjik̚ ~ eːjik̚ | - | - | - | - | - | aʒuiN | aʒun | azuət | məjuiʔ | ajuiʔ | awiʔ | a³³juʈ³³ | a³¹jəuᵗ⁵⁵ |
16 | woman | ʥu-mu | ʥu-mu ~ ʥə-mu | ʥə-my | ʥə-mi | ʥə-my | ʥə-my | ʥə-my | ʥə-my | bə-mi | dimi | bimi | bimi | hõamu | hõamua | məruː | amui | amui | amui | amui | amui | a³³mui⁵³ | bi⁵⁵a³¹mui⁵³ |
98 | wood | ɕiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | ʃiN | hɹɨn | hɨŋ | hɹiŋ | hɹeŋ | hjeŋ | heʴn³³ | hren⁵⁵ |
99 | yesterday | dɛj-ju | di-ju | di-jau | - | ʥɔ-hɔː ~ ʥoː | ʥy-jɔː | dy-jɔː | dy-jɔː | dijau ~ dijou | dijo | dijo | dijo | tʰəmijaŋ | dijo | ʤirjɛ: | rəniː | (prjoniː) | bɹõrĩ | bjariː | bjariː | bie³³ri⁵³ | bie³³ɬi⁵³ |
Abraham, et al. (2018) document the following 13 Kho-Bwa lects.
Gloss | Bugun (Wangho) | Bugun (Bichom) | Bugun (Singchung) | Bugun (Kaspi) | Bugun (Namphri) | Sherdukpen (Shergaon) | Sherdukpen (Rupa) | Sartang (Khoitam) | Sartang (Darbu) | Sartang (Darbu) | Sartang (Khoina) | Chug (Chug) | Lish (Lish) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sky | hamaŋ | hamaŋ | hamaŋ | hamaŋ | hamaŋ | nimituk | nymythik | nymy | nymy | nymy | namy | namduŋ | namtuŋ |
sun | haneiŋ | hanai | hanai | hanai | hanai | nini | n̪ini | nimiʔ | nimi | nimi | n̪ani | nami | nami |
moon | habije | habije | habije | habije | habije | namlu | namblu | namluʔ | nambru | nambru | namblu | atnamba | namba |
star | satijoŋ | tadijaŋ | sadijoŋ | ladijaŋ | tadijaŋ | tʃudʒuk | zək | tʃydʒy | tʃynzək | tʃundʒək | dydʒy̆k | karma | karma |
cloud | skəmou | tʃakamaŋ; sĕkmou | skəmou | tʃakamaŋ | tʃakamaŋ | ʃuiŋti | sti | ʃuiŋti | synty | synty | synty | mŭkpa | toŋti |
rain | haphije | haphije | haphije | haphije | haphije | nimi | nymy | nytʃu | pə̆tʃuh̥ | bətʃhuh̥ | n̪atʃu | namu | namu |
rainbow | pharaŋphakhuwak; saraŋmokhuwaŋ | saraŋmokhuwaŋ | pharamphakhuŋ | saraŋbakhuwaŋ | ʃirbakhuwaŋ | phaŋmenlu | phankluŋ | phaŋlu | phaŋɾuŋ | phaŋɾo | pahu | tholiŋ | thuŋliŋ |
wind | hasam | aʃam | hasam | hasam | hasam | nosum | nosum | nysujam | phsăm | bosom | nămʃuŋ | nămʃuŋ | nămʃuŋ |
lightning | halijaʔ | hakhəlam | halijaʔ | halijaʔ | haliwau | nimibatapa | nymybatapa | namtaʔbu | tʃhuŋba | nymybæh̥ | bhaʔ | bruʔ | namkliŋ |
thunder | haklam | haklam | haklam | haklam | hakhəlaŋ | nimibatapa | nymyhikpa | nymihikbu | nămtʃɾe | draŋdruŋ | namynatʃha | dirteʔ | namtuŋlimde |
sea | tʃumoŋkhou; kharuwai | khobu; təpməkhən | stau | – | khamua | dʒamtʃutʃetmo | thozamtʃuʃinmu | laʔto | – | khokhaŋkheh̥ | digiŋhu | tʃumkhuki | – |
mountain | pham | phuŋ | pham | phaŋ | phaŋ | lu | lu | lu | ɾiwo | luh̥ | lu | ʃaʔ | ligɔŋ |
water | khou | khou | kho | khou | khou | kho | kho | khou | kho | kho | kho | khu | khau |
river | khoɲoi | kaʃat | kho | kaʃat | khamua | kho | tuŋkhan | dʒankou | bədʒaŋkho | khujoʔ | gafũ | maŋkou | khuma |
soil/ground | ɲijaʔ | suʔ | ɲijaʔ | ɲijaʔ | ɲijaʔ | atuŋ | so | soʔ | soːh̥ | soh̥ | sa | saʔ | sa |
mud | khaʃoŋ; kalija | ɲijakləja | ɲijakhərə | kalija | khale | gotʃuŋ | gutʃuŋ | kutʃuŋ | kə̆tʃuŋ | kutʃuŋ | gatʃi | khatʃham | khatʃam |
dust | ɲijaphəla | ɲijaphəla | ɲijaphəla | ɲijaphəla | ɲijaphəlap | tʃaphulu | saplutuiba | duipoʔ | dŭjpo | tʃhaphuɾuh̥ | dʒaphulu | duipa | ɲogma |
stone | labau | labau | labau | labau | lubu | luŋ | lyŋ | ruŋ | ɾ̆uiŋ | ɾyŋ | luŋ | luŋ | luŋ |
sand | bali | bali | bali | bali | bali | betʃo | mukho | pho | khŭbo | khobo | gəpha | besa | betʃa |
gold | san | san | san | san | san | sin | sin | ser | seɾ | ser | ser | ser | ser |
silver | laman | laman | laman | laman | laman | niŋ | ɲiŋ | niŋ | niŋ | niŋ | niŋ | ŋui | ŋui |
today | sto | sto | sto | sto | sto | thulu | thulu | tru | thŭɾu | thŭɾu | thalu | thala | thala |
yesterday | dijo | dijo | dijo | thəmijaŋ | dijo | dijo | dijo | məʃaŋ | dʒŭoha | luŋne; khokniho | naru | duju | duju |
tomorrow | thimijak | thimijaŋ | thimijaŋ | pəthou | thimijaŋ | masaŋ | basaŋ | luŋlu | phsaŋ | pə̆saŋ | lanʔlu | muŋkha | muŋkha |
week | tamlija | tamlija | damlije | tamlija | tamlei | nufusit | niniʃik | – | nĭmisik | hăpt̪a | naniʃik | – | dunkhahin |
month | habije | habije | habije | habije | habije | namlu | namblu | nambluaŋ | nambruwan | nambɾu | nambluhen | namlahin | namba |
year | tau | dau | dau | tam | etam | tuŋ | tuŋ | tuaŋ | t̪uŋan | tuŋ | tuŋhen | tomhin | tom |
day | nai | nai | nai | nai | nai | nini | nini | nimijan | nimi | nimi | nani | namka | nemi |
morning | hamijaŋ | hamijaŋ | hamijaŋ | hamijaŋ | hamijaŋ | niru | nuru | nuru | nuru | nuru | jokpho | namsaŋ | namsaŋ |
noon | haŋlituwa | hanai | ləthuŋa | hanai | luthua | hatõ | hatomo | hatãu | hatãu | hatõ | gajotan | bətʃan | namka |
evening | habitʃuaŋ | hadʒoŋ | habitʃuaŋ | hadʒoŋ | hadʒoŋ | ɲijo | ɲijo | tʃiniba | ɲŭjŏ | nojo | naphuŋ | nami | nami |
