Appendix:Swahili Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Swahili, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Swahili
Kiswahili
1 I mimi
2 you (singular) wewe
3 he, she, it yeye
4 we sisi
5 you (plural) ninyi
6 they wao
7 this huyu (person), hii, hiki, hili, huu
8 that lile, ule, yule, ile, kile
9 here hapa / huku / humu
10 there pale / kule / mle
11 who nani (interrogative)
12 what nini (interrogative)
13 where wapi (no movement, interrogative)
14 when lini (interrogative)
15 how vipi (interrogative)
16 not si, -si-, ha-
17 all -ote
18 many -ingi
19 some baadhi ya / chache
20 few kidogo / chache
21 other -ingine
22 one moja / mosi
23 two mbili / pili / wili
24 three -tatu
25 four -nne
26 five -tano
27 big -kubwa
28 long -refu
29 wide -pana
30 thick -nene
31 heavy -zito
32 small -dogo
33 short -fupi
34 narrow -embamba
35 thin -anana
36 woman mwanamke
37 man (adult male) mwanamume
38 man (human being) mtu
39 child mtoto
40 wife mke
41 husband mume
42 mother mama
43 father baba
44 animal mnyama
45 fish samaki
46 bird ndege
47 dog mbwa
48 louse chawa
49 snake nyoka
50 worm funza
51 tree mti
52 forest msitu
53 stick fimbo, mti
54 fruit tunda
55 seed mbegu
56 leaf jani
57 root mzizi
58 bark (of a tree) gamba
59 flower ua
60 grass nyasi
61 rope kamba
62 skin ngozi
63 meat nyama
64 blood damu
65 bone mfupa
66 fat (noun) mori / mafuta
67 egg yai
68 horn pembe
69 tail mkia
70 feather unyoya
71 hair nywele
72 head kichwa
73 ear sikio
74 eye jicho
75 nose pua
76 mouth kinywa
77 tooth jino
78 tongue (organ) ulimi
79 fingernail ukucha
80 foot mguu
81 leg mguu
82 knee goti
83 hand mkono
84 wing ubawa
85 belly tumbo
86 guts utumbo
87 neck shingo
88 back mgongo
89 breast ziwa, dodo
90 heart moyo
91 liver ini
92 to drink -nywa
93 to eat -la
94 to bite -donoa
95 to suck -amwa
96 to spit -tema
97 to vomit -tapika
98 to blow -puliza
99 to breathe -pumua
100 to laugh -cheka
101 to see -ona
102 to hear -sikia
103 to know -fahamu, -jua
104 to think -fikiri, -dhani, -waza
105 to smell -nukilia
106 to fear -ogopa
107 to sleep -lala
108 to live -ishi (in a place)
109 to die -fa
110 to kill -ua
111 to fight -pigana
112 to hunt -winda
113 to hit -gonga, -piga
114 to cut -kata
115 to split -pasua
116 to stab -choma
117 to scratch -kuna, -parua
118 to dig -chimba
119 to swim -ogelea
120 to fly -paa
121 to walk -tembea
122 to come -ja
123 to lie (as in a bed) -gona (action)
124 to sit -kaa
125 to stand -simama (action)
126 to turn (intransitive) -pindua
127 to fall -anguka
128 to give -pa
129 to hold -shika
130 to squeeze -kaba, -minya, -kamua
131 to rub -sugua
132 to wash -safisha
133 to wipe -futa
134 to pull -vuta
135 to push -guta / -sukuma
136 to throw -tupa
137 to tie -funga
138 to sew -shona
139 to count -hesabu
140 to say -sema
141 to sing -imba
142 to play -cheza
143 to float -elea
144 to flow -tiririka
145 to freeze -ganda
146 to swell -fura
147 sun jua
148 moon mwezi
149 star nyota
150 water maji
151 rain mvua
152 river mto
153 lake ziwa
154 sea bahari
155 salt chumvi
156 stone jiwe
157 sand mchanga
158 dust vumbi
159 earth ardhi
160 cloud wingu
161 fog ukungu
162 sky uwingu, anga
163 wind upepo
164 snow theluji
165 ice barafu
166 smoke moshi
167 fire moto
168 ash majivu
169 to burn -waka
170 road njia, barabara
171 mountain mlima
172 red -ekundu
173 green kijani
174 yellow manjano
175 white -eupe
176 black -eusi
177 night usiku
178 day siku
179 year mwaka
180 warm moto
181 cold baridi
182 full -nene
183 new -pya
184 old -zee
185 good -ema, -zuri
186 bad -baya, -ovu
187 rotten -bovu
188 dirty -chafu
189 straight nyofu
190 round duara
191 sharp (as a knife) chungu
192 dull (as a knife) butu
193 smooth -ororo
194 wet kimaji
195 dry -kavu
196 correct sahihi
197 near karibu
198 far mbali
199 right kuume, kulia
200 left kushoto
201 at pa, kwa, kwenye
202 in ndani ya, katika
203 with na
204 and na
205 if kama
206 because kwa sababu, kwa kuwa
207 name jina
  • The words preceded by a hyphen (-) are radicals of a verb or an adjective that may be inflected in the noun class system.

See also

 Swahili language on Wikipedia

Bibliography

  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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