Appendix:Faroese Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Faroese, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishFaroese
Føroyskt
edit (207)
1I (1sg)eg
2you (2sg)
3he, she, it (3sg)hann, hon
4we (1pl)vit
5you (2pl)tit
6they (3pl)teir
7thishesin, hetta
8thathin, hitt, hetta
9hereher
10therehar
11whohvør
12whathvat
13wherehvar
14whennær
15howhvussu
16notikki
17allallur
18manymangur
19somenakað
20fewfáur
21otherannar
22oneein
23twotveir
24threetrý
25fourfýra
26fivefimm
27bigstórur
28longlangur
29widebreiður
30thicktjúkkur
31heavytungur
32smalllítil
33shortstuttur
34narrowmjáur
35thintunnur
36womankona
37man (adult male)kallur
38man (human being)maður
39childbarn
40wifekona
41husbandmaður
42mothermóðir, mamma
43fatherfaðir, babba
44animaldýr, djór
45fishfiskur
46birdfuglur
47doghundur
48louselús
49snakeslanga, snákur
50wormormur
51treetræ
52forestskógur
53stickstavur, stong, pinnur
54fruitfrukt, ávøkstur
55seedfræ
56leafleyvsblað
57rootrót
58bark (of a tree)børkur
59flowerblóma, blomstur
60grassgras
61ropereip
62skinhúð
63meatkjøt
64bloodblóð
65bonebein
66fat (noun)feitt, fiti
67eggegg
68hornhorn
69tailhali (of mammals), halafaks, tagl (of horses), vel (of birds), sporl (of fish, seals, etc.)
70featherfjøður
71hairhár
72headhøvd, høvur
73earoyra
74eyeeyga
75nosenøs
76mouthmunnur
77toothtonn
78tongue (organ)tunga
79fingernailnegl
80footfótur
81legleggur, fótleggur
82kneeknæ
83handhond
84wingvongur
85bellymagi, búkur
86gutsinnvølur
87neckhálsur
88backryggur, bak
89breastbróst
90hearthjarta
91liverlivur
92to drinkdrekka
93to eateta
94to bitebíta
95to sucksúgva
96to spitspýta
97to vomitspýggja, goysa
98to blowblása
99to breatheanda
100to laughlæa, flenna, grína
101to seesíggja
102to hearhoyra
103to knowvita
104to thinkhugsa, teinkja
105to smelllukta, tevja, snodda
106to fearóttast, ræðast
107to sleepsova
108to liveliva
109to diedoyggja
110to killdrepa
111to fightklandrast, berjast
112to huntveiða
113to hitsláa, buka
114to cutskera, rista
115to splitklúgva, kloyva (transitive), klovna, rivna, syndrast (intransitive)
116to stabstinga, rena
117to scratchklóra, rispa, skøva
118to diggrava
119to swimsvimja
120to flyflúgva
121to walkganga, spáka
122to comekoma
123to lie (as in a bed)liggja
124to sitsita
125to standstanda
126to turn (intransitive)snurra, mala
127to falldetta, rapa, falla
128to givegeva
129to holdhalda
130to squeezekroysta, krympa
131to rubgníggja, narra
132to washtváa, vaska
133to wipeturka
134to pulltoga, draga, hála
135to pushskumpa
136to throwkasta, blaka, tveita
137to tiebinda, knýta
138to sewseyma
139to counttelja
140to saysiga
141to singsyngja
142to playleika, spæla
143to floatflóta
144to flowstreyma, renna, fløða
145to freezefrysta
146to swelltrútna, bólgna, hovna, svølla
147sunsól
148moonmáni
149starstjørna
150watervatn
151rainregn
152riverá
153lakevatn
154seasjógvur, hav
155saltsalt
156stonesteinur
157sandsandur
158dustdust
159earthjørð
160cloudskýggj
161fogtoka, mjørki
162skyhimmal
163windvindur
164snowkavi
165iceísur
166smokeroykur
167fireeldur
168ashøska
169to burnbrenna
170roadvegur, gøta
171mountainfjall
172redreyður
173greengrønur
174yellowgulur
175whitehvítur
176blacksvartur
177nightnátt
178daydagur
179yearár
180warmlýggjur
181coldkaldur
182fullfullur
183newnýggjur
184oldgamal
185goodgóður
186badóndur (evil), vánaligur
187rottenfúnaður, rotin
188dirtyskitin
189straightbeinur
190roundrundur
191sharp (as a knife)hvassur, gløggur
192dull (as a knife)óhvassur
193smoothhálur, mjúkur
194wetvátur
195dryturrur
196correctrættur
197nearnærstaddur, høgligur
198farlangt, leingi
199righthøgri
200leftvinstri
201athjá
202iní
203withvið
204andog
205ifum
206becausevegna
207namenavn

See also

Bibliography

  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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