night | hatu | habiu | habiu | habiu | habiu | ɲijoɲijo | nuphu | nŭpʃaŋ | nophuŋ | nophuŋ | najoatʃhi | nambõŋ | næmi; namphoŋ |
paddy rice | niʃik | niʃik; ŋiŋgausik | ŋijan | ŋiŋ | ŋijan | nisːe | nisːe | tʃuaʔri | tʃhuăse | tʃhu | tʃhu | niʃə̆liaʔ | niʃik |
uncooked rice | ŋiŋgau | ŋiŋgau; ŋiŋgaumətʃeje | ŋiŋgau | ŋiŋgam | ŋiŋgam | nodop | nodop | tʃu | ɾakhaŋtʃhu | tʃhuaseʔ | tʃhuaseʔ | nĭmdi | nĭmdi |
cooked rice | mətʃije | mətʃije | mətʃije | mətʃere | mətʃije | ha | ha | he | tʃhuhe | hɛ | tʃhuhe | tʃhawa | hoi |
wheat | phijuk | phijok; tʃoʔ | phijo | phijok | phijok | buku | muku | raŋboŋ | məku | muku; phu | phu | phoʔ | phoskar; poʔ |
corn | spou | spo | spõʔ | spou | ʃibo | phentaŋ | phentaŋ | mitʃi | pə̆tʃĩ | mitʃi | mitʃi | majʃəŋ | moʃop |
potato | mətʃəu | mətʃə | maŋtʃə | madʒie | madʒua | dʒu | dʒu | dʒu | dʒu | dʒu | lasadʒu | tʃəktaŋ | dʒatumplu |
cauliflower | marəepuŋwa | kobibua | phulkobi | phulkobi | phulkobi | phulkobi | – | – | – | kobibabu | daŋaren | – | – |
cabbage | marebui | kobi | kobi | kobikhubam | kobi | bandagobi | – | – | – | kobison | daŋdaŋkəre | – | – |
eggplant | mantho | mantho | mantho | mantho | mantho | bantho | mantho | məthou | pə̆t̪ho | bot̪ho | mantho | bandu | banthu |
peanut | badam | badam | badam | badam | badam | badam | badam | – | badam | badam | badam | badam | maŋkha |
tree | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋthiŋ | hiŋ | hiŋamuŋ | hiŋamuŋ | hiŋ | ʃiŋ | hiŋʔama |
branch | phoŋ | edəphou | edəphou | edəphou | edəphou | aphaŋalo | aphoŋ | aphaŋ | apaŋ; hiŋapaŋ | aphaŋ | hiŋaxiŋ | alaʔ | alak |
leaf | rap | rap | erap | rap | rap | alap | alap | arap | aɾap | arap | luala | ulaʔ | ulap |
thorn | ekeu | məgəm; migeu | egeu | məthau | məgəm | bədʒau | bazau | bədʒo | tʃekaŋ | bədʒo; tʃekaŋ | bədʒo | phizoʔ | phedʒok |
root | eraŋ | eraŋ | eraŋ | eraŋ | eraŋ | rabo | ʔihi | ahi | ʔĭhĩ | ʔihi | dik | rawaʔ | lej |
bamboo | moi | muẽ | moi | mai | mai | ma | ma | me | meʔ | meh̥ | ma | mei | mei |
fruit | evoi | evoi | evoi | voi | evoi | melaŋ | malaŋ | avə | ăjuŋ | milaŋ | hiŋava | uʃu | uʃu |
jack fruit | jabuk | kotal | kotal | brokothali | kotal | barmemulaŋ | |||||||
coconut (ripe) | naɾkol | naɾkol | naɾikol | naɾijal | naɾikol | naɾikol | – | – | – | naɾikol | naɾikol | – | – |
banana | səm | səm; siŋ | səm | səm | səm | musuŋ | musuŋ | musuŋ | pə̆suŋ | bosuŋ | musuŋ | leisi | lisi |
mango | am | –; am | –; am | am | am | –; am | –; am | ||||||
flower | ebũa | bua; ebua | ebũa | humbua | ɲinbua | minto | mint̪u | mint̪u | mint̪u | babu | hẽaraŋ | mentoʔ | mĭnto |
seed | erai | erai | erai | rii | murui | ăli | ăli | ari | ăli | ăli; ari | ăli | li | li |
sugarcane | nəŋə | nəa | nəŋə | nəa | nəa | mitʃi | mitʃi | mitʃiry | phə̆tʃiʔ | mitʃhi | mitʃhi | mə̆dʒu | tʃulamidʒu |
betelnut | sali | sali | sali | sali | sali | sali | sali | gui | sali | sali | sali | goi | – |
lime (for betelnut) | tʃun | tʃhun; tʃun | tʃun | tʃun | tʃun | tʃun | tʃhin; tʃun | – | – | tʃon; tʃun | tʃhin; tʃun | – | – |
liquor | phua | phua | phua | phua | phua | phak | phak | pha | phak | pha | phak | phaʔ | phak |
milk | ɲeo | niw | ɲeo | dut | niw | ɲuŋ | ɲiŋ | niuŋ | ɲyn | ɲyn | ɲiŋ | nuʔ | ɲju |
oil | thou | tel | tələjə | ləfəfə | thel | tho | tho | thou | thou | tho | tal | num | num |
meat | epije | ebije | epije | məbi | ebei | su | su | ʃaʔ | suʔ | suʔ | su | ʃia | ʃaʔ |
salt | suruwa | surəja | suruwa | suɹe | suruwa | huŋ | hu | huŋ | huŋ | huŋ | hɨ̃ | ha | ha |
onion | mũak; tʃoŋ | dʒon | tʃoŋ | pjas; tʃoŋ | pias; tʃoŋ | tʃoŋ | tʃoŋ | – | moŋtʃi | maŋtʃhy | maʃiŋ | tʃoŋ | tʃoŋ |
garlic | tʃuŋ | muaŋ | muaŋ | muaŋ | muaŋ | moŋsiŋ | moŋsiŋ | məsiŋ | moŋ; moŋtʃu | maŋtʃhy | maʃiŋ | ɾə̆ʃu | maŋ |
red pepper | tʃalijau | tʃalau; tʃalem | tʃalijau | dʒalim | tʃalem | moŋ | moŋ | mu | moŋ | moŋ | moŋ | solu | solo |
elephant | ɲijathoŋ | ɲijathoŋ | ɲijathoŋ | nathoŋ | ɲijathoŋ | stoŋ | stoŋ | susanthou | susant̪hoŋ | susan̪t̪hoŋ | susant̪hoŋ | lamputʃhe | satʃila |
tiger | matʃuwa | mətʃua | matʃuwa | mətʃua | batʃaeŋ; matʃuwa | phõ | phuŋ | phuŋ | phuŋ | phuŋ | phuŋ | laptʃa | phujam |
bear | stəm | stəm | stəm | stəm | sə̆thum | st̪uŋ | st̪uŋ | st̪uŋ | st̪uŋ | st̪uŋ | st̪uŋ | ʃijathum | sathom |
deer | dətʃhai | dətʃhai | dətʃhai | dətʃhai | dətʃhai | ski | ski | ski | sə̆ki | sikiʔ | ski | dʒaʃiki | dʒaʃiki |
monkey | stuŋ | stuŋ | stuŋ | stuŋ | ʃəduŋ | dʒuduŋ | dʒuduŋ | zuduŋ | zuduŋ | dʒutuŋ | dʒuduŋ | ʃedom | hiŋtʃaŋdakpu |
rabbit | truk | kaɾgos | truk | kaɾgos | səli | stoptʃaŋkha | khoha | – | – | kaɾgos | – | – | – |
snake | phau | pam | phau | pam | pam | bə̆tʃam | patʃam | pĕtʃam | pə̆tʃam | batʃham | batʃham | phŭlu | phŭlu |
