Appendix:South Levantine Arabic Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in South Levantine Arabic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishSouth Levantine Arabic
اللهجة الشامية الجنوبية
edit (207)
IPA
1I (1sg)أنا (ʔana)/ˈʔa.na/
2you (2sg)إنت (ʔinta) (masculine), إنتي (ʔinti) (feminine)/ˈʔin.ta/, /ˈʔin.ti/
3he, she, it (3sg)هو (huwwe) (masculine), هي (hiyye) (feminine)/ˈhuw.we/, /ˈhij.je/
4we (1pl)إحنا (ʔiḥna)/ˈʔiħ.na/
5you (2pl)إنتو (ʔintu)/ˈʔin.tu/
6they (3pl)هم (humme), هن (hinne) (Galilee)/ˈhum.me/, /ˈhin.ne/
7thisهاد (hād) (masculine singular), هادا (hāda) (masculine singular), هادي (hādi) (feminine singular), هاي (hāy) (feminine singular), هدول (hadōl) (plural)/ˈhaːd/, /ˈhaː.da/, /ˈhaː.di/, /ˈhaːj/, /haˈdoːl/
8thatهداك (hadāk) (masculine singular), هديك (hadīk) (feminine singular), هدولاك (hadolāk) (plural)/haˈdaːk/, /haˈdiːk/, /hadoˈlaːk/
9hereهون (hōn)/ˈhoːn/
10thereهناك (hunāk), غاد (ḡād)/huˈnaːk/, /ˈɣaːd/
11whoمين (mīn)/miːn/
12whatإيش (ʔēš), شو (šū)/ˈʔeːʃ/, /ˈʃuː/
13whereوين (wēn)/weːn/
14whenإيمتى (ʔēmta)/ˈʔeːm.ta/
15howكيف (kīf)/kiːf/
16notمُش (muš), مِش (miš)/muʃ/, /miʃ/
17allكل (kull)/ˈkull/
18manyكتير (ktīr)/ˈktiːr/
19someبعض (baʕḍ), كم من (kam min)/ˈbaʕdˤ/, /ˈkam min/
20fewشوي (šway), شوية (šwayye)/ˈʃwaj/, /ˈʃwaj.je/
21otherتاني (tāni)/ˈtaː.ni/
22oneواحد (wāḥad) (masculine), واحدة (waḥde) (feminine)/ˈwaː.ħad/, /ˈwaħ.de/
23twoتنين (tnēn) (masculine), تنتين (tintēn) (feminine)/tneːn/, /tinˈteːn/
24threeتلاتة (talāte)/taˈlaː.te/
25fourأربعة (ʔarbaʕa)/ˈʔar.ba.ʕa/
26fiveخمسة (ḵamse)/ˈxam.se/
27bigكبير (kbīr)/ˈkbiːr/
28longطويل (ṭwīl)/ˈtˤwiːl/
29wideواسع (wāsiʕ)/ˈwaː.siʕ/
30thickخميل (ḵmīl)/ˈxmiːl/
31heavyتقيل (tʔīl)/ˈtʔiːl/
32smallزغير (zḡīr)/ˈzɣiːr/
33shortقصير (ʔaṣīr)/ʔaˈsˤiːr/
34narrowديّق (dijjiʔ)/ˈdij.jiʔ/
35thinرفيع (rfīʕ)/ˈrfiːʕ/
36womanمرة (mara)/ˈma.ra/
37man (adult male)زلمة (zalame), رجال (rijjāl)/ˈza.la.me/, /riʒˈʒaːl/
