Appendix:Old Irish Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Irish, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishOld Irish
Goídelc
edit (205)
1I (1sg)
2you (2sg)
3he, she, it (3sg)é
4we (1pl)sní
5you (2pl)sib, síi
6they (3pl)é
7thisin so
8thatin sin, in tall
9heresund
10theretall
11whocía
12whatcid
13wherecairm, cía airm, cía dú
14whencuin
15howcía chruth, cía indas, cindas, co
16not, nícon
17alluile
18manyil, imdae, mór
19somenach
20fewbec, terc, úathad
21otheraile
22oneóen
23two
24threetrí
25fourcethair
26fivecóic
27bigoll, mór
28longfota, sír
29widelethan
30thickremor, tiug
31heavytrom
32smallbec
33shortcummair, berr, gerr
34narrowcáel, cumung
35thinséim, tanae
36womanben
37man (adult male)fer
38man (human being)duine
39childlenab, noídiu
40wifeben, séitig
41husbandcéile, fer
42mothermáthair
43fatherathair
44animalanmandae, míl, robb
45fishíasc
46birdén
47dog, matad
48lousemíl, míl étgudo
49snakenathair
50wormcruim
51treecrann, fid
52forestcaill, fid, fidbad, ros, ruud
53stickflesc, maide
54fruitmess, torad
55seedsíl
56leafduilne
57rootfrém, mecon
58bark (of a tree)coirt, croiccenn, crottball, rúsc
59flowerbláth, scoth
60grassfér
61ropeloman, súainem, tét
62skincnes, croiccenn
63meatcúa, féoil
64bloodcrú, fuil
65bonecnáim
66fat (noun)béoil, blonac, geir, íth
67eggog
68hornadarc, benn, corn
69tailerball, err
70feathercleitte
71hairfinna, folt
72headcenn
73earáu, clúas
74eyerosc, súil
75nosesrón
76mouthá, bél, gin
77toothdét, fíacail
78tongue (organ)tengae
79fingernailingen
80footcos, traig
81legcos
82kneeglún
83handlám
84wingette, scíath
85bellybolg, brú
86gutscáelán, inathar
87neckbrága, muin, muinél
88backcúl, druimm
89breastcích
90heartcride
91liveróa
92to drinkibid
93to eatithid
94to bitebenaid, greimm
95to suckdinid, súigid
96to spitdo·beir saile
97to vomitsceïd
98to blowdo·infet, séitid
99to breathedo·beir anál
100to laughgáirid, tibid
101to seead·cí
102to hearro·cluinethar
103to knowat·tá a ḟis oc, ro·fitir
104to thinkimm·rádi, smúainid
105to smellboltaigidir
106to fearad·ágathar, eclaigid, gaibid ecla (with subject and object reversed), is ómun la (with subject as the object of)
107to sleepcon·tuili
108to livear·beir biuth, at·tá beó, maraid
109to dieat·baill, baïd, fo·gaib bás, téit bás
110to killmarbaid, oirgid
111to fightcathaigid, fichid
112to huntad·claid, do·seinn
113to hitbenaid, bongaid, búailid, slaidid, sligid
114to cutdo·esc, gerraid, snaidid
115to splitdlongid
116to stabcailgid, tollaid
117to scratchscrípaid, tochasaid
118to digclaidid
119to swimsnáïd
120to flyfo·luathar
121to walksiblaid, teít
122to comedo·icc, do·tét
123to lie (as in a bed)laigid
124to sitsaidid
125to standdo·airissedar
126to turn (intransitive)imm·soí, sóïd
127to falldo·tuit
128to givedo·beir
129to holdgaibid
130to squeezefáiscid, tendaid, timsaigid
131to rubcon·meil
132to washfolcaid, fothraicid, ind·aim
133to wipe
134to pulldo·srenga, srengaid
135to pushad·aig
136to throwcaithid, do·léci, fo·ceird, sneidid, sréïd
137to tiecenglaid, con·rig, sníid
138to sewúaigid
139to countrímid
140to sayas·beir, labraithir, ráidid
141to singcanaid
142to playcluichigidir, imm·beir
143to floatsnáïd
144to flowbruinnid, dolin, silid, snigid
145to freezereódaid, téchtaid
146to swellattaid, bolgaid
147sungrían
148moonéscae,
149starrétglu, rind
150waterdobur, uisce
151rainbráen, flechud
152riveraub
153lakelinn, loch
154seafairrge, ler, muir, trethan
155saltsalann
156stonecloch, lía
157sandgainem
158dustlúaith, lúaithred
159earthtalam, úir
160cloudnél
161fog
162skyaer, nem
163windgáeth
164snowsnechtae
165iceaig
166smoke
167fireáed, daig, teine
168ashlúaith
169to burnbruthnaigidir, teinnid
170roadbóthar, conar, rót, slige
171mountainbenn, slíab
172redderg, rúad
173greenglas, úaine
174yellowbuide
175whitebán, finn, gel
176blackdub
177nightadaig
178daydía,
179yearblíadain
180warm
181coldúar
182fulllán
183newnúa
184oldsen
185gooddag, maith, so-
186baddroch, olc
187rottenbrén
188dirtysalach
189straightdíriuch
190roundcruinn
191sharp (as a knife)áith, gér
192dull (as a knife)máel
193smoothmín, réid
194wetfliuch
195drytírim
196correctcert, cóir
197nearocus
198farcían, i fat
199rightdess
200leftclé, túath-
201atoc
202ini
203withco, i n-arrad, la
204andocus
205ifdía,
206becausehóre
207nameainmm
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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