crocodile | khawai | khawai | khavoi | khawai | khawai | khodei | khodei | khuwa | – | – | khuwa | khudon | – |
house lizard (gecko) | səkimatʃoŋ | səkimatʃoŋ | baphijaŋ | pharbuwaŋ | – | tʃamtʃi | tʃamtʃi | tʃikpaphi | – | – | – | dontʃiktʃikpa | – |
turtle | otʃero | adʒero; otʃero | fudərai | hadʒira | adʒora | hudrik | hudrigambu | katʃu | kătʃːu | koiʔ | adʒiro | tʃadaŋ | duli |
frog | rap | rak; rap | rak | rutʃua | ɹusua | paipu | ɾikə̆tu | ɾiktu | ɾĭtːu | ɾiktu | rutu | duŋdaʔ | duŋta |
dog | tʃai | tʃoi | tʃi | tʃoi | tʃoi | betha | batha | pə̆the | pə̆the | bithɛ | batha | wathi | wathi |
cat | ɲijam | ɲem | ɲem | ɲem | ɲem | ɲəmbi | ɲəmbi | namby | namby | namby | namby | jaŋmu | ɲaŋbu |
cow | səuwa | suvəə | səbəvə | suvəə | ʃhua; suvəva | spu | spu | hu | hu | khu | ʃhu | ʃoi | ʃama |
buffalo | ʃitʃik | sigik | sədʒik | ʃitʃik | sədʒik | zəge | zəge | dʒei | ze | ze | dʒei | bruŋ | bhuŋ |
horn (of buffalo) | erijok | erijaŋ | erijaŋ | erijaŋ | erijaŋ | kheŋ | kheŋ | tʃaŋ | tʃeŋ | tʃeŋ | tʃaŋ | khiaŋ | kheŋ |
tail | eɲoi | eɲoi | eɲoi | eɲoi | eɲoi | aɲa | aɲa | ane | ăne | ane | ana | nui | ɲuj |
goat | spin | spin | spin | spin | spin | ze | zyi | ziŋ | zyi | dʒy | sətʃe | ʃeɾa | sala |
pig | wok | ʋo | evoʔ | vok | vok | swaʔ | swaʔ | swaʔ | sŭwaʔ; suwak | suwak | suwak | ʃiabaʔ | ʃaba |
rat | thuŋ | thuŋ | thuŋ | thuŋ | thuŋ | stop | stop | stop | stăp | sə̆top | sə̆thə | sămtu | sămtu |
chicken | khe | khe | khe | kheiduə | kheiʔ | petʃha | petʃha | pə̆tʃe | pə̆tʃe | batʃe | batʃe | huki | wakhi |
egg | khere | eri | khere | khere | khere | petʃhakhalum | ăjuŋ | pə̆tʃeuŋ | ăjuŋ | juŋ | ăjuŋ | hudʒoŋ | ʔogoŋ |
fish | ũa | uŋa | ũa | ũa | uŋə̃ | ɲiu | ɲu | nuŋ | nuŋ | nuŋ | nuŋ | ŋa | ŋa |
duck | oso | ŋuso | oso | ŋuso | ũso | gelendi | hõ | gilendi | huhã; huhõ | huhõ | osa | gilendi | aŋso |
bird | fua | fua | fua | fo | fua | hu | hu | hu | huʔ | huʔ | fu | hua | hua |
insect | pə̆tʃoo | pə̆sija | bĕtʃoo | bĕtʃoo | bĕtʃoo | phi | phy | phy | saŋdʒoʔ | – | phu | khroŋtʃuŋ | phu |
cockroach | sarigau | sarigau | sarigau | sarigau | sarigau | butʃuluŋ | butʃuluŋ | pitʃuruŋ | batʃɾuŋ | pătʃhuŋ | zaŋzikma | zulu | tʃhiʔduŋ |
bee | tʃəmut | tʃəmut | tʃəmut | tʃəmut | tʃəmut | tʃidʒemo | tʃhimu | tʃi | tʃăŋkwĕm | tʃhankhom | tʃə̆khəma | tʃhutʃhu | tʃiʔtʃhuama |
fly | mədʒo | mədʒo | mədʒo | madʒoumue | mədʒau | bitʃiŋ | bitʃiŋ | pə̆tʃi | tʃăpim | tʃăpim | tʃăpim | phu | phu |
spider | raguŋ | raguŋ | raguŋ | raguŋʃejam | raguŋ | treʃum | preʃuŋ | phy | nant̪ɾisaŋsoŋ | phyadok | nant̪ɾisaŋsoŋ | phusaŋgumbu | saŋkopa |
ant | ʃiŋiŋ | siiŋ | ʃiŋiŋ | ʃiŋiŋ | ʃiŋiŋ | sandʒok | sandʒok | saŋdʒo | saŋdʒo | săŋdʒoʔ | saŋdʒo | khintʃhoʔ | khetʃho |
mosquito | tʃikitʃoŋ | tʃikitʃoŋ | tʃikitʃoŋ | mədʒou | tʃikdʒoŋ | kroŋtʃuŋ | kroŋtʃuŋ | tampi | tʃapimdʒoŋ | matʃhaɾ | timpuladʒo | kroŋtʃu | koŋtʃuŋ |
head | kijatuŋ | khɾuk | khɾuk | khɾuk | khɾuk | kektoŋ | khɾuk | khruʔ | khɾuk | khɾuʔ | mathaŋ | khloʔ | kholo |
face | midʒa | mizija | midʒa | mədʒia | mədʒija | doŋpu | bo | dʒuik | zyk | zyk | zyk | doŋpa | doʔ; doŋpa |
neck | japu | ejua | ejua | jua | jua | orutuŋ | thuŋtʃe | rutuŋ | phə̆t̪uŋ | bəthuŋ | dro | hendoŋ | hiŋthoŋ |
hair | khazijau | khazijaŋ | khazijaŋ | khazijaŋ | khazijaŋ | gə̆zaŋ | gə̆zaŋ | kə̆zaŋ | gə̆zaŋ | gidʒan | gə̆zaŋ | khuʃaŋ | khsaŋ |
eye | mijak | mijak | mijak | mije | mijak | khebi | khŭbi | khaʔby | khambyi | kamby | khabə | khum | khumu |
nose | ephuŋ | ephuŋ | ephuŋ | ephuŋ | ephuŋ | nophuŋ | nophuŋ | aphuŋ | mə̆phuŋ | maphuŋ | nophuŋ | heŋphoŋ | hempoŋ |
ear | khõ | khõ | khõ | khõ | khõ | khutuŋtʃilak | gythyn | kə̆thyŋ | kə̆thyŋ | khutuŋ | gathuŋ | khutuŋ | khutuŋ |
cheek | mədʒiamabau | mədʒiamabau | mədʒiamabau | mədʒiamabau | mədʒiamabau | dumpulok | tʃiphilok | mikiŋ | zykmĭkĭŋ | zyskŭk | dʒaphui | koptaŋ | d̪uŋpa |
chin | ʃĕandəkhau | semtəkham | ʃĕandəkhau | semtəkham | semtəkham | gamdei | gamdei | tʃakho | gamthi | kamt̪i | nijokhu | kamduŋ | hiŋkuɾ |
mouth | ʃijam | sem | sphun | sem | sem | natʃau | natʃau | tʃho | tʃutʃo | tʃotʃo | ditʃe | khotʃu | hotʃok |
tongue | ri | ri | iri | ri | ri | la | lapho | le | le | lɛ | la | loi | loi |
tooth | ʃinijat | ʃinijat | ʃiniŋ | ʃiniŋ | ʃiniŋ | nuthuŋ | toktʃe | nithiŋ | pətyn | butuŋ | nithiŋ | hintuŋ | ʃiŋtuŋ |
elbow | watʃrap | watʃpau; tʃapram | phrow | saphrom | patʃrom | ikli | ikli | ikli | ikri | ikri | jitʃri | tʃiʔ | hudʒulu |
hand | wat | wat | wat | wat | wat | ik | ik | ik | ik | ik | ik | hut | hu |
palm | pri | watphje | viphijaŋ | watbijaŋ | viphijaŋ; akham | iktʃapar | iktʃapar | ikthuŋ | ikpaɾ | ikpaɾ | ikthuŋ | hutphara | huphala |
finger | bijaŋ | bijaŋ | bijaŋ | watduweʔ | mabijaŋ | iksabo | iktʃi | burom | iktʃŭdo | ʔiʔpɾomu | ikadu | brama | husada |