38man (human being)إنسان (ʔinsān)/ˈʔin.saːn/
39childولد (walad), طفل (ṭifl)/ˈwa.lad/, /ˈtˤifl/
40wifeمرة (mara)/ˈma.ra/
41husbandجوز (jōz)/ˈʒoːz/
42motherإم (ʔimm)/ʔimm/
43fatherأب (ʔabb)/ʔabb/
44animalحيوان (ḥaywān)/ħajˈwaːn/
45fishسمكة (samake)/ˈsa.ma.ke/
46birdعصفور (ʕaṣfūr)/ʕasˤˈfuːr/
47dogكلب (kalb)/ˈkalb/
48louseقملة (ʔamle)/ˈʔam.le/
49snakeحية (ḥajje)/ˈħaj.je/
50wormدودة (dūde)/ˈduː.de/
51treeشجرة (šajara)/ˈʃa.ʒa.ra/
52forestغابة (ḡābe)/ˈɣaː.be/
53stickعصاي (ʕaṣāy), عصاية (ʕaṣāye)/ʕaˈsˤaːj/, /ʕaˈsˤaː.je/
54fruitفاكهة (fākha)/ˈfaːk.ha/
55seedبذرة (bizre)/ˈbiz.re/
56leafورقة (waraʔa)/ˈwa.ra.ʔa/
57rootشرش (širš)/ˈʃirʃ/
58bark (of a tree)قشرة (ʔišre)/ˈʔiʃ.re/
59flowerزهرة (zahra)/ˈzah.ra/
60grassحشيش (ḥašīš)/ħaˈʃiːʃ/
61ropeحبل (ḥabil)/ˈħa.bil/
62skinجلد (jild)/ˈʒild/
63meatلحم (laḥm)/ˈlaħm/
64bloodدم (damm)/ˈdamm/
65boneعضم (ʕaḍm)/ˈʕadˤm/
66fat (noun)شحم (šaḥm)/ˈʃaħm/
67eggبيض (bēḍa)/ˈbeːdˤ/
68hornقرن (ʔarn)/ˈʔarn/
69tailدنب (danab)/ˈda.nab/
70featherريش (rīše)/ˈriːʃ/
71hairشعر (šaʕr)/ˈʃaʕr/
72headراس (rās)/ˈraːs/
73earدان (dān)/ˈdaːn/
74eyeعين (ʕēn)/ˈʕeːn/
75noseمنخار (munḵār)/munˈxaːr/
76mouthتم (tumm)/ˈtumm/
77toothسن (sinn)/ˈsinn/
78tongue (organ)لسان (lsān)/ˈlsaːn/
79fingernailأضفر (ʔuḍfar)/ˈʔudˤ.far/
80footإجر (ʔijr)/ˈʔiʒr/
81legساق (sāʔ)/ˈsaːʔ/
82kneeركبة (rukbe)/ˈruk.be/
83handإيد (ʔīd)/ˈʔiːd/
84wingجناح (janāḥ)/ʒaˈnaːħ/
85bellyبطن (baṭn)/ˈbatˤn/
86gutsمصران (muṣrān)/musˤˈraːn/
87neckرقبة (raʔabe)/ˈra.ʔa.be/
88backضهر (ḍahr)/ˈdˤahr/
89breastصدر (ṣidr)/ˈsˤidr/
90heartقلب (ʔalb)/ˈʔalb/
91liverكبدة (kibde)/ˈkib.de/
92to drinkشرب (širib)/ˈʃi.rib/
93to eatأكل (ʔakal)/ˈʔa.kal/
94to biteعض (ʕaḍḍ)/ˈʕadˤdˤ/
95to suckمص (maṣṣ)/ˈmasˤsˤ/
96to spitبزق (bazaʔ)/ˈba.zaʔ/
97to vomitنتق (nataʔ), استفرغ (istafraḡ)/ˈna.taʔ/, /isˈtaf.raɣ/
98to blowنفخ (nafaḵ)/ˈna.fax/
99to breatheتنفس (tnaffas)/ˈtnaf.fas/
100to laughضحك (ḍiḥik)/ˈdˤi.ħik/
101to seeشاف (šāf)/ˈʃaːf/
