Appendix:Navajo Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Navajo, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Navajo
Diné bizaad
IPA
pronunciation
1 I shí
2 you (singular) ni
3 he
4 we nihí (du.), danihí (pl.)
5 you (plural) nihí (du.), danihí (pl.)
6 they (du.), daabí (pl.)
7 this díí
8 that éí
9 here kwii, kweʼé, kǫ́ǫ́
10 there aadi
11 who háí
12 what daa
13 where háadi
14 when hádą́ą́ʼ (past), hahgo (referring to the future), h (in the future)
15 how daa
16 not dooda
17 all tʼáá ałtso, tʼáá átʼé
18 many ląʼí, łą́, łání
19 some łaʼ
20 few tʼáá díkwíí
21 other ałʼąą
22 one tʼááłáʼí
23 two naaki
24 three tááʼ
25 four dį́į́
26 five ashdlaʼ
27 big tsoh
28 long nineez
29 wide hóteel
30 thick áníłtsááz
31 heavy nidaaz (it is heavy)
32 small áłtsʼíísí (it is small), yázhí
33 short áłtsʼíísí
34 narrow áłtsʼóózí
35 thin áłtʼą́ą́ʼígo (it is flat)
36 woman asdzání (young), asdzą́ą́ (old), asdzáán (elderly)
37 man (male) hastiin
38 man (human) diné
39 child awééʼ, áłchíní (pl.)
40 wife hweʼesdzáán (3a. possessive)
41 husband hahastiin (3a. possessive)
42 mother amá
43 father azhéʼé, ataaʼ
44 animal naaldlooshii
45 fish łóóʼ
46 bird tsídii
47 dog łééchąąʼí
48 louse yaaʼ
49 snake tłʼiish, naʼashǫ́ʼii
50 worm chʼosh
51 tree tsin ííʼáii, tsin ííʼáhígíí
52 forest tsintah
53 stick gish, tsin
54 fruit neestʼą́, tsin bineestʼąʼ
55 seed akʼǫ́ǫ́ʼ (of fruit), binááʼ (of other trees), kʼeelyéí (of cultivated plants), álástsiiʼ (of grain)
56 leaf atʼąąʼ
57 root akétłʼóól
58 bark (of a tree) aháshtʼóózh, azhííh
59 flower chʼil bílátah hózhóón, chʼilátah baa hózhónii
60 grass tłʼoh
61 rope tłʼóół
62 skin akágí
63 meat atsįʼ
64 blood dił
65 bone tsʼin
66 fat (noun) akʼah
67 egg ayęęzhii
68 horn adeeʼ
69 tail atseeʼ
70 feather atʼaʼ
71 hair atsiiʼ (head), ákáshtłʼo (body)
72 head bitsiiʼ, atsiiʼ, atsiitsʼiin
73 ear ajaaʼ
74 eye anááʼ
75 nose áchį́į́h
76 mouth azééʼ
77 tooth awooʼ
78 tongue atsooʼ
79 fingernail áláshgaan
80 foot akeeʼ
81 leg ajáád
82 knee agod
83 hand álaʼ
84 wing atʼaʼ
85 belly abid
86 guts atsą́ siláí
87 neck akʼos
88 back bíígháán (3.), hwííshgháán, anághah
89 breast -be’
90 heart ajéídíshjool
91 liver bizid, azid
92 to drink adlą́
93 to eat ayą́
94 to bite adiłhash
95 to suck yitsʼǫǫs
96 to spit dizhah
97 to vomit nákwi
98 to blow doochʼih, diyóół (of the wind)
99 to breathe didziih
100 to laugh yidloh
101 to see yooʼį́
102 to hear yidiitsʼį́į́h
103 to know haniih
104 to think nitsékees
105 to smell yishchin
106 to fear yináldzid
107 to sleep ałhosh
108 to live hiná
109 to die daatsaah (often too harsh), yę́ę ádin (polite)
110 to kill yiyiiłhé (one object), yighą́ (multiple objects)
111 to fight ahigą́
112 to hunt naalzheeh
113 to hit yitsid (with a hammer)
114 to cut yiyiigish
115 to split ałtániiłgizh
116 to stab iijííł
117 to scratch yichʼid
118 to dig haigééd
119 to swim naʼałkǫ́ǫ́ʼ
120 to fly bił yitʼah
121 to walk naaghá
122 to come naaghá
123 to lie (as in a bed) sitą́
124 to sit sédá
125 to stand sézį́
126 to turn (intransitive) náyéés
127 to fall yitłish
128 to give yíʼááh (a single roundish bulky object), yíjááh (a large number of small objects), yíyeeh (a burden, pack, or load), yíłjooł (noncompact matter), yíkaah (matter in an open container), yílé (a single slender flexible object), yínííł (several objects),, yíłteeh (a single animate object), yítįįh (a single slender stiff object), yítłeeh (mushy matter), yíłtsóós (a single flat flexible object)
129 to hold yootį́į́ł (a slender object)
130 to squeeze yiyiinih
131 to rub bídinéyiizh
132 to wash tánéígis (an impermeable object), yiyiigis (a permeable object)
133 to wipe yitʼood
134 to pull yidzį́į́s
135 to push bíjooyił, naaʼííłhad
136 to throw yiłneʼ (a solid round object)
137 to tie beʼeshtłʼǫ́
138 to sew náʼáłkad
139 to count ííníshtaʼ
140 to say
141 to sing hataał
142 to play naashné
143 to float naaʼeeł
144 to flow nílį́
145 to freeze yiłtin
146 to swell dínóochał
147 sun shá, jóhonaaʼéí
148 moon ooljééʼ
149 star sǫʼ
150 water
151 rain níłtsą́
152 river tooh nílíní, tooh
153 lake tooh, beʼekʼid
154 sea tónteel
155 salt áshįįh
156 stone tsé
157 sand séí
158 dust łeezh
159 earth łeezh, niʼ
160 cloud kʼos
161 fog áhí
162 sky
163 wind níłchʼi, níyol
164 snow zas
165 ice tin
166 smoke łid
167 fire kǫʼ
168 ash łeeshchʼih
169 to burn yidiłid
170 road atiin
171 mountain dził
172 red łichííʼ
173 green dinootłʼizh
174 yellow łitso
175 white łigai
176 black łizhin
177 night tłʼééʼ
178 day jį́
179 year nááhai, yihah
180 warm honeezílí (of a place or weather), hoozdo (of an area)
181 cold hakʼaz (of a place), sikʼaz (to the touch)
182 full hadéébįįd
183 new ániid, ániidí
184 old sání
185 good yáʼátʼééh
186 bad doo yáʼátʼéeh da
187 rotten dláád
188 dirty niłhin, chin bąąh
189 straight kʼézdon
190 round názbąs
191 sharp (as a knife) deení
192 dull (as a knife) doo deení da
193 smooth dilkǫǫh
194 wet ditłééʼ
195 dry yíłtseii
196 correct ákótʼé
197 near áhání
198 far nízah
199 right nishʼnáájígo
200 left nishtłʼajígo
201 at -di, -gi
202 in biiʼ
203 with
204 and dóó
205 if ládą́ą́ʼ
206 because háálá
207 name yízhí

See also

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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