fingernail | pətʃijat | bəsen | bəsen | pə̆sen | pəʃen | iktʃiŋ | iktʃiŋ | ikʃiŋ | ikʃiŋ | iktʃiŋ | iktʃiŋ | hutʃhuŋ | hutʃiŋ |
knee | lakijuŋ | ləspau | ləspau | lagijoŋ | lagijoŋ | klokpu | niphik | lipikhom | lapikhom | lapikhom | japikra | kolokpa | leiklopa |
foot | lue | lei; lue | loe | lai | lai | laʔ | latʃapar | le | le | leh̥par | latʃoŋ | lai | lei |
bone | ezak | ezeŋ | ezeŋ | nizeŋ | ezeŋ | skik | skik | skiʔ | skik | səkiʔ | axik | ʃukuʃ | ʃukuʃ |
fat | eju | eju | eju | ejo | ejo | ajo | ajo | ajo | ăjo; ăjoʔ | ăjoʔ | ajo | tʃakpa | ăjo; ăjoʔ |
skin | ekhuk | ekhuk | ekhuk | ekhuk | ekhuk | skuk | skuk | skup | skuk | səkuʔ | skuk | ʃakho | ʃakho |
blood | efua | efua | efua | nəfai | məfai | ha | ha | he | he | hɛh̥ | ha | hoi | hoi |
sweat | haniju | haniju | haniju | haniwa | haniwa | ŋoiphi | gətʃhik | khotʃhikbu | kutʃikbo | khotʃipu | nakhã | namtʃhanami | namliŋ |
belly | elui | elui | elui | lui | lui | siɾiŋ | siɾiŋ | fəriŋ | səɾiŋ | siɾiŋ | seri | hiliŋ | hiɲiŋ |
heart (organ) | eləbau | eləbau | eləbau | ləbuʔ | ləbəu | suluŋ | syluŋ | syləŋ | syluŋ | suluŋ | ʃiloŋ | luŋthaʔ | luŋthaʔ |
back | phapuŋzak | raguŋ; ephiŋbaŋ | hadu | phadum | ləbəu; phaduŋlaŋ | ɲakhu | d̪ekhe | aky | ky | kyː | naguŋ | dʒiap | lispo |
body | eso | siu | eso | siu | ʃuʔ | liʔ | lui | aʃo | so | so | aʃo | lusmama | lismamu; zug |
person | bran | bran | bran | – | tharathamaŋ | dʒiɾiŋ | dʒiɾiŋ | hando | athek | hanendoʔ | – | maŋma | bŭdihin |
man | bəfəə | bəfəə | bəfəə | bran | bran | dʒihu | dʒiriŋ | dʒiriŋ | dʒĭɾiŋ | dʒiriŋ | dʒuhu | pədəŋ | bŭd̪ŭn |
woman | bimi | bimi | dimi | hõamu | hõamua | dʒimi | dʒimi | dʒymykhɾe | dʒymy | dʒymy | dʒymy | dhudma | esma |
father | aphua | aphua | aphua | ap; aphu | aphua | atʃi | ăbo | abou | ăbo | abo | abo | apa | aba |
mother | amua | amua | amua | amu | amua | amu | ami; amu | ămuʔ | ămuʔ | amu | amo | ama | ama |
husband | aje | ge | age | ɲige | ge | aja | ʔăja | dʒuhu | aje | aje | aja | oʔi | zofa |
wife | aje | je | aje | je | je | aju | ʔăjo | dʒymy | aju | aju | aju | uja | uja |
son | dəfua | dəfua | dəfua | dəfua | dəfua | du | du | adu | ăd̪u | adu | adu | tʃaʔla | kutʃhi |
daughter | dimi | dimi; satəi | dimi | dəmi | dimi | dimi | dymy | dymy | dymy | dymy | dymy | damu | dʒŭmu |
elder brother (gen) | abua | abau; adam | abakhau | abam | adam | abukhau | abu | abe; ada | abeakhou | abe | ʔaja | ada | ada |
elder sister (gen) | abua | bumuwa; mimuabau | abau | bəməkhou | bumukhou | anukhau | anukhau | ane | ̆aɲeakho | ane | abə | au | ʔawu |
younger brother (gen) | akhua | akhua | akhua | khue | akhua | abutʃaŋ | unutʃaŋ | anuŋ | anuŋ; ăbeădʒăŋ | anuŋ | athabo | khutʃi | anuŋ |
younger sister (gen) | mimua | mimuduwa | ʃadaino | bəmənou | bəmənou | anutʃaŋ | anutʃaŋdu | miriŋadʒan | meriŋadʒen | miɾiŋ | thamo | dʒumu | ʔonuma |
friend (male) | etʃak | izaʔ | egau | eza | edʒia | ɾok | ɾok | khunuŋ | khə̆nŭŋ | khunuŋ | ɾok | loʔ | loʔ |
name | ebeŋ | ebeŋ | ebeŋ | ebeŋ; mbeŋ | ebeŋ | ădʒeŋ | adʒen | adʒen | ădʒeŋ | adʒen | ădʒeŋ | biŋ | biŋ |
village | thap | thap | thap | thak | thap | thuk | thyk | thia | thyk | thyk | thyk | thiup | luŋpa |
house | hõ | hõ | hõ | hõ | hõ | jam | jam | jam | jam | jam | jam | wam | wam |
door | habiŋ | habiŋ | habiŋ | habiŋ | habiŋ | kau | kau; koh̥ | ko | ko | ko | joŋko | kotam | kuthuŋ |
window | khirki | khirki | mĕlatʃou | hotʃou | hotʃou | paŋthuŋ | kaudu | kotʃuŋ | kotʃuŋ | kotʃyŋ | kotʃuŋ | kotʃuŋ | ɲalo |
roof | məkau | məkau | sabakhuŋ | situwaŋ | saphuje | jamkhumu | jamnakpa | tampe | jamtʃŭŋ | khajap | jamtʃŭŋ | wamtʃa | wamtʃa |
wall of house | hazaŋ | hazaŋ | hazaŋ | hazaŋ | hazaŋ | jamlok | jamlok | paŋtuŋ | ăzăɾ | tʃikpa | notho | tʃikpa | tʃikpa |
pillow | tharo | tharo | tharo | tharo | tharo | skom | skom | saŋkhom | saŋkhom | saŋkhom | saŋkhom | khukhum | khumu |
blanket | emau | imoŋ | imoŋ | khombal | jomaŋ | kombolo | lembo | lombu | lembo | lembo | kapu | neloʔ | neloʔ |
ring (on finger) | kəna | gənat | gənat | gənat | gənat | istop | tʃodop | tʃidop | tʃidop | kid̪op | gilan | tʃedum | tʃajduʔ |
clothing | juŋgəwa | juŋgu | juŋ | juŋdampha | jegua | joʔ | tʃhojo | joʔ | joʔ | joʔmuʔ | jadə | tuthuŋ | wad |
cloth | juŋ | juŋ | juŋ | juŋ | juŋ | joʔ | jo | joʔ | joʔ | joʔ | jo | wad | wad |
medicine | mo | dawa; mo | mo | dawa | dawa | man | man | man | man | man | men | man | pen |
paper | suʔ | ʃijok | suʔ | seu | ʃo; ʃijok | sigi | sygy | sygi | sə̆ga | sygy | ʃo | ʃigu | ʃigu |
needle | simen | simen | simen | simen | simen | phli | phĭli | phĭli | phiʔ | phi | phĭli | psi | psi |
thread | məraŋ | məraŋ | məraŋ | məraŋ | məraŋ | haŋ | haŋ | haŋ | haŋ | haŋ | haŋ | hauŋ | hwaŋ |
broom | sasəraŋ | sasəraŋ | sasəraŋ | bigma | sasəraŋ; ebikma | tʃantʃiriŋ | tʃantʃiɾi | tʃantʃəɾi | tʃaɲtʃɾi | tʃaɲtʃɾi | lipakhoa | tʃhamtʃhaɾaŋ | tʃantʃəɾi |
spoon (for eating) | tʃap | dʒap | dʒap | dau | dʒap | sko | sə̆ko | tʃaŋkhu | tʃaŋkho | tʃaŋkho | tʃikholo | tʃhoi | tʃhobi |
knife (to cut meat) | metəkhui | məkhui | mədəkhui | məkhui | mədəkhui | bra | bra | handudu | handudu | handu | handudu | baɾi | bali |
hammer | tʃapau | dʒabau | dʒabau | dʒabu | dʒabam | toŋ | thuŋ | – | thuŋ | hambaɾ | thuŋ | – | toŋ |
axe | thapijoŋ | thabu | thabijou | thabiu | thabijou | phĕlu | phĕlu | phullu | phɾu | phuɾu | phullu | pha | pha |
bow | rak | rak | rak | rak | rak | mili | li | ri | miʔ | miʔri | li | li | li |
arrow | mijak | mẽt | mẽt | məthua | mẽt | dʒili | mik | mik | ɾiʔ | ɾiʔ | ɾiʔ | miʔ | miʔ |
spear | tʃijoŋ | dʒoŋ | tʃijoŋ | tʃijoŋ | dʒijoŋ | dʒoŋ | zat̪i | dʒuŋ | dʒoŋ | dʒoŋ | ʃei | – | tiŋkaŋ |
fire | boe | boe | boe | bai | boe | ba | ba | be | beʔ | be | ba | bei | bei |
ashes | spije | spije | spije | sə̆phije | spije | bɾoptʃhaplu | bɾoptʃhaplu | tʃaphlu | tʃăphɾu | tʃăphɾu | tʃaphlu | tʃhuba | tʃukphak |
smoke | bukhu | bamkham | boekhau | baiŋkham | boemokhəm | baky | baky | baky | baky | bakhy | bakhy | bukhu | bukhu |
candle | buematʃou | mumbati | botʃua | mumbati | mumbati | mumbati | mumbati | – | mumbati | mumbati | – | – | mumbati |
boat | naw | naw | na | nau | khiuŋ | nau | naw | khĭ | nõ | nõ | – | – | naw |
road | ləmua | ləmua | ləmua | ləmua | ləmua | ləmu | ali | lym | gaɾilym | lymădoʔ | gaɾilym | huma | huma |
path | ləua | luməa | ləua | ləmuthuaʔ | ləmuaʃija | ləmu | nə̆mu | lym | lym | lymtʃand̪oʔ | ham | huma | huma |
to go | vəwa | thevəə | lua | dun | vəopha | oŋtʃeŋ | ʔoŋmo | ɾum | ʔoŋboʔ | oŋba | ʔoŋmo | uŋdeʔ | uŋdeʔ |
to come | tən | thavəə | thavəə | thavəə | gunpha | rantʃeŋ | ago | kheɾnim | ʔoŋgo | ʔoŋniba | uŋgei | luŋdeʔ | dʒa |
to stand | rio | rio | rioma | dʒoi | dʒaimage | khimu | khimo | tʃeimuʔ | joʔtʃibo | tʃiba | tʃima | khiŋgide | khiŋma |
to sit | tuk | duk | dukma | dəkmu | dukmage | duŋmo | dymoʔ | dymuʔ | dymo | dymba | deiŋma | duŋdʒuma | dʒuʔ; dʒuma |
to rest | thum | thuŋ | thuŋmage | thuŋmu | thuŋmage | thuŋmo | thuŋmo | atʃolumu | tʃalomo | tʃoŋloma | thuŋmo | ʃiʃoʔlama | tʃoʔlama |
to walk | lua | lua | luamage | lua | luapha | ɾomo | ɾomo | tʃouʔ | ʔoʔkhaŋ | ɾoba | ɾome | wama | maɲu |
to fly | khei | khei | khemage | kheŋpha | kheipha | tʃanmo | tʃhanmo | tʃenɾoba | tʃankhan | tʃhanba | tʃen | ʃeroŋde | ʃerbaʔ |
to enter | tətʃou | khutpha | ələmage | ləŋvəə | alamduŋ; atʃauduŋ | naŋmo | ɲanmo | ãŋ go | phepsuo | aliŋoŋma | jaluŋuŋge | naŋkhowama | humaʒa |
to kick | loekoŋ | lagoŋ | koŋmage | koŋmage | laigoŋ | lakhi | lakhy | latsuiɾaʔkhum | latʃuiɾaʔbo | latʃuɾaba | latʃui | toŋmoŋtama | litomda |
to swim | phat | phat | phakmage | phatpha | phat | khopaŋpiŋ | ikɲiŋmo | khophikhuʔ | kohaʔbo | menma | khophu | tʃelema | gaŋpaliʒa |
to see | rək | rəg | rəkmage | rekpha | rək | lanmo | lanmo | adʒelaimu | læmboʔ | lema | lema | daima | duima |
to hear | nũa | joipha | nuwamage | nuapha | joi | numo | joʔmoʔ | joʔba | nŭŋmoʔ | nuŋma | nuŋma | hama | hama |
to wait | khan | khanpha | khanmage | khanpha | khan | dʒakmo | dʒakmo | dʒaknidʒomuʔ | dʒaʔbo | dʒaʔma | laŋdʒuime | dʒaʔma | laŋma |
to cry | tʃo | tʃoapha | tʃomage | tʃoapha | tʃo | khija | khekhan | tʃeibaʔ | tʃeʔbo | tʃema | tʃei | khikma | khibʔde |
to cook | ta | dauapha | mətʃəremage | dau | dau | raʔmo | raʔmo | heɾaʔmuʔ | heɾaʔbo | tʃema | tʃureʔme | tʃhodma | tʃakma |
to boil (water) | tʃija | tʃaupha | lomage | katʃek | khatʃiau | khoatʃik | kotʃikmo | gutʃeʔmuʔ | hetʃobo | thyma | kotʃikmo | tʃhoude | tʃəʔde |
to eat | tʃije | tʃepha | mətʃitʃimage | tʃipha | tʃije | tʃumo | tʃumo | he | hetʃŭbo | tʃhuma | hetʃŭbo | tʃhadiʔ | tʃaba |
to drink | ŋaŋ | ŋaŋpha | khoŋaŋ | ŋaŋpha | ŋaŋ | liŋmo | liŋmo | liŋmu | kholiŋboʔ | liŋma | liŋma | ɲiuŋdeʔ | ɲuŋma |
to sing | bue | baipha | ebubue | mə̆bai | bue | tamo | tamo | hũŋ tămu | huʔniboʔ | nima | tamo | teideʔ | teideʔ; teima |
to bite | khrik; nik | thokpha | thokmage | tʃipha | thokpha | remmo | kumo | dʒekahuʔ | zĕgboʔ | zima | kaʔkhen | zaʔdeʔ | zegde |
to laugh | tʃijo | ʃijaʔ | tʃijo | seʔ | ʃeʔpha | zamo | zamo | dʒeimuʔ | zemo | zema | dʒeimuʔ | dʒiadeʔ | zeida |
to speak | je | jepha | jemage | sipha | jopha | somo | amo; somo | anahu | ænmoʔ | amma | amo | poŋpoŋlede | ʔinma |
to tell | muuja | jepha | jemage | joupha | sipha | amo | antʃema | joŋlutʃibaʔ | anboʔ | d̪ygma | soʔme | indeʔ | ʔinsma |
to know | ĩt | thejakpha | thekmage | itphat | itpha | d̪anmo | d̪anmo | godem | d̪anbo | d̪enma | deʔme | itʃeʔ | d̪enma |
to forget | pija | bijapha | bijẽ | bijadan | bijẽ | graŋdʒokplakpo | phlokmo | phalakmani | phɾagbo | phɾakba | phalakmani | ŋaʔdade | kaɲdʒipha |
to sleep | mijen | mijanpha | mijenmage | men | menpha | dʒiŋmo | dʒiŋmo | dʒinmaɾmu | dʒiŋbo | dʒiŋma | dʒiŋma | mindeʔ | minma |
to dream | epoŋ | ebaŋbaŋ | eboboŋmage | məbaŋ | ebaŋ | baŋ | banbanbo | bambambe | banbanbo | banbanba | bambambe | deŋkhaŋaideʔ | benkhaŋaida |
to do/make | ret | reʔpha | retmage | reipha | ɾappha | ɾamo | ɾamo | dʒureʔdaraʔhu | ɾad̪bo | ɾaʔəm | jame | ledeʔ | – |
to work | bleret | bleret | bə̆liremage | blerepha | blija | proʔmo | proʔmo | lekoraʔmu | likoɾad̪bo | lekaɾaʔmo | bilakjamẽ | leikhaledeʔ | leka |
to play | prui | brui | bruimage | bruipha | bruipha | loʔmo | loʔmo | janlamu | jeŋbo | jəmba | loʔmo | leide | leide |
to dance | ʃu | ʃiupha | ʃumage | ʃiupha | kasiu | sumo | sumo | t̪eimu | tʃamposuboʔ | ʃuba | sumo; t̪eimu | lindeʔ | limda |
to throw | fijan | phenpha | fijenmage | fen | phenpha | termo | moʔmo; termo | theimamu | moboʔ | mobaʔ | tyme | tosadeʔ | tosama |
to lift | tʃaŋ | tʃaŋpha | tʃanmage | tʃaŋpha | tʃaŋ | khaŋmo | dʒuŋmo; khaŋmo | daʔmuʔ | dʒuŋboʔ | loʔma | tʃame | khaŋde | dʒuŋma |
to push | reŋ | reŋpha | ɹiŋmage | reŋpha | reŋ | rimo | rimo | rumamu | ɾyboʔ | ɾyma | rimo | dudeʔ | duama |
to pull | ɹii | ɹiipha | ɹimage | ɹiipha | ɹii | kheŋmo | kheŋmo | taʔgimu | tʃeŋboʔ | tʃeŋbaʔ | tʃeŋbaʔ | kheŋde | kheŋma |
to tie | phoŋ | dʒoipha | phoŋmage | dʒoipha | dʒoi | hakmo | hogmo | phomu | hakboʔ | phoma | hogmo | waʔdeʔ | duŋma |
to wipe | sat | satpha | ʃatmage | satpha | satmuã | imo | ymo | lepeziʔmuʔ | yboʔ | yma | zuhama | biʔdeʔ | zuhama |
to weave (on loom) | rok | rokpha | rokmage | rokpha | məroʔ | phamo | ɾogmo | joɾakmo | ɾagbo | khuma | ɾogmo | phadeʔ | dagdeʔ |
to sew | phijok | phjokpha | phijukamage | phjokpha | phijok | tʃakmo | tʃagmo | jotʃĭmo | tʃiboʔ | tʃima | tʃagmo | ʃiŋde | ʃiŋdi |
to wash | tʃau | sutpha | tʃomage | satpha | tʃam | tʃhemo | tʃhemo | jokhotʃimo | jotʃimo | tʃhyma | tʃhyma | tʃhide | tʃhide |
to take bath | ʃausut | sutpha | ʃut | sutpha | ʃut | khruktʃemo | sawtʃhemo | aʃomemo | soxotʃiboʔ | sokhomenmo | sawtʃhemo | dusputʃhuɾde | tʃhima |
to cut something | tʃei; roŋ | tʃeipha | tʃei | tʃeipha | tʃei | tʃekmo | phaŋmo; tʃegmo | raʔmu | tʃegboʔ | tʃegmo | thai | dapde | dapde |
to burn | hau | fũppha | ʃuit | dʒijopha | fupha | batʃamo | ɾimo | bedʒikmo | bhiboʔ | bima | ɾimo | dide | dima |
to buy | phek | pheiʔpha | phek | phek | phek | tʃhamo | tʃhamo | ʃone | tʃeboʔ | tʃema | tʃema | ʃeide | ʃeide |
to sell | tʃoŋret | leupha; tʃoŋrepha | leu | liupha | liu | tʃomɾemo | tʃhoŋdamo | tʃomɾemo | tʃoŋɾagboʔ | tʃoŋɾama | tʃoŋɾama | tʃoŋiede | ʔoŋthama |
to steal | məgəgau | məgəgoupha | gau | məkəkou | məgəgau | jaumo | jaumo | jone | jobo | juma | dʒojo | bigulede | ŭma |
to lie, fib | kləlaja | klam | klau | klam | khəlam | ste | stegõmo | stegoŋbe | stegõmo | st̪eʔgomba | stegoŋbe | zaʔlede | haɾdʒa |
to take | ɹije | ɹeipha | tharijamage | jepha | lije | tʃhumo | tʃhumo | tʃune | tʃhubo | tʃhuma | tʃhumo | haɲi | laba |
to give | phi | phipha | phimage | phipha | phi | tʃhimo | tʃhimo | tʃimamo | tʃhibo | tʃhimo | tʃimamo | ʃima | ʃima |
to kill | ua | uapha | wamage | uapha | ua | atomo | ʔomo | ʔomamo | ʔomaɾe | yma | ʔomo | ʔide | aʔdama |
to die | ii | ipha | ida | idən | idun | ʔimo | ʔimo | imale | ʔimale | ʔoʔma | idoŋ | iloŋ | ʔide |
to love | izakhə | pəʃunpha | vijerat | bəʃunrepha | inza | adʒap | snule | bĭlajuŋne | saŋbo | saŋba | saŋba | gadi | gade |
to hate | lizijak | snoipha; arajoŋ | arəkjaŋ | arakmajaŋ | ɹidʒek | bedʒapa | blaɲuba | hæn | ănuŋtiŋbo | păsaŋni | ləŋzi | dujaŋbaŋ | gadʒanbagaba |
one | tʃo | dʒijo | dʒijo | dʒe | dʒe | han | han | han | han | hanan | han | hin | hin |
two | ɲiŋ | ɲiŋ; niʔ | ɲijan | niʔ | ɲiŋ | nit | ɲiʔ | niʃ | niʔ | niʔ | nari | niʃ | ɲes |
three | əm | um | um | um | um | uŋ | uŋ | um | ʔuŋ | ʔuŋ | um | om | ʔum |
four | ri | vi | vi | vi | vi | bə̆si | bə̆si | pʃi | psi | psi | psi | psi | phəhi |
five | kuwa | guwe | guwa | uwe | gu | khu | khu | khu | khu | khu | khu | kha | kha |
six | rap | rap | rap | rak | rap | tʃuk | khyt | tʃy | tʃyk | tʃhyk | tʃy | tʃyk | tʃhuʔ |
seven | mə̆lija | mə̆lija | mə̆lija | mə̆lija | mə̆lija | sik | sik | siʔ | sik | sik | sik | his | ʃis |
eight | milija | milija | milija | milija | məlau | sardʒat | saɾgjat | saɾdʒe | saɾdʒeʔ | saɾtʃe | saɾdʒe | saɾgeʔ | saɾgeʔ |
nine | deke | dəkhy | deke | thəkhei | deke | dikhi | dəkhy | thekiui | theky | theky | dəkhy | t̪hikhu | t̪hikhu |
ten | sũ | suã | suŋa | suã | suwa | sõ | sõ | sou | sõ | sõ | sõ | ʃan | ʃan |
eleven | sənatʃau | sənadʒe | sonatʃe | sənadʒe | sənadʒe | sahan | sahan | sõlahan | sõlahan | sõlahan | sõlahan | ʃamʃihin | ʃamʃihin |
twelve | sənaɲiŋ | sənaŋeŋ | sənaŋeŋ | sənaɲiŋ | sənani | sinit | səɲik | soŋleni | sõloniʔ | soŋlenik | sõlenik | ʃamʃnis | ʃamsinɲes |
twenty | etʃek | etʃet | etʃet | nitʃok | nitʃok | khan | khai | khan | khowan | khowan | khohen | kheihin | khaihin |
hundred | vijamtʃa | vijaŋdʒa | vem | vindʒe | vindʒe | dʒan | dʒoai | dʒoan | dʒowan | dʒowan | dʒohen | dʒehin | dʒahin |
thousand | jamsua | hazardʒa | hazar | hazardʒa | hazardʒa | hazar | dʒosoŋ | toŋtoan | t̪oŋt̪oʔwan | t̪oŋt̪oʔwan | toŋtʃahen | traŋtahin | toŋta |
few | mədətua | ədʒa; uidʒa | mədətua | uidʒa | iu | laŋan | alaŋ | atʃedo | ătʃen | atʃedo | atʃedo | halamhim | daudin |
some | jeuʔtʃa | mididʒa | mədətua | uidʒa | ɲabutu | munijanijaŋ | sydwĕ | ajaŋsoʔ | atʃeʔen | muʔ | melate | abelise | azalisi |
many | mənau | badʒa; pamei | bame | mənau | badʒo; məno | dʒeptʃaŋ | amat; dʒepo | ajaŋ | jymoʔ | jumoʔ | ame | juɾ | meka |
all | dʒap | dʒap | dʒap | dʒap | tham; dʒap | zaptaŋ | athom; dʒebdoŋ | athym | ăthem | athom | ăthem | kaŋpu | galugaŋga |
big | ebou | bou | ebou | bou | bou | adok | odok | adok | ăd̪oʔ | adoʔ | adok | adoʔ | ʔelaŋ |
small | ejuŋ | ejuŋ | ẽeu | ejuŋ | iu | atʃan | atʃandu | adʒendo | tʃoŋd̪oʔ | tʃoŋd̪oʔ | adʒendo | kati | ʃadaʔ |
long | ephijam | phijaŋ | phijaŋ | phijaŋ | ephijam | aɾeŋ | araŋ | araŋ | araŋ | aɾeŋ | aɾeŋ | uriŋ | uliŋ |
short (length) | edəm | dum | dəm | dum | eduŋ | athuŋdu | ăthoŋ | tʃekmo | ăthoŋ | tʃoŋdo | athuŋdu | khanda | tʃuŋtso |
heavy | elai | lai | lai | lai | elai | alitʃaŋ | ali | ali | ali | ali | ali | uli | uli |
light (not heavy) | thou | thou | tho | thou | nəthou | aruŋdu | ɾuŋ | aruŋdu | ăɾuŋd̪oʔ | ăɾuŋd̪oʔ | aruŋdu | jaŋpu | jaŋʃo |
fat | khəbup | baŋ | bou | baŋ | məbaŋ | adok | bokbok | adoʔ | biŋtʃen | adoʔ | aduk | dʒajakpa | elaŋ |
thin | khətʃek | khijan | kətʃen | sinija | kherijaŋ | reŋkoŋ | kreŋkreŋ | aʃuŋ | tʃoŋd̪oʔ | tʃoŋd̪oʔ | adʒadu | kempa | ʃaladin |
wide, broad | erai | sei | ephijaŋ | erai | erai | thi | athat | araŋ | phɾuwado | araŋ | khandʒaŋ | phaɾa | elaŋ |
narrow | khərok | nəkhok | dəəm | dətʃoi | ekhok | atʃaŋdu | atʃap | at̪uŋdu | phɾutʃoŋd̪oʔ | tʃhaŋdoʔasoʔ | gətʃe | phaɾakat̪i | ʃada |
deep | dʒam | dʒam | betʃou | dʒam | dʒam | agi | agy | kampoŋ | dʒyɾui | adʒy | adʒi | dogaŋ | how̆dĕʔ |
shallow | etʃau | nətʃeja | lakhuŋ | tʃeja | etʃau | agiboo | atʃapdu | aɾtʃadu | ătʃŭŋ | tʃhaŋdo | aɾtʃadu | tatabe | huʔpan |
full | elija | lei | lija | lei | elei | phiŋba | phiŋba | aphiŋ | aphiŋ | tʃhuʔuɾuwa | aphiŋ | psiŋdeʔ | ʃiŋde |
empty | sloi | sloi | sloi | sloi | esəloi | aruk | aruk | aruk | aruk | aɾuk | aruk | toŋpabe | toŋpa |
hungry | tʃii | tʃii | tʃii | ʃii | tʃii | hõ | khuŋba | hetʃuŋni | hekũŋ boʔ | khuŋba | akhuŋ | khamde | khamde |
thirsty | khanahou | khanahaŋ | kanehoŋ | khanaŋraŋ | khahənaŋ | hoɲijo | ɲuba | hekuŋba | juŋboʔ | juŋba | khajuŋ | tʃhoŋ | jaŋde |
sweet | phijaŋ | phijaŋ | phijam | phijaŋ | phijaŋ | atʃi | atʃi | tʃĕbeʔ | ʔatʃĩ | aboɾo | abələatʃi | tʃiɾi | ʔobida |
sour | etʃiŋ | tʃuŋ | tʃuŋ | tʃuŋ | etʃiŋ | kheti | kheti | tʃebe | tʃĩti | tʃakwa | batʃi | tʃumteʔ | tʃumpa |
bitter | ekhou | khou | khou | khou | ekhou | atʃak | akhiok | tʃakbe | ădʒuŋ | tʃhiba | atʃak | tʃaʔdeʔ | tʃakde |
spicy, hot | ra | rau | etʃək | rau | etʃək | moŋba | moŋba | hoʔbe | hobo | hoba | jopũ | jeideʔ | jeideʔ |
ripe | emeŋ | dʒum; men | emijan | emen | emeŋ | juŋkhan | juŋba | henĭbe | dʒuŋbo | dʒuŋkaŋ | juŋpə̆hu | hijaʔdeʔ | dʒomde |
rotten (fruit) | eʃuŋ | ʃoŋ | eʃuŋ | eʃuŋ | eʃuŋ | barokhan | – | hũlũbe | – | anuŋ | gafuŋ | ɲaŋoŋloŋ | – |
fast | kəthau | tʃeŋ | dʒok | dʒok | ebi | ipsiŋba | atʃer | adʒoʔ | adʒoʔ | atʃher | adʒoʔ | pasa | ʃeʃaɾa |
slow | ɹasija | ɹasija | ɹasija | ɹasija | ɹasei | anodu | anodu | anoːdu | noʔd̪uʔ | noʔd̪uʔ | nadu | hasta | hasta |
same | õ | õ | õ | õ | ŏdʒe | adu | hando | handou | ăt̪ːu | hanandoʔ | ăt̪ːu | tʃikdabe | mahinden |
different | jojo | jo | jo | jo | jojo | sŭsu | sŭsu | age | age | age | age | sosoʔ | sŭsu |
dry | ekau | egau | egau | gou | nəgou | ʔoʔõ | ʔõː | iɾkõ | ʔoʔõ | ʔoʔõ | ʔoʔõ | aɹloŋ | war |
wet | eʃoi; emum | eʃoŋ; emam; eləŋ | eʃoŋ | eʃoŋ | eʃoŋ | aʃiŋ | khle | khulumale | khli | khile | khaledʒeʔduŋ | uʃiŋ | uʃiŋ |
hot | etʃek; eluŋ | tʃep | etʃek | etʃek | lua | ătʃik | ătʃik | atʃi | ătʃik | ătʃik | atʃi | utʃi | utʃi |
cold | etʃai | etʃai | etʃai | tʃui | etʃui | atʃhan | atʃhan | rembe | ătʃeʔĕn | ɾamkhan | atʃen | utʃen | utʃen |
good | vije | vije | vije | vije | vije | adʒap | adʒap | adʒap | adʒap | adʒak | adʒa | udʒo | nakpa |
bad | avije | avije | avije | avije | avije | bedʒakpa | aɲu | aŋuba | ănuŋ | ănuŋ | ănuŋ | udʒan | nakpapaŋ |
new | evoŋ | ewã | ovou | mvəo | evo | ohan | afan | afan | ăhan | ăhan | afan | okhon | ʔohan |
old | ehek | ehek | ehe | ehek | ehek | aman | aman | atʃan | omen | aman | omen | omen | omen |
broken | etʃõ | edʒok; dʒolek | tʃoda | dʒui | muduŋ; mutʃun | khana | khja | zekmaniʔ | dʒeʔboʔ | dʒekhan | tʃadoŋ | geɾloŋ | gedʒuide |
above | lakhuŋ | lakhuŋ | lakhuŋ | lakhuŋ | lakhuŋ | khumu | khinto | atʃuŋ | ist̪aŋan | khuŋlo | khuŋro | tʃaŋkho | khoa; khotʃamŋa |
below | bətʃou | bətʃou; ləwa | bətʃou | bətʃou | bətʃou | khuto | khuto | suŋkhu | ist̪aŋanɾo | khuɾo | khuɾo | beita | khja |
far | ruaŋ | ruaŋ | ruaŋ | ruwaŋ | ruaŋ | atʃoʔ | okhjo | atʃoʔ | atʃho | atʃoʔ | atʃho | thaoriŋ | humaŭliŋ |
near | enui | noi | noi | noi | anoi; atʃua | kapdul | ana | anedu | aɲedo | aneduʔ | aɾeŋ | teapkho | hantaŋ |
right | phazui | phozoi | phozoi | havik | phazui | atʃoto | atʃho | atʃou | heʔ | atʃho | atʃho | thita | huʃu |
left | phavik | phavik | phavik | hazoi | phavik | mikheto | mekhe | ehe | tʃoʔ | hetan | axe | tʃoita | ɲimlakpa |
black | esai | esai; soi | esai | soi | esui | atʃõ | atʃuŋ | atʃuŋ | atʃuŋ | atʃuŋ | atʃuŋ | utʃham | utʃham |
white | emoŋ | emou; mõu | emou | mõu | emoŋ | adʒõ | ăzõ | adʒan | ăzõ | ăzõ | ăzõ | jaŋkar | jaŋkar |
red | eʃek | eʃaik; ʃeik | eʃaik | ʃei | eʃaik | ehek | ehek | ehek | ʔĕhĕʔ | ehek | ehek | oɾkhejaʔ | ʔĕhĕʔ |
green | erije | ere; re | erije | ere; re | ere | oho | oho | oho | ʔŏho | ʔŏho | oho | jaŋ | ʔijaŋ |
yellow | etʃui | dʒoi; edʒoi | edʒoi | dʒoi | edʒoi | ʔaha | ʔaha | ehe | ʔĕhe | ʔĕhe | ʔaha | serbu | dʒuŋ |
when (near future) | kətʃuŋ | kətʃuŋ | kətʃuŋ | kətʃuŋ | kətʃuŋ | ado | ăd̪uŋ | aduŋlua | ăd̪uŋ | ăd̪uŋ | ăd̪uŋ | adaŋ | tʃetoŋ |
where | kəʃoo | kə̆so | kəʃoo | kə̆so | kəʃoo | nəkha | ɲakha | thalua | bĭd̪e | tʃŏ | tʃoro | hata | ʔăwa |
who | haŋuŋ | haniju | haniju | haniju | haniju | ni | ɲija | mila | mija | mija | mi | mi | mi |
what | niw | niw | niwka | nije | ɲijaga | mu | mua | atja | pə̆tʃõ | pə̆tʃõ | miti | abe | ʔaza |
how many | khemotʃia | khemo | khemodʒa | khama | khemo | napan | jepaja | thokʃuaŋ | mipheːn | botuana | nepha | abehiŋ | ʔaphin |
this thing | heiphomono | heiphomono; mənohi | ehihi | heiphomono | dʒije | othai | thua | othatʃalo | təkə | thaʔetʃalo | thadʒi | otʃima | ʔŭtʃhi |
that thing | throŋphomono | throŋphomono | throŋdʒa | thibamigijaŋ | thedʒi | thaŋai | tethigo | odʒetʃalodʒe | thaŋɾoʔ | thuwetʃalo | tibadʒi | ot̪hijaʔma | teita |
these things | zaphomono | hithebomono | hithəə | hephamənothe | hithəə | thithai | twagi | athoumdʒyŋ | thɾuŋthaŋ | thaʔetʃalo | athun | utʃimagaŋpu | ʔŭtʃigaŋga |
those things | khetmono | thedʒibomono | dʒidʒaithə | dʒaphaməgijaŋ | theizap | thutai | tethitigːe | othaimagaŋpu | ăthek | thuwetʃalo | thivathun | othaimagaŋpu | teitagaŋga |
1st sg. (I) | ko | go; gu | go | gu | go | gu | gu | gu | gũ | gu | gu | ga | ga |
2nd sg. (familiar) | no | no | no | no | no | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | ni | naŋ |
2nd sg. (honorific) | no | no | no | no | no | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | naŋdʒi | nare | naŋ | naŋ |
3rd sg. (generic/male) | we | uwe | oe | thei | oe | jai | wa | khuə | naŋ | thuwe | thiwadʒi | hoi | ʔui |
3rd sg. (female) | we | uwe | uwe | thei | uwe | jai | wa | naŋ | naŋ | thuwe | khawadʒi | naŋ | ʔuid̪amu |
1st pl. | kəthəa | khət̪he | kəthəa | khət̪he | gəthəe | ga | ga | khət̪he | gyɾy | gu | gu | gaɾkaŋpu | galu ganga |
2nd pl. (familiar) | nathəa | nat̪hek | nathəa | nathe | nathəa | nai | nabluŋ | nat̪hek | năthek | năŋthek | năthek | naɾgaŋpu | naɾugaŋga |
2nd pl. (honorific) | nathəa | nathek | nathəa | nathe | nathəa | nai | nabluŋ | khiraŋ | nathek | naŋthekdʒi | nathek | nargaŋpu | naɾugaŋga |
3rd pl. | ethe | ethe | nathəa | thei | ethəe | jar | wabluŋ | wathek | athek | thuwe | thiwathi | waɾbaʔ | walu |
The Kho-Bwa dialect locations, all of which are in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, are (Abraham, et al. 2018: 9):
Language | Village | Circle HQ | District |
---|---|---|---|
Bugun | Bichom | Nafra | West Kameng |
Bugun | Kaspi | Singchung | West Kameng |
Bugun | Namphri | Singchung | West Kameng |
Bugun | Wangho | Singchung | West Kameng |
Bugun | Singchung | Singchung | West Kameng |
Sherdukpen | Rupa | Rupa | West Kameng |
Sherdukpen | Shergaon | Rupa | West Kameng |
Sartang | Darbu | Dirang | West Kameng |
Sartang | Darbu | Dirang | West Kameng |
Sartang | Khoitam | Dirang | West Kameng |
Sartang | Khoina | Nafra | West Kameng |
Lish Monpa | Lish | Dirang | West Kameng |
Chug Monpa | Chug | Dirang | West Kameng |