102to hearسمع (simiʕ)/ˈsi.miʕ/
103to knowعرف (ʕirif)/ˈʕirif/
104to thinkفكر (fakkar)/ˈfak.kar/
105to smellشم (šamm)/ˈʃamm/
106to fearخاف (ḵāf)/ˈxaːf/
107to sleepنام (nām)/ˈnaːm/
108to liveعاش (ʕāš)/ˈʕaːʃ/
109to dieمات (māt)/ˈmaːt/
110to killقتل (ʔatal)/ˈʔa.tal/
111to fightتخانق (tḵānaʔ), تقاتل (tʔātal)/ˈtxaː.naʔ/, /ˈtʔaː.tal/
112to huntتصيد (tṣayyad)/ˈtsˤaj.jad/
113to hitضرب (ḍarab)/ˈdˤa.rab/
114to cutقطع (ʔaṭṭaʕ)/ˈʔatˤ.tˤaʕ/
115to splitشق (šaʔʔ)/ˈʃaʔʔ/
116to stabطعن (ṭaʕan)/ˈtˤa.ʕan/
117to scratchحك (ḥakk)/ˈħakk/
118to digحفر (ḥafar)/ˈħa.far/
119to swimسبح (sibiḥ)/ˈsi.biħ/
120to flyطار (ṭār)/ˈtˤaːr/
121to walkمشى (maša)/ˈma.ʃa/
122to comeإجا (ʔija)/ˈʔi.ʒa/
123to lie (as in a bed)نام (nām)/ˈnaːm/
124to sitقعد (ʔaʕad)/ˈʔa.ʕad/
125to standوقف (waʔʔaf)/ˈwaʔ.ʔaf/
126to turn (intransitive)لف (laff)/ˈlaff/
127to fallوقع (wiʔiʕ)/ˈwi.ʔiʕ/
128to giveأعطى (ʔaʕṭa)/ˈʔaʕ.tˤa/
129to holdمسك (misik)/ˈmi.sik/
130to squeezeعصر (ʕaṣar)/ˈʕa.sˤar/
131to rubفرك (farak)/ˈfa.rak/
132to washغسل (ḡasal)/ˈɣa.sal/
133to wipeمسح (masaḥ)/ˈma.saħ/
134to pullسحب (saḥab)/ˈsa.ħab/
135to pushدفش (dafaš), دفع (dafaʕ)/ˈda.faʃ/, /ˈda.faʕ/
136to throwرمى (rama)/ˈra.ma/
137to tieربط (rabaṭ)/ˈra.batˤ/
138to sewخيّط (ḵayyaṭ)/ˈxaj.jatˤ/
139to countعد (ʕadd)/ˈʕadd/
140to sayقال (ʔāl)/ˈʔaːl/
141to singغنى (ḡanna)/ˈɣan.na/
142to playلعب (liʕib)/ˈli.ʕib/
143to floatطاش (ṭāš)/ˈtˤaːʃ/
144to flowسال (sāl)/ˈsaːl/
145to freezeصقع (ṣaʔʔaʕ)/ˈsˤaʔ.ʔaʕ/
146to swellورم (wirim)/ˈwi.rim/
147sunشمس (šams)/ˈʃams/
148moonقمر (ʔamar)/ˈʔa.mar/
149starنجمة (nijme)/ˈniʒ.me/
150waterمي (ṃajj), مية (ṃajje)/ˈmˤajj/, /ˈmˤajje/
151rainشتا (šita)/ˈʃi.ta/
152riverنهر (nahr)/ˈnahr/
153lakeبحيرة (buḥayra)/buˈħaj.ra/
154seaبحر (baḥar)/ˈba.ħar/
155saltملح (malḥ)/ˈmalħ/
156stoneحجر (ḥajar)/ˈħa.ʒar/
157sandرمل (raml)/ˈraml/
158dustغبرة (ḡabara)/ˈɣa.ba.ra/
159earthأرض (ʔarḍ) (planet), تراب (trāb) (material)/ˈʔardˤ/, /ˈtraːb/
160cloudغيم (ḡēm)/ˈɣeːm/
161fogضباب (ḍabāb)/dˤaˈbaːb/
162skyسما (sama)/ˈsa.ma/
163windهوا (hawa)/ˈħa.wa/
164snowتلج (talj)/ˈtalʒ/
165iceتلج (talj)/ˈtalʒ/
166smokeدخان (duḵḵān)/duxˈxaːn/
167fireنار (nār)/ˈnaːr/
168ashرماد (ramād)/raˈmaːd/
169to burnحرق (ḥaraʔ)/ˈħa.raʔ/
170roadطريق (ṭarīʔ)/tˤaˈriːʔ/
171mountainجبل (jabal)/ˈʒa.bal/
172redأحمر (ʔaḥmar) (masculine), حمرا (ḥamra) (feminine)/ˈʔaħ.mar/, /ˈħam.ra/
173greenأخضر (ʔaḵḍar) (masculine), خضرا (ḵaḍra) (feminine)/ˈʔax.dˤar/, /ˈxadˤ.ra/
174yellowأصفر (ʔaṣfar) (masculine), صفرا (ṣafra) (feminine)/ˈʔasˤ.far/, /ˈsˤaf.ra/
175whiteأبيض (ʔabyaḍ) (masculine), بيضا (bayḍa) (feminine)/ˈʔab.jadˤ/, /ˈbaj.dˤa/
176blackأسود (ʔaswad) (masculine), سودا (sōda) (feminine)/ˈʔas.wad/, /ˈsoː.da/
177nightليلة (lēle)/ˈleː.le/
178dayيوم (yōm), نهار (nhār)/ˈjoːm/, /ˈnhaːr/
179yearسنة (sane)/ˈsa.ne/
180warmسخن (suḵn)/ˈsuxn/
181coldبارد (bārid)/ˈbaː.rid/
182fullملان (malān), مليان (malyān)/maˈlaːn/, /malˈjaːn/
183newجديد (jdīd)/ˈʒdiːd/
184oldقديم (ʔadīm)/ʔaˈdiːm/
185goodمنيح (mnīḥ), طيب (ṭayyib)/ˈmniːħ/, /ˈtˤaj.jib/
186badعاطل (ʕāṭil)/ˈʕaː.tˤil/
187rottenخربان (ḵarbān), مخمج (mḵammij)/xarˈbaːn/, /ˈmxam.miʒ/
188dirtyوسخ (wisiḵ)/ˈwi.six/
189straightدغري (duḡri)/ˈduɣ.ri/
190roundمدوّر (mdawwar)/ˈmdaw.war/
191sharp (as a knife)ماضي (māḍi)/ˈmaː.dˤi/
192dull (as a knife)بارد (bārid), تلم (tilim)/ˈbaː.rid/, /ˈti.lim/
193smoothناعم (nāʕim), مالس (mālis)/ˈnaː.ʕim/, /ˈmaː.lis/
194wetمبلول (mablūl)/mabˈluːl/
195dryناشف (nāšif)/ˈnaː.ʃif/
196correctصح (saḥḥ)/ˈsˤaħħ/
197nearقريب (ʔarīb)/ʔaˈriːb/
198farبعيد (bʕīd)/ˈbʕiːd/
199rightيمين (yamīn)/jaˈmiːn/
200leftشمال (šmāl)/ˈʃmaːl/
201atعند (ʕind)/ˈʕind/
202inفي (fi)/fi/
203withمع (maʕ), بـ (bi-)/maʕ/, /bi/
204andو (w-)/w/
205ifلو (law), إذا (ʔiza), إن (ʔin)/law/, /ʔi.za/, /ʔin/
206becauseعشان (ʕašān), لإنه (laʔinnu)/ʕaˈšaːn/, /laˈʔin.nu/
207nameاسم (ʔism)/ˈʔism/
Swadesh